Unit c:

C1:1. Describe the types of molecular traffic that occurs through membranes:
2.Why aren’t all cell membranes the same?
3.Expalin why cells are able to mix freely with water, but not with oils.
4.a. what are the molecular components of membranes?
b. How do these components differ between animal and plant cell membranes?
5.What are the two categories of proteins in membranes?
Name two examples of each category and suggest a probable function for each one.
6.a. What is the source and function of cholesterol in membranes?
b. what is the source and function of oligosaccharides in membranes?
7.which membrane component provides the fluid nature and which provides the mosaic
described by the Fluid Mosaic Model?

C2：
1.a. Define SPM
b. which molecular component of a membrane determines its selectively permeable
nature.
2 a. Describe the parts of a solution.
b. what is the difference between a hypertonic and a hypotonic solution?
3. what is the Law of diffusion?
4.List four ways to increase the rate of diffusion in a system.
5. What causes osmotic pressure?
6.How are diffusion and osmosis similar different?
7. Why might particles be unable to enter or leave a cell even though a significant
difference in concentration exists?
8.why does watering a wilted plant make it perk up?
9.compare and contrast each of the following pairs:
a. concentration gradient and pressure gradient
b. osmotic gradient and pressure gradient
c. plasmolysis and deplasmolysis. Relate this answer to turgidity
10.what would be the difference in appearance of plasmolysis in a plant cell vs. in a red
blood cell?
11.a. are cell membranes permeable to Na1+? By what mechanism does Na1+ cross cell
membranes?
b. Animal cells use glucose for cellular respiration. How does the glucose get into cells?
Is the law of diffusion relevant to your answer?
12.List three types of processes by which substances cross membranes. Which of these
require energy?
C3:
1.How does plasmolysis affect the SA/V ratio? Explain.
2.Why does changing the SA/V ration of a cell impact its metabolism?
3.Since endocytosis produces vesicles from cell membranes, suggest why cells that
conduct endocytosis do not get smaller?
4.Why does doubling the side length of a cuboidal cell not double its volume? Relate this
concept to cell metabolism.
D1：what is the advantage of the compartmentalization in cells?
2.Describe the nature of the nuclear envelope.
3.what is the role of lamin proteins?
4.Give two specific examples that illustrate the function of nuclear pores.

D2.
1.Name and describe the structure of the three domains of ER.
2.Distinguish RER from SER in terms of structure, function and location.
3. what is the advantage of an RER connection to the following organelles?
a. nuclear membrane
b SER.
4.Explain the significance of the structure, function and location of Golgi apparatus.
5.a. Describe the formation of a cis-cistern?
6.Distinguish between three types of besicles formed from a trans-cistern.
7.Contrast anterograde and retrograde transport.
8.Give three examples of the recycling (re-using of substances in the endomembranous
system.
9.what is clathrin and what does it do? Where in a cell is it found(two places)?
10. Describe the chemical label on hydrolytic enzymes. What is the purpose and fate of
this label?
11.a. what triggers the change that converts an endosome into lysosome?
b. Does this change require ATP?
12. Describe the fate of worn out cell parts.
13. What is a precursor? Give an example.

D3.
1. What is the advantage of the large surface area of a mitochondrion’s inner
membrane?
2. Identify the sequence of the metabolic pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism
for energy.
3. What is the source of the energy for the phosphorylation of ADP into ATP by the
mitochondria?
4. a. How do chlorophyll molecules capture energy?
b. What is the purpose of this energy?
5. Write a balanced chemical reaction for photosynthesis. Identify the source and
destiny of each of the components of this reaction.
6. Describe three ways that the glucose made by photosynthesis is used.
7. Compare and contrast the metabolic processes that take place in mitochondria to
those that take place in chloroplasts.

D4.
1. Why do all cells require ribosomes?
2. 2.How might the role of the proteins made by ribosomes on RER differ from that of
polysomes?
3. 3.Distinguish among microtubules, microfilaments and microgranules.
4. 4.Compare and contrast the structure, function and location of a flagellum to that of a
basal body.
5. How can a cell wall be both advantageous and detrimental to a plant cell?
E1.
1. What feature of DNA produces genetic variations?
2. How does DNA control cell activities?
3. a. How important is it to an individual that replication is accurate?
b. How important is it to a species that mutations take places?
E2
1. What is the role of histones?
2. 2.If the base sequence of the nucleotides on one segment of DNA is
TTAGGCATC, what is the base sequence of the nucleotides on the
complementary strand?
3. 3.Contrast the roles of DNA helicase and DNA polymerase during replication.
4. What becomes of the endomembranous system during replication?
5. Summarize replication as a process that takes three steps to complete.
6. Explain what calling replication a semi-conservative process means.
7. What is the relationship between spindle fibers and centromeres?
E3
1. How is mRNA formed? What is its role?
2. What is the significance of the start codon? What is the first amino acid in any
protein?
3. Explain the nature and role of ribosomal subunits.
4. a, Clarify the distinction between “code”,” codon” and “anticodon”
b. Considering an individual triplet, which two of these three could be the same?
5. a. Name the bases on the strand of mRNA produced from the following segment of
DNA: TCTATGCTC.
b. Use the codon chart to determine the amino acids this strand represents.
6. Describe the significance of the structure of tRNA molecules.
7.Explain how “termination” occurs.
8.With respect to the genetic code.to what does the term “degenerative” refer?
9. summarize the process of protein synthesis in five steps.

E4.
1. Use examples to explain the difference between a gene mutation and a chromosome
mutation.
2. 2.What is a mutagen? Name two types of mutagens.
3. What is a snip? How common are they?
4. a. What are the physical characteristics of sickled red blood cells? Why do they not
function properly?
b. How does the genotype of a person with sickle-cell trait differ from that of a person
with sickle-cell anemia?
c. Exactly, what genetic mutation causes sickle-cell anemia?
5. Explain the genetics of cystic fibrosis. How does this affect the individual?
6.a. Distinguish a nonsense mutation from a missence mutation.
b. Distinguish a frame-shift mutation from a point mutation
7.Explain the genetics of colorblindness
8. Use the sequence of bases and the codon chart to answer the parts of this
question: TACCACCTGAGCACC
a. Determine the amino acid sequence that would normally be produced.
b. Mutate the strand by deleting the first guanine. Determine the new amino acid
sequence.
c. Mutate the strand by adding an extra guanine beside the first one. Determine
the amino acid sequence that would be produced this time.
d. Mutate the strand by substituting cytosine for the first guanine and, once
again, determine the amino acid sequence.
e. Summarize the effects of these three types of gene mutations.
9. Suppose a gene mutation caused the incorporation of cytosine instead of uracil
during transcription of this segment of DNA: AGGTTCTGA
a. Use the codon chart to determine how this would alter the intended
polypeptide sequence.
b. How might this affect the cell?

E5.
1.a. Contrast inherited vs. acquired mutations in two ways.
b. Which of these is also known as a germline mutation?
2.a. How is a proto-oncogene related to an oncogene?
b. What does a normally functioning proto-oncogene produce?
3. What is the role of TP53?
4.Summarize cancer by describing what does wrong in a cell to make it cancerous.
5.What does “predisposition to cancer” mean?
6. What is metastasis and what causes it?

E6.
1. Define recombinant DNA.
2.Why can only some hormones be produced by biotechnology? Why not all of them?
3.What are the advantages of using biotechnology to make proteins used for medical
treatments?
4.What is the HGP? What was its purpose and when was it completed?
5.Name three advantages of having the database produced by the 1000 Genomes Project.
6.How do the purposes of the 1000 Plants Genomes Project differ from the 1000
Genomes project?