DETERMINATION OF THE GLYCEMIC INDEX OF

PENNYWORT PASSION FRUIT ICE CREAM

An Undergraduate Thesis

Presented to

The Medical Laboratory Science Department

Adventist University of the Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Science

By:

Kurt Voltaire D. Conlu

Mark Joshua T. Espanola

Eunica F. Fadriquela

2019
 CERTFICATE OF ACCEPTANCE

This is to certify that this undergraduate thesis, entitled: DETERMINATION OF

THE GLYCEMIC INDEX OF PENNYWORT PASSION FRUIT ICE CREAM and

submitted by: KURT VOLTAIRE D. CONLU, MARK JOSHUA T. and EUNICA F.

FADRIQUELA ESPANOLA to fulfil part of the requirements for the degree in

Bachelor in Medical Laboratory Science, is hereby endorsed.

Ma. Kristine H. Mendoza, RMT, MPH, MSMT Beryl Ben Mergal, RN, MSN, PhD
Thesis Adviser Methodologist

Yanna Yvonne C. Macayan, RMT, MSMT Gershon Mark G. Cortez, RMT

Panelist Panelist

The Department of Medical Laboratory Science accepts this undergraduate thesis

in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree Bachelor in Medical Laboratory

Science.

Ma. Kristine H. Mendoza, RMT, MPH, MSMT

Chairperson, Medical Laboratory Science Department

Miriam R. Estrada, RND, MPH, DrPH

Dean, College of Health

i
 ABSTRACT

Obesity is one of the risk factors of Diabetes Mellitus type 2. There is a specific

correlation between the glycemic the index of a food and the conditions of people related

to obesity. The glycemic index plays an important role in monitoring a person’s diet.

Pennywort passion fruit ice cream is a combination of pennywort plant also known as

Centella asiatica and passion fruit also known as Passiflora edulis. The aim of the study

was to determine the glycemic index of the Pennywort passion fruit ice cream which

could be a promising alternative dessert to maintain quality health.

The participants of this study are composed of 15 healthy individuals with the

age bracket of 18-25 and the blood glucose level of individuals were tested 7 times for

fasting, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes and 120 minutes

after the consumption of 50g carbohydrate of the pennywort passion fruit ice cream and

the glucose drink. The gathered data was used to compute for the glycemic index.

Computation of the incremental area under the curve of both glucose load and test

food reveals a glycemic index of 29 which is equivalent to a low glycemic index.

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, we would like to express our deep appreciation to our family,

for providing us with all the financial need for the research and for their support and

encouragement.

Our gratitude and sincere thanks to our research adviser, Mrs Ma. Kristine H.

Mendoza for giving us valuable advices and encouragement to carry out our research

project successfully.

We are also grateful for all students who volunteered to be a part of our research,

we are extremely thankful for giving their time to us. Without them, we could have not

moved forward in this research.

We would like also to take this opportunity to express our gratitude for the MLS

department for their support and ND department for letting us to use their laboratory.

And most of all we are grateful of our Father in Heaven whose undying grace and love

and give us strength though out this journey.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY....................................................................................1

Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………………............……..2

Significance of the Study.....................................................................................................2

Scope and Limitations…………………………………………………….……….............2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE…………………………………………………………..…3

Pennywort…………...………………………………………………………...............…..3

Passion Fruit………………………………………………………………............………4

Pennywort x Passion fruit Ice Cream…………………..……………………...............…..5

Glycemic Index....................................................................................................................5

Theoretical Framework........................................................................................................6

Research Paradigm.................................................................................................................7

Definition of Terms................................................................................................................8

METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................................9

Researh Design....................................................................................................................9

Sampling..............................................................................................................................9

Instrumentation....................................................................................................................9

Data Gathering Procedures..................................................................................................9

iv
Analysis of Data.................................................................................................................10

RESULTS …………………….………….…..………………………………………….12

Table 1. Computation of Increment Area Under the Curve…. . . . ………..............……13

Table 2.Glycemix index of Pennywort Passion Fruit Ice Cream..……………................13

Figure 1. Blood glucose response graph of Pennywort Passion Fruit Ice Cream
and Glucose Drink ………………………………………………….....13

DISCUSSION…………….………………………………………………...……………15

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS….……17

Summary of Findings………………………………………...............…....……….….…17

Conclusion…………………………………………………....….…………...............….17

Recommendations…………………………………………………………........................17

REFERENCES……………………………..……………………………………………19

APPENDICES……………………………………………..…………………………….21

Appendix A: Consent Form…………………………………………………..............….21

Appendix B: Area Under Curve of Glucose Drink……………………............…………24

Appendix C: Area Under Curve of Pennywort Passion Fruit Ice Cream……..................24

Appendix D: Graph of Blood Concentration of Every Participants…………..............…25

Appendix E: Pictures of the test activities ……………………………….…...............…30

CURRICULUMN VITAE OF RESEARCH PROPONENTS………………….….……32

v
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Computation of Increment Area Under the Curve ……………………………13

Table 2.Glycemix index of Pennywort Passion Fruit Ice Cream ………………………13

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Blood glucose response graph of Pennywort Passion Fruit Ice Cream
and Glucose Drink ……………………………………………….…..13

vi
 1

Chapter 1

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Glycemic index (GI) refers to the blood glucose response after the intake of

carbohydrate (CHO) containing test food relative to a reference food. Glycemic index is

originally intended for people with diabetes as a guide to food selection, advice being

given to select foods with a low GI. The current study aims at measuring the glycemic

index of pennywort passion fruit ice cream. In order to give appropriate dietary advice to

diabetic patients, it is required to know the glycemic index of foods commonly consumed

especially some of the ice creams that they consume.

The glycemic index was first introduced by Jenkins and co-workers in the early

1980s and is a concept for the ranking of carbohydrate foods based on their effects on

post-prandial glycemia. In many ways, the glycemic index concept was an extension of

the dietary fibre hypothesis, which suggested that foods that are slowly absorbed might

have metabolic benefits in relation to diabetes (Pi-Sunyer, 2002).

The aim of this study is to determine if the Pennywort Passion Fruit Ice Cream

has a low Glycemic index and if it can be used to promote as herbal based ice cream for

hyperglycemic individuals. It is expected that the result of the study will educate and give

understanding if the Pennywort Passionfruit can give a low glycemic index.

Statement of the Problem

 2

The goal of this research is to determine the Glycemic Index (GI) of pennywort x

passion fruit ice cream and confirm if it has a low GI. This research aspires to promote

herbal-based ice cream for hyperglycemic individuals.

Subproblems

1. What are the blood glucose levels of the participants after intake Pennywort

Passion Fruit Ice Cream and glucose load?

2. What is the glycemic index of Pennywort Passion fruit ice cream?

Significance of the Study

This study will be a significant endeavour in promoting Pennywort Passion Fruit

Ice Cream as herbal-based ice cream for hyperglycemic individuals. This alternative ice

cream will be beneficial to people who aspire for good health and still enjoy desserts such

as ice cream.

Scope and Limitation

The study is confined within ages 18 -25 years old with a normal blood sugar

level. The findings and computations of the glycemic index must be interpreted carefully

and correctly. There are several limitations in this research study, one of limitation is that

the glycemic index score is determined based on a standard amount of carbohydrate and

that amount may or may not look like how much of the food is eaten. And also the

compliance of the subject to the agreement might also be difficult.

Chapter 2
 3

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Pennywort

Centella asiatica, the scientific name of Pennywort, is a native to Southeast Asian

countries such as India, Sri Lanka, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, South Africa and

Madagascar. C. asiatica is known to be consumed as a leafy green vegetables in Sri

Lanka and the Philippines. It is a brown and green leafy plant of the parsley family that

grows in, or nearby, water. The other common names of the plant are Asiatic Pennywort,

Indian Pennywort, Thick-leaved Pennywort, and Gotu Kola. C. asiatica contains different

classes of phytonutrients such as triterpenes which are the main chemical compound,

carotenoids which is one of the most important phytonutrients known for its ability to

prevent some forms of cancer and heart disease and it enhances the body’s immune

response to infection, glycosides, flavonoids which act as an antioxidant in human body,

alkanoids, volatile oils, and fatty oils. Pennywort also provides a variety of phytonutrients

including β- carotene, lutein, neoxanthin, and zeaxanthin, which protect human cells from

damages eyes from growth-related problems among many other effects [ CITATION

Bha17 \l 1033 ].

C. asiatica contains a high concentration of potassium, calcium and is also rich in

vitamin C, vitamin A, B2. C. asiatica is a good source of dietary fibers which is a

suggestively important nutrient. Dietary fibre intake offers many health benefits like

reducing the risk of having coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, obesity,

and certain gastrointestinal disorders, and provides many other health benefits or the skin

conditions, healing, memory improvement, treating high blood pressure and ease diabetic
 4

symptoms[ CITATION Bha17 \l 1033 ].

Passion Fruit

Passion fruit with the scientific name of Passiflora edulis belongs to family of

Passifloracea. P. edulis is grown in the tropical and subtropical parts of the world with a

high value and export-oriented crop. A Passion fruit stands out not only for its exotic and

unique flavor and aroma but also for its amazing nutritional properties. Passion fruit

grows mostly as a vine with a shallow root system. The leaves are trilobed, long and dark

green. The fruit has an oval shape with membranous sac which is aromatic when it opens.

Inside of fruit is filled with pulp and juice. When the fruit is mature, the outer skin

became purple or yellow in color [ CITATION Pha19 \l 1033 ]. The phytochemicals in

passion fruit include carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids, resins, alkaloids and phenolic

compounds. This fruit is responsible for hypoglycemic activity because of the presence of

phytochemicals which are phenols and flavonoids [ CITATION Pas15 \l 1033 ].

Researchers analyze the glycemic response of passion fruit and it was observed that the

glucose levels are not very high and remain constant over time, showing that these fruits

have low effect on blood glucose levels. Passion fruit has shown several bioactivities

such as antioxidant, anti-hypertension, anti- fungus, anti-diabetes and anti-

inflammation[ CITATION Fer15 \l 1033 ].

The Passion Fruit is widely consumed because of its high aroma and acidity,

especially as juice, and it is also used in different varieties of products such as ice creams,

mousses, alcoholic beverages and others[ CITATION Fer15 \l 1033 ].

 5

Pennywort x Passion Fruit Ice Cream

The pennywort passion fruit ice cream was a product made by the Adventist

University of the Philippines Nutrition and Dietetics Department as part of their

requirement. The ingredients of the ice cream include: Pennywort (Centella asiatica),

Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), soya milk, coconut milk, vanilla extract, salt, and sugar.

Pennywort was utilized as the primary ingredient of the ice cream. The product can stay

for more than 2 weeks but the shelf life of this ice cream was not completely observed.

The original makers of the ice cream were alumni of the Nutrition and Dietetics

Department namely Michelle B. Salas and Ethel Grace C. Fonte[ CITATION Sal18 \l

1033 ].

Glycemic Index

The glucose that is distributed throughout our bodies originates in the

carbohydrates that we consume. The digestive system breaks down the carbohydrates and

turns into glucose, which enters the bloodstream. The glucose gets into individuals’ cells

throughout the body and provides the energy that the body need [ CITATION Aug15 \l

1033 ].

Glycemic index measures how the carbohydrates in food can cause the glucose

level to increase after eating and how quickly the carbohydrates convert to glucose in

your body[ CITATION Aug15 \l 1033 ].

Glycemic index scale ranges from 1-100, it ranks foods containing carbohydrates

based on how it affects the glucose level. Foods that have a high glycemic index with
 6

scores between 70 to 100 digest and absorbed into the bloodstream quickly, which causes

huge, fast changes in glucose levels. Food with a high glycemic index may increase the

risk of colon cancer and diabetes but decreased the risk of stomach cancer. Medium

glycemic with a score between 56 to 69 [ CITATION Ven07 \l 1033 ].

Low glycemic foods are those with scores less than 55 digests and are absorbed

more slowly, which produces gradual rises in blood sugar and insulin levels. A low

glycemic index diet can improve glycemic control in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, has

benefits in blood lipids and inflammatory markers in people with or without

diabetes[ CITATION Ven07 \l 1033 ].

The glycemic index is also defined as the incremental area under the blood

glucose response curve of a 50g carbohydrate portion of a test food expressed as a

percent of the response to the same amount of carbohydrate from a standard food taken

by the same subject. The area under the curve has been calculated as the incremental area

under the blood glucose response curve ignoring the area beneath the fasting

concentration. The AUC for blood glucose was calculated by using the trapezoidal

method [ CITATION Aug15 \l 1033 ].

The portion of food tested should contain 50g of glycemic carbohydrate. In

practice, glycemic carbohydrate is often measured as total carbohydrate minus dietary

fibre, as determined by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) method [

CITATION Pas15 \l 1033 ].

Theoretical Framework

According to the theory of Pi-Sunyer, there are two theories that lead to the high
 7

Glycemic Index of food. First, it is because of the high content of glucose in the food.

The second theory states that it is the effect of a high insulin response

Research Paradigm

Independent Variables

Pennywort Passion Fruit Ice

Dependent Variable
Cream

Glycemic Index
Carbohydrate content of Ice
Cream

Blood Glucose level

 8

Definition of Terms

Age refers to the age group where the subjects belong. Particularly, these are: 18

to 25 years old

Fasting time is the abstinence from carbohydrates for a period of time for at least

8 hours but not more than 16 hours.

Glycemic Index is a system that ranks the carbohydrate in foods on a scale from

1 to 100 based on their effect on blood sugar levels.

Glucometer is an instrument for measuring the concentration of glucose in the

blood

Pennywort is a brown and green leafy plant of the parsley family that grows in or

nearby water. This round – leaved plant is believed to have beneficial nutrients.

Passion Fruit is a sweet and seedy fruit which is cultivated in tropical and

subtropical areas.

Pennywort x Passion Fruit Ice Cream is a prepared combination of Pennywort

leaves and Passion fruit juice ice cream.

IAUC stands for Incremental area under the curve, which is a method, used for

glycemic index data by applying a trapezoidal rule.

 9

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This is a descriptive study. The dependent variable of this study is the glycemic

index while the independent variable is ice cream.

Sampling

The researchers used purposive sampling for the selection of participants in the

study. Exclusion criteria included the use of medications or nutritional supplements

known to affect glucose metabolism, food allergies, and pregnancy. The fifteen subjects

that were selected are within the age bracket of 18-25 years old with normal blood sugar

levels.

Instrumentation

Pennywort Passion fruit ice cream was purchased in cups from a nutritionist

dietician. The reference food which is the glucose drink was bought from Mercury Drug.

The researchers used an Accuchek Instant Glucometer, as it is more accessible to the

researchers and more convenient for the participants in assisting the measurement of the

glycemic index.
 10

Data Gathering Procedures

The participants fasted for 8-10 hours before the testing was done. They were also

asked to refrain from consuming any drinks except for water and avoid strenuous

activities during the fasting period. Blood extractions through capillary puncture for the

fasting blood sugar were performed. The participants were then instructed to consume the

prepared pennywort passion fruit ice cream within 5-10 minutes. The several capillary

blood samples were collected to measure the blood glucose levels at regular intervals of

15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after the intake of ice cream. The participants were

asked to wait by sitting during the testing period. The participants underwent the same

preparation and procedure for the glucose drink. After all testing, the glycemic index of

pennywort passion fruit ice cream was determined and computed.

Analysis of Data

Incremental area under the curve (AIUC) for each participant was computed using

the collected blood glucose from test food and reference food. The average incremental

area under the curve of both test and reference food was then computed which was then

used to compute the glycemic index.

The general formula for calculating AUC is:

x=1
AUC=∑ Ax
n

Assuming that at time t0, t1….tn, the blood glucose concentrations are G0,
 11

G1….Gn respectively where Ax is the AUC for the xth time interval, and the xth time

interval is the interval between times tx-1 and tx.

For the first time interval (i.e. x= 1):

if G1 >G0, A1= (G1-G0) * (t1- t0)/2; otherwise, A1= 0.

For other time intervals (i.e. x >1):

if Gx ≥ G0 and Gx-1 ≥G0, A= (((Gx -G0)/2)+ (Gx21 2 G0)/2) * (tx –tx-1)/2

if Gx≥G0 and Gx-1˂ G0, Ax= ((Gx-G0)2/ (Gx-Gx-1)) * (tx- tx-1)/2;

if Gx ˂G0 and Gx-1 ≥G0, Ax= ((Gx21 2 G0)2/ Gx-1- Gx)) * (tx – tx-1)/2;

if Gx ˂G0 and Gx-1˂ G0, Ax=0.

 12

Chapter 4

RESULTS

In this chapter the result of the study are presented and discussed with reference to

the aim of the study, which was to determine the glycemic index of the Pennywort

Passion fruit ice cream.

Glycemic Index

Table 1 shows the mean value of the average Increment Area Under the Curve of

the Pennywort Passion Fruit Ice cream and Glucose drink of the participants. The

Glycemic Index was then calculated using the trapezoidal method to measure the

Increment Area Under the Curve.

Table 1
Computation of Increment Area Under the Curve

Food tested IAUC Glycemic Index

Pennywort Passion Fruit Ice Cream 1371.456 29.10881

Glucose drink 4711.481

The glycemic index of Pennywort Passion Fruit Ice Cream obtained from the

average value of the fifteen glycemic index is shown in Table 2. The glycemic indexes

test is showed using pure glucose, and Pennywort Passion Fruit Ice Cream. All tested

foods were equivalent to 50 g carbohydrates determined by available carbohydrates.

 13

Table 2
Glycemic Index of Pennywort Passion Fruit Ice Cream

Food tested Glycemic Index Category

Pennywort Passion Fruit 29.10881 Low
Ice cream

The GI value of food was divided into three categories as follows: (1) low GI

(˂55), (2) medium GI (55-70), and (3) high GI (>70) [ CITATION Pas15 \l 1033 ]. Based

on these categories, Pennywort Passion fruit Ice Cream as a low GI. Glycemic index

formula is shown below.

IAUC for blood glucose for a type of food

Gycemic Index = ----------------------------------------------------- × 100
IAUC for blood glucose for reference food

Blood Glucose Response

Figure 1. Blood glucose response graph

Variation in the concentration of Pennywort Passion Fruit Ice Cream resulted in a

 14

difference in glucose response in healthy subjects. The graph shows that the average

glucose concentration of the subjects has a high initial peak of glucose level on 45

minutes (117.6 mg/dL) after taking Pennywort Passion fruit ice cream followed by the

gradual decline in blood glucose. For the Reference food which is the Glucose drink the

high initial peak of glucose level on 30 minutes (160.3 mg/dL) after the consumption but

after 90 minutes (125.6 mg/dL) the glucose concentration level drops rapidly.

DISCUSSION
 15

Based on the result of the analysis that has been done with the calculation of area

under curve of the test food (Pennywort Passion Fruit Ice cream) and the reference food

(glucose drink) showed that the glycemic index has a low, which means the expected

results has been obtained.

After the consumption of Pennywort Passion Fruit Ice Cream, the blood glucose

level peaked at 45 mins and falls after which is delayed compared to the peak of glucose

load at 30 minutes. It is normal if the glycemic response rises after consumption of

carbohydrates and return to a normal blood glucose level over a short period of

time[ CITATION Jar17 \l 1033 ]. The carbohydrate content and glycemic index of food

have been shown to influence the glycemic response of the next food eaten following the

postprandial method.

The low GI value of Pennywort Passion Fruit Ice cream can be attributed to the

phytochemicals in it. According to one of the related studies, passion fruit is responsible

for the hypoglycemic activity because of the presence of the phytochemicals. Glycemic

Index provides information on the speed of carbohydrate transformation into glucose

[ CITATION LiZ16 \l 1033 ]. The lower glycemic index indicates the slow release of

glucose into the bloodstream, producing a gradual decline of blood glucose and insulin

levels which play an important role in the dietary management of diabetes[ CITATION

Rad09 \l 1033 ].

According to the previous literature, passion fruit has the components that can

affect the glycemic response, for example, the acidity, which can cause delayed gastric

emptying, resulting in slower digestion with subsequent reduction of the glycemic

response [ CITATION Pas15 \l 1033 ].

 16

Low Glycemic Index diets have been associated with development in metabolic

control and decreased risk of development of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 due to the fact

that they are slowly digested and absorbed, producing a gradual rise in blood glucose and

insulin levels[ CITATION AlM14 \l 1033 ].

Chapter 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 17

SUMMARY

Our present study had demonstrated that pennywort passion fruit ice cream falls

on a low glycaemic index. Although there are some increased values in some

participants, there were double increases when it comes to the reference drink. Base on

other studies, passion fruits have a hypoglycemic effect because of its phytochemicals. In

addition, the ingredients that had been used in making the pennywort passion fruit ice

cream have low sugar content.

CONCLUSIONS

The study showed that the GI of pennywort passion fruit ice cream falls on the

low category. Therefore this initial research is appropriate dietary for hyperglycaemic

persons, which means that the expected results were achieved. Part of the decreased GI is

the ingredients that were used in preparing the plant-based herbal ice cream.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Pennywort passionfruit ice cream can be recommended to hyperglycaemic

individuals since it was proven that it can lower the blood glucose index. It can be an

alternative dessert for the hyperglycemic individuals.

It is recommended that another study should be performed to further validate the

reliability of the pennywort passion fruit ice cream for hyperglycaemic individuals.
18
 19

REFERENCES

Al-Mssallem M.(2014).The Association between the Glycaemic Index of Some

Traditional Saudi Foods and Prevalence of Diabetes in Saudi Arabia: A review
Article, Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism.Volume 5(11). doi: 10.4172/2155-
6156.1000452

Augustin L.S.A, Kendall C.W.C, Jenkins D.J.A. (2015).Glycemic index, glycemic

load and glycemic response: An International Scientific Consensus Summit from
the International Carbohydrate Quality Consortium (ICQC). Nutrition,
Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases (2015) 25, 795-815

Bhattacharya R., Parmar K., Itankar P.(2018).Phytochemical and pharmacological

evaluation of organic and non-organic cultivated nutritional Centella asiatica
collected after diferent time intervals of harvesting. South African Journal of
Botany, 112 (2017) 237-245.

Fernandes A., Santos G., Silva D. (2011). Chemical and physiochemical

characteristics changes during passion fruit juice processing, Ciencia e
Technologia de Alimentos, Volume 31 (3), 747-751. doi: 10.1590/S0101-
20612011000300030

Hamidpour R., Hamidpour S., Hamidpour M.(2015) . Medicinal Property of Gotu

kola (Centella asiatica) from the Selection of Traditional Applications to the
Novel Phytotherapy. Insight Medical Publishing Journal. Volume 3 No. 4:42

Jariyah,Susiloningsih E.K.B. ,Nilasari K.(2017).Glycemic Index Biscuits Formulation

of Pedada Flour (Sonneratia caseolaris) with Tubers Starch,The 2nd International
Joint Conference on Science and Technology (IJCST) 2017, Series 953 (2018)
012246, doi:10.1088/1742-6596/953/1/012246.

Li H.X., Gao R., Zheng J.(2016). Bioactivities of Passion Fruit. International Journal
of Traditional and Natural Medicines, Volume 6(1),26-34

Passos T.U., Sampaio H.A., Sabry M.O. (2015). Glycemic index and glycemic load
of tropical fruits and the potential risk for chronic diseases. Food Science and
Technology.Volume 35, no. 1

Phamiwon Z. (2016). Diabetes and Medicinal Benefits of Passiflora Edulis.World

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Volume 5 (3), 453-465

Pi – Sunyer F.X. (2002). Glycemic index and disease.The American Jiurnal of

Clinical Nutrition. Volume 76, (1), 290S-298S.

Radulian G., Rusu E., Posea M.,(2009). Metabolic effects of low glycemic index
 20

diets,Nutritional Journal. Article 5, doi:10.1186/1475-2891-8-5

Salas M., Fonte E.G. (2918). Development of Pennywort (Centella asiatica) Ice
Cream with Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis), Department of Nutrition and
Dietitics,AUP.

Sieri S., Agnoli C., Pala V. (2017). Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and
cancer risk: results from the EPIC-Italy study. Scientific Reports | 7: 9757 |
doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09498-2

Topno M. & Verma A(2018).Nutritional Analysis of Paratha prepared from

Dehydrated Brahmi (Centella asiatica).International Journal of Advances
in Agricultural Science and Technology.Volume 5 (11), 6-15

Venn B.J. & Green T.J. (2007). Glycemic index and glycemic load: measurement
issues and their effect on diet–disease relationships. European Journal of Clinical
Nutrition. 61 (Suppl 1), S122–S131 doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602942
 21

APPENDICES

Appendix A. Consent Form

Consent to Participate in Research

You are being invited to take part in a project being conducted by researchers, Kurt

Volataire Conlu, Mark Joshua Espanola and Eunica Fadriquela from the Medical Laboratory

Science Department of College of Health of Adventist University of the Philippines investigating

the glycemic index of a pennywort passion fruit ice cream.

The glycemic index refers to Glycemic index measures on how the carbohydrates in

a food can cause the glucose level to increase after eating and how quickly the

carbohydrates convert to glucose in your body. Glycemic index scale ranges from 1- 100,

it ranks foods containing carbohydrates based on how it affects the glucose level. A low

GI food may have a lower impact on blood glucose levels, either because digestion is

slowed by other components in the food or because the carbohydrate as a lower effect on

blood glucose than others. Several studies have shown that a low GI diet is associated

with lower risk of some diseases.

The purpose of this study is to measure the GI of a pennywort passion fruit ice

cream.

You may be able to participate in this study if you:

Are within the age bracket of 18 – 25 years of age

Have no known food allergies or intolerance in coconut milk and soya beans

Are taking no medications known to affect glucose tolerance.

 22

You will not be eligible to participate in this study if you:

Have a known history of diabetes

Have the presence of disease or drugs which influence digestion and absorption of

nutrients

Are pregnant

This study involve screening visit, we will ask you about your age, as well as about any

medical conditions, medications, or natural health products that may affect glucose levels

in the blood . We will also measure your fasting blood glucose if it is in normal range.

This will take approximately 10 minutes.

Next is the study visit, if you are agreeing to take part in this study, you are expected to

attend 1 study visit that will last 130 minutes.

Study visit will include the following procedures:

o Avoid all food and beverages at least 8 – 10 hours before the study visit , and
avoid vigorous exercise on the morning visit
o Provide fasting blood samples taken by a finger prick
o Consume a specified portion of test food over 10 -15 minutes
o Provide a finger prick blood sample at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes
after
beginning to eat the food. Provide a total of 7 prick blood sample.

The blood collection procedure may cause some discomfort and slight bruising. After the

blood draw you will immediately be given a bandage to cover the spot where the blood was

taken. There are no other known risks involved with participating in this research.
 23

Your identity and results will be kept confidential.

After the study, the researchers will be willing to share the results that may help

you and the people you know. If you have any questions about the study, feel free to ask

the researchers by contacting them with this number 09357373607.

My signature on this consent form means:

o I have read and understood the information consent form

o I consent to participate in this study

______________________________ -

___________________________

Participants signature over printed name Date

 24

APPENDIX B. Area Under Curve of Glucose Drink (mg/dL)

Food Tested Time IAUC

FBS 15 30 45 60 90 120
Glucose 1 91 157 140 157 142 118 117 5062.5
drink
2 93 164 160 158 174 148 123 6967.5
3 104 158 141 160 155 160 128 5392.5
4 98 157 180 140 99 111 131 3652.5
5 101 163 156 131 134 125 124 5362.5
6 98 151 187 165 121 117 89 4130.8929
7 97 152 192 209 200 120 89 6848.4677
8 101 135 133 132 133 140 116 3570
9 104 123 141 123 120 134 124 2685
10 99 137 168 162 156 108 121 4432.5
11 97 122 151 183 179 119 77 4822.8571
12 90 142 158 143 115 114 100 4027.5
13 97 112 158 161 133 116 121 3840
14 94 149 192 178 152 137 102 6270
15 98 148 148 148 127 116 109 3607.5

APPENDIX C. Area Under Curve of Pennywort Passion Fruit Ice Cream (mg/dL)
Food Tested Time IAUC
FBS 15 30 45 60 90 120
Pennywort Passion 1 105 109 102 98 97 108 123 374.41558
Fruit Ice Cream
2 87 101 113 124 143 114 88 3240
3 101 105 104 117 110 107 96 686.59091
4 105 111 107 114 115 104 109 514.36364
5 98 112 137 140 117 117 97 2408.25
6 93 104 133 134 106 94 92 1695
7 101 109 123 124 118 114 103 1597.5
8 91 88 98 97 103 105 99 944.25
9 103 109 115 111 125 111 107 1185
10 96 101 120 129 125 105 96 1852.5
11 101 101 119 127 121 105 100 1218
12 92 97 104 102 101 124 93 1582.5
13 100 104 101 106 111 105 100 562.5
14 103 100 121 131 136 108 92 1511.6518
15 92 96 113 110 109 99 88 1199.3182

APPENDIX D. Graph of Blood Concentration of Every Participants

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APPENDIX E.Pictures of the test activities

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CURRICULUM VITAE OF RESEARCH PROPONENTS

CURRICULUM VITAE A

Kurt Voltaire D. Conlu

208 Purok 2, Evangelista Street,

Pavia, Iloilo City

conluboy@gmail.com
 31

09052504002

PERSONAL DETAILS

Date of Birth: January 24, 1996

Nationality: Filipino

Languages: English, Filipino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary education:

Adventist University of the Philippines

Fourth year, Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Science

CURRICULUM VITAE B

Mark Joshua T. Espanola

San Diego, Castillejos, Zambales

markjoshuaespanyol@gmail.com

09357373607
 32

PERSONAL DETAILS

Date of Birth: February 17, 1999

Nationality: Filipino

Languages: English, Filipino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary education:

Adventist University of the Philippiness

Fourth year, Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Science

CURRICULUM VITAE C

Eunica Ferwelo Fadriquela

Dampulan, Torrijos, Marinduque

eunicafadriquela07@gmail.com

09283288307
 33

PERSONAL DETAILS

Date of Birth: January 31, 1998

Nationality: Filipino

Language: Filipino

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary education:

Adventist University of the Philippines

Fourth year, Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Science