Metallurgy Project

Done By:
Mohammed Al-Jaloudi
Abdallah Al-Majali
Qusai Al-Kharabsheh
Mohammed Al-Ananza
Mahmood Al-Khateeb
Introduction:
In this project we were asked to select a type of steel, manufacture it into a
certain product & then perform Heat Treatment. We were also asked to
check the Microstructure of the steel before & after the Heat Treatment &
also check the hardness using the Rockwell Hardness test.

The steel we choose is D2 Steel, which is one of the most versatile steels
used in the industry today, it has a wide range of properties that makes
using it an attractive option for use, as for its chemical composition, it
consists of the Carbon, Silicon, Chromium, Molybdenum & Vanadium with
the following compositions:

Physical & Chemical Properties:

D2 Steel is a high Carbon, high Chromium tool steel; it has high wear &
abrasion resistance & will offer hardness in the range of 55-62 HRC, it is
machinable in the annealed state & shows little distortion on correct
hardening, also D2 Steel’s high chromium content gives it mild corrosion
resisting properties in the hardened state. Values of the density & melting
are provided in the following table:
Mechanical Properties:
Some mechanical properties of D2 Steel are provided in the following table,
but note that these values are all in the annealed state in order to improve
machinablility.

Rockwell Hardness 55-62 HRC

Poisson’s Ratio 0.27-0.30
Elastic (Young’s) Modulus 190-210 GPa
Ultimate Tensile Strength 2100-2500 MPa

These values make the D2 Steel excellent steel in terms of machining.

Metallurgical Properties:
D2 Steel is delivered in the annealed state, to make machining easier. Its
structure consists of Carbides inserted in a soft ferritic matrix in which there
is also a distribution of secondary Carbides of Chromium & Vanadium.

Temperature Transformation
Machining Process: points

The product that was chosen to be manufactured was a Bolt, the D2 Steel
Rod was cut to two pieces, the first one was used to produce the bolt, the
second one was used for the purpose of determining the microstructure.

The piece that was used to produce the bolt was installed to the turning
machine & the parameters were set as follows:

Cutting Speed (m/min) 170

Depth of Cut (mm) 3
Cutting Feed (mm/rev) 0.1
Examination:
The Specimen that was chosen for examination was first machined in the
grinding machine in order to remove scratches & reach a level surface.

The specimen was then transferred to the polishing machine & polished to
reach a mirror-like finish.

Etching is then performed on the polished specimen in order to expose the

microstructure.

The microstructure of the specimen before Heat Treatment:

Heat Treatment:
The Heat Treatment process that was used was Hardening, which is
performed by Preheating slowly to 750/780°C and soaking. Continue heating
to the final hardening temperature of 1000/1030°C and allow the
component to equalize. Quench in oil or cool in air.

Since D2 Steel has a Carbon Content of 1.5%wt, the temperature must be

above the A1 Line. The temperature & time used in treatment is dependent
on the type of steel treated & the area of the specimen.

After hardening, it was observed that the hardness increased from 56.3 HRC
to 77.2 HRC.

Microstructure of the Hardened D2 Steel is:

CCT & TTT Diagrams of D2 Steel:

As seen on the Diagrams, the specimen was first heated above the A1 line to
reach the Auestenite phase, & after quenching (fast cooling rate) it reached
the martensite phase.