Jerick Enrique Fegarido BSED-English November 10, 2015

Dr. Analyn M. Cabatingan 10:30-12:00 TTh

ICT 101 – ED 1-C

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
It is the collective name given to machines, which releases information. It includes the radio, the
television, the telephone and cell phones, the video recorder, CD/DVD players, the calculator, and of course the
computer.

The COMPUTER, being the most versatile of all, has become a part of our lives. And with the many
applications that the computer is being used for, it is rapidly becoming a ‘way of life’.

PURPOSES OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

There are four reasons why information technology has become an essential part of our lives. IT enables
us to do something faster and better.
 INFORM. We watch TV or listen to the radio to stay informed about the latest events.
 EDUCATE. In addition to books, Internet is a best source of new learning.
 ENTERTAIN. Cell phone serves the dual purpose of informing and entertaining.
 CONTROL. Traffic light can be controlled by means of computers.

IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTER LITERACY: Let us begin by understanding the following realities:

 the computer is now recognized as a powerful and positive force in the social, political and economic
progress of nations;
 the growing use of computers in society is creating major new demands for students in preparation for
life in the Information Age.

THE COMPUTER
Any computing device may be called a computer. For instance, the hand-held calculator is technically
considered a computer. However, the computer is becoming much more powerful.

THE MODERN COMPUTER is now generally accepted as an electronic device capable of interpreting and
performing programmed instructions. Through these instructions, the computer can execute the computing cycle
of input, output, processing and (data) storage.

DATA AND INFORMATION

Those key words, figures or phrases represent what we refer to as DATA. Data and information are two
important reasons why the computer has become very useful to us. Data consist of raw facts. Raw facts have no
meaning and thus are useless. Data that have been processed and transformed into something meaningful and
useful become INFORMATION. Computers have become very useful to us because of its capability to convert
data into information.

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
Early Computing Device. Historians believe that the early man must have used his fingers to aid him in
counting. Later, pebbles were used to perform simple arithmetic. The word calculation actually came from the
Lain word CALCULI, which means “peebles”.

ABACUS is considered the original computing device. It is accepted that computer development started in 6 th
century BC in China where the abacus was invented.
Other mechanical computers are;
- Pascaline - Jacquard’s Loom - Leibnitz calculator
- Difference Engine - Arithmometer - Analytical Engine
In addition, electromechanical computers were also introduced:
- Census machine - Mark 1
- Electromechanical Accounting Machine (EAM) - Automatic Electronic Digital Computer
GENERATION OF COMPUTERS:
 First Generation computers used the vacuum tube technology.
 Second generation computers used the transistor technology.
 Third Generation computers use the integrated circuit (IC) technology.
 Fourth Generation computers used the microprocessor, or general-purpose processor-on-a- chip.
 Fifth Generation computers are those powerful, “intelligent” computer which are used in research fields
in the computer industry including expert systems, fuzzy logic, problem-solving, natural languages and
robotics collectively known as Artificial Intelligence.

THE COMPUTING PROCESS

For the computing process to take place in a computer system, three elements must be present:
hardware, software and end-user.
 HARDWARE. It comprises the physical components of the computer. Computer accessories are called
peripherals.
 SOFTWARE. Computer hardware runs on a software containing programs. Programs are set of
instructions developed by people and placed in various forms of media which the computer can interpret
and operate.
 END-USERS. These are the people who avail of the software developed by other people and use
computer hardware to process data.

Two Kinds of Software:

1. The OPERATING SYSTEM software set the “rules” on how the computer, its peripherals and
programs work together.
2. The APPLICATION SOFTWARE o

THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

The computer system has four basic components: input, output, storage devices and processor.
 INPUT DEVICES, like the keyboard and mouse, accept data and convert them into a form that the
computer can manipulate.
 PROCESSOR. Data from output devices are manipulated by the processor to produce results. The
processor accepts meaningless data and converts them into useful and meaningful information.
 OUTPUT DEVICES, like the monitor and the printer, show processed results in a form people can use
or work with.
 STORAGE DEVICES
Primary Storage (memory) holds data temporarily before it is processed by the computer.
It can also hold data after processing but before it is released to an output device.
Secondary Storage devices like diskettes and hard disks, holds data for longer periods of
time and may be removed from the computer unit for storage.

INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT CYCLE
Common in most computer operations; when one set of data has been processed, the program can be
repeated. The cycle of reading and processing new data and generating new output continues in a cycle.

CAPABILITIES OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM

 SPEED. Computers operate at very high speeds.
 RELIABILITY. Computer operations are more reliable than humans.
 ACCURACY. Computer systems are particularly adept at repetitive tasks. Computer systems
execute repetitious tasks exactly the same every time.
 STORAGE/ MEMORY CAPABILITY. Computer systems have total ad instant recall of data
and an almost unlimited capacity to store these data.

BENEFITS FROM COMPUTER SYSTEMS

 PRODUCTIVITY. People produce more in less time than without the aid of the computer.
 DECISION-MAKING PROCESS. Better decisions are arrived at because of valuable information
timely provided by computer systems.
 COST REDUCTION. Because people produce more in shorter periods of time, cost of goods and
services are reduced.
COMPUTER HARDWARES:
The term Computer Hardware refers to the various electronic components that are required for you to
use a computer along with the hardware components inside the computer case. The computer equipment is
made of several common components.

Computer hardware is the physical components of a computer.

INPUT DEVICES:
SYSTEM UNIT.  Keyboard
MONITOR. An output device Hardware that houses  Mouse
that displays information, the following items;  Cordless presenter
including text, icons, photos, -The Central Processing  Track ball
computer rendered graphics, Unit (CPU)  Microphone
video and animation. -the memory  Webcam
-disk drives  Video camera
SPEAKER. Various adapter and  Digital camera
An output device that options  Bar code reader
produces audible  Mag stripe reader
sounds.  Image scanner
 Finger scanner
 Retina scanner
 Cell phones
 POS Keyboard/
Numeric Keypad
 Signature pad
 Light pen
 Optical Mark
Reader
 Joystick
OUTPUT DEVICES:
 Monitor
 Speaker
 Headphone
 Multi-media
projector
 Television
 CD-ROM Drive
 Plotter
KEYBOARD. Hardware  Printer-dot matrix
PRINTER. An output  Ink jet printer
used to type in information
device that puts text or a  Bubble jet printer
to a computer. The
computer-generated image  Laser printer
keyboards are like those of
on paper or on another  Card printer
typewriters. It has keys for
medium, such as a INPUT/OUTPUT
the alphabet, numbers and
transparency. DEVICES:
for symbols.
 Touch screen
Monitor
MOUSE. A pointing device used to select  Bluetooth
various options. It consists of a small-held  Modem
unit with one, two or three buttons and a  Hard disk drive
small ball on the bottom.  Floppy disk drive
 CD/DVD Writer
 Network
hub/switch
COMPUTER SOFTWARE/, computer programs;
 Instructions that cause the hardware—the machines—to do work. Software as a
whole can be divided into a number of categories based on the types of work done by programs.

The two primary SOFTWARE CATEGORIES are;

A. OPERATING SYSTEMS (system software), control the workings of the computer. System
software thus handles such essential, but often invisible, chores as maintaining disk files and
managing the screen.

The operating system has three major functions:

 It coordinates and manipulates computer hardware, such as computer memory,
printers, disks, keyboard, mouse, and monitor;
 It organizes files on a variety of storage media, such as floppy disk, hard drive,
compact disc, digital video disc, and tape;
 And it manages hardware errors and the loss of data.

Operating System/OS, commonly found on personal computers include;

 UNIX, developed in 1969 at AT&T Bell Laboratories, is a popular operating system among
academic computer users. Variations of UNIX include SunOS (distributed by SUN Microsystems,
Inc.), Xenix (distributed by Microsoft Corporation), and Linux (available for download free of
charge and distributed commercially by companies such as Red Hat, Inc.).
 Macintosh OS, and Microsoft Windows.
Windowing systems with graphical interfaces, such as Windows and the Macintosh OS, which make
computer technology more accessible, are widely used in personal computers (PCs). However,
graphical systems generally have the disadvantage of requiring more hardware—such as faster
CPUs, more memory, and higher-quality monitors—than do command-oriented operating systems.

MS-DOS/Disk Operating System MS Windows XP Home/Prof Edition

MS Windows 95 MS Windows Vista
MS Windows 98 MS Windows 7
MS Windows 98 se/Second Edition MS Windows 8
MS Windows ME/Millennium Edition MS Windows 10
MS Windows 2000 Professional

B. APPLICATION SOFTWARE addresses the multitude of tasks for which people use computers. It
performs word processing, database management, and the like.

WORD PROCESSING SPREADSHEET PRESENTATION

- Word Star ver. 4-7 - Lotus 123 - Microsoft Power Point
- Word Perfect - Quatro Pro - Open Office Impress
- Microsoft Word ver. 6-2003 - Microsoft Excel - Apple Keynote
- Star Office - Star/Open Office - Corel Presentations
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE DESKTOP PUBLISHING UTILITY SOFTWARE
- Machine Language - MS Publisher - Scandisk
- Basic - Print Artist - Defragmenter
- Turbo Pascal - Corel Draw - Trouble shooter
- Visual Studio - Adobe Photo Shoppe - Anti-virus Software

Two additional categories that are neither system nor application software, although they contain elements of
both, are;
 network software, which enables groups of computers to communicate, and
 language software, which provides programmers with the tools they need to write programs.
USING THE MOUSE
Mouse buttons are used to give commands. The left button is the default primary button while the
secondary (or right) mouse button is used to display a pop-up menu. The MOUSE makes it easy for you to
POINT to objects on your screen, and to SELECT them or MOVE them. When you move the mouse over the
table, the CURSOR (the white arrow) on the screen will move accordingly.

MOUSE USAGE. The mouse has 3 major actions:

Mouse Action/s How To Do It
To select an object on the screen, move the cursor over it, and click the left
Click for selection
mouse button with your index finger.
To activate an object on the screen, move the cursor over it, and click the left
Double-click for activation
mouse button tice in quick succession.
To move an object on the screen, move the cursor over it, and press the left
Drag and drop for moving mouse button. Drag the mouse until the object is where you want it. Then
release the mouse button to drop it.

THE MOUSE POINTER’s SHAPE

Most of the time, the mouse pointer appears as an arrow. As you learn new tasks,
the mouse pointer changes shape. This will help you know what Windows is doing and
what it expects you to do next.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Pointer Meaning/Use What To Do?

1 Normal Select Click on something
2 Help Select Point on an object and you get a pop-up help message
Working in Wait...windows is just working on a task in the background
3
background
4 Busy Relax...windows is working on your most recent command
5 Precision Select Select an exact area for your graphics, then click and drag to draw it
6 Text Select Select where you want your next text to appear
7 Handwriting Select an exact area for your graphics, then click and drag to draw it
Unavailable Abandon option because it is not allowed or is currently unavailable
8
since another task is in progress
Resizing Move your mouse in the direction of the arrows to stretch or shrink a
9
selection
10 Move Drag the currently selected object to a new selection
11 Link Select Select a hyperlink, and there you will go

USING THE KEYBOARD

The standard computer keyboard is divided into six sections: Typing keys, Computer keys, Function
keys, Navigation keys, Numeric keypad and the Windows keys.
Typing keys Functions /Descriptions
Letters Work the same way that they do on a typewriter
Numbers Found along the top of the typing section and work the same as of a typewriter
Symbols Provide marks for punctuation and mathematics
Tab Moves the caret several spaces to the right with one keystroke
Shift Used together with another key to type either UPPERCASE letters or the symbols
Backspace Erases the character to the left of the caret
Capslock Turns the Caps Lock mode on to keep typing UPPERCASE letters
Spacebar Used to insert blank spaces between characters
Enter Starts a new line, and moves the caret down. Also used to confirm actions on the computer
 A STANDARD COMPUTER KEYBOARD

Computer Keys Functions/Descriptions

Esc Often used to cancel an operation, and to return to the previous location
Ctrl Modifies the function of many other keys on the keyboard. It is used with another key to
perform some function
Alt Modifies the function of many other keys on the keyboard. It is used with another key to
perform some function
Insert Allows inserting new text at the caret without overwriting existing text.
Delete Erases the character to the right of the caret
Print Screen Computer keys that are only used in special cases
Scroll Lock
Pause

Function keys let you perform special

functions, depending on the program you are using.

Navigation keys Functions/Descriptions

Home Moves the caret at the beginning of the current line
End Moves the caret to the end of the line
PgUp Brings the caret up one screen length. At the same time, text
may scroll down to keep it visible on the screen
PgDn Brings the caret down one page
Arrow keys Move the caret one character up, down, left or right

The Numeric Keypad on the far right side of the keyboard performs two different
functions;
 When the Numlock indicator is on, the numeric keypad can be used to type
numbers and operators (such as + and -).
 When the Numlock indicator is off, the numeric keypad can be used to navigate
(arrow keys, Home, End, PgUp and PgDn).

The Windows keys are found on recent keyboards only. They are useful if you use
Windows as your main program.

Status Lights The status lights are ON to show whether the Numlock key,
Capslock key, or the scroll lock key is ON.
 THE INTERNET BASICS

The INTERNET, sometimes called simply “the Net’, is a worldwide system of computer networks. It is a
public, cooperative and self-sustaining facility accessible to hundreds of millions of people worldwide.

The WORLD WIDE WEB

The most widely used part of the Internet is the World Wide Web (often abbreviated ‘WWW’ or called
“the Web’). It is a collection of interlinked web sites.

Why is it called the World Wide Web? Because it looks like a spider web.

What is a WEB SITE?

It is a collection of related web pages that are hosted on a web server, usually accessible via the Internet.

What is a WEB PAGE?

A web page is an individual document in a web site that might be composed of text, images, videos,
music, games or other digital information.

NOTE: As an analogy, a web site is a book, a web page, the book’s pages.

What is a WEB BROWSER?

It is a software application which enables a user to display and interact
with a web site on the World Wide Web. Text and images on a web page can
contain hyperlinks to other web pages or to the different web site. When you
traverse these links, you are already browsing or surfing the web.

Web Browsing. What to do? You need to enter a web address or URL (Uniform Resource Locator) at the
address bar. A URL is composed of:
http://www.yahoo.com/
protocol used to transfer data
over the World Wide Web

World Wide Web

Domain name

extension: .com, .net, .org, .edu, .gov

Example of Web Sites:

www.wikipedia.org - - online encyclopedia, this site is good for research
www.yahoo.com - a popular site
www.youtube.com - a site for video viewing and uploading
www.facebook.com - a social site, meeting friends
www.google.com - a search engine, good for research

The E-MAIL
E-mail (or email) – means electronic mail. It is the method of transmitting a message or file from a
sender to a recipient/s via the internet. To send an email, you must have an email address.
The most popular websites with email service are:
www.yahoomail.com, www. gmail.com
www.hotmail.com, www.eudoramail.com
format: memo-type

NETIQUETTE, or net etiquette, refers to etiquette on the

Internet especially in creating an email. Good netiquette
involves respecting others' privacy and not doing anything
online that will annoy or frustrate other people.
EXPLORING THE MS WINDOWS ENVIRONMENT

STARTING UP WINDOWS
 The operating system has to be active before you can do any activity on your computer. Windows, like
most operating systems, starts itself automatically whenever you turn on or switch on your computer.

THE WINDOWS DESKTOP

 The desktop is your workspace on the screen. It is a large area onscreen with some small pictures or
icons. It is the place where you can organize and interact with your computer.

My Computer

Recycle Bin

My Documents

Mozilla Firefox/Internet

Windows Sidebar/Gadgets

Taskbar

Start Button

Quick Launch Bar

System Tray

File Shortcut

THE DESKTOP COMPONENTS

 The desktop contains several icons, the taskbar, and some other elements you may want to place on it.
 Icons are small graphic images or pictures that represent tasks, programs, computer locations, files, or a
shortcut (icon with bent arrow). Icons have names, called filenames that identify them from each other.
 The Taskbar contains the Start button and the Quick Launch Bar. It shows which programs are running
by displaying their window buttons, and shows the current time on the system tray.

Start Menu Quick Launch Bar Window Button Notification Area/System Tray

EXITING WINDOWS
 The procedure for closing Windows is called shutdown. To
shut down the computer; 1) Click on the Start button, 2) then
choose shut down...from the Start menu. Choose the shutdown
option you want; (Restart, Sleep, & Shut Down)
MANIPULATING WINDOWS

To open a window, DOUBLE CLICK the window's icon. Once you open a window, it is added as a
button on the Task Bar. This is because it is now one of your open, active windows.

Basic Parts of a Window

There are major parts of any open window that allow us to make menu selections and move, resize, or
close the window:

Title Bar

Menu Bar

Window Control
Button

Workspace

Window Control Button offer quick ways of minimizing, sizing (maximizing

or restoring to previous size) or closing the current window or program. A window is maximized in
order to make full use of the screen area or space to work on.

USING MENUS, BUTTONS, BARS & BOXES

Menus, buttons, scroll bars and check boxes are
examples of controls that you operate with your mouse or
keyboard. These controls allow you to select commands,
change settings, or work with windows.
Command buttons perform a command when you
click it. You’ll most often see them in dialog boxes, which
are small windows that contain options for completing a task.

Option Buttons Check Box Drop-down List Slider

Text Box Tabs List Box

INTRODUCTION TO WORD PROCESSING

WORD PROCESSING (WP) is the use of a computer system to create, edit, format, save, retrieve, and print
text-based documents. It started out of the need of writers to make the physical aspect of writing and editing
automatic.

 To create - to compose and enter text or type documents

 To edit - to make changes or corrections in the text after proofreading
 To format - to make the document presentable – by highlighting, aligning text,
adjusting margins, and the like.
 To save - to store the document file on a storage medium such as floppy disk, the
hard disk, or a compact disk (CD)
 To retrieve - to obtain the specific saved document file by locating it and returning it to
a program or to a user
 To print - to produce the document on paper called a printout or hard copy

A Word Processor is an automated writing tool, a program that lets the user enter and edit text on a computer
quickly and efficiently. Big name word processors are Microsoft Word, Lotus WordPro and Corel WordPerfect.

HIGHLIGHTS IN THE HISTORY OF WORD PROCESSING

1867 – Sholes and Glidden Typewriters, the first successful manual typewriter was invented by Christopher
Latham Sholes.
1935 – IBM electromatic, the first successful electric typewriter, was introduced.
1964 – IBM Magnetic Tape/Selectric Typewriter, the first real-word processor, was introduced. It used the
magnetic tape, the first reusable storage medium for typed information.
1976 – the Electric Pencil, the first actual word processor for PCs, was created by Michael Shrayer.
1979 – WordStar, the first commercially successful word processing program for PCs, was developed by
Seymour Rubenstein and Rob Barnaby and released by MicPro International, Inc.
1984 – Microsoft Word 6.0 for Windows, the first commercially successful word processor for PCs in a
window environment, was developed by Microsoft Corporation.

GETTING STARTED WITH MS WORD

Microsoft Word (or MS Word) is a word processing application included in the Standard Edition of the
Microsoft Office Suite. Word versions include Word 6.0, Word 95, Word 97, Word 2000, Word 2002, Word
2003, Word 2007 and Word 2010. It is designed to simplify common word processing tasks.

MS Word FEATURES (What Can Word Do?)

1. it make faster and easier to work with illustrations and graphics
2. it can correct spelling and grammar, check readability and compute calculations
3. it provides templates for many types of documents
4. it provides an extensive set of features for using the Web and the Internet
5. it has WYSIWYG (“what you see is what you get”) capability for easy formatting

STARTING WORD
 From the Start Menu
Start Programs Microsoft Office Microsoft Word
 Using Word’s Shortcut on Desktop
 Using Word’s Shortcut on the Quick Launch Toolbar

EXITING/QUITTING WORD
 Double-click on the Word’s icon on the Title Bar
 Click on the Word’s Close button
 Click on the File menu Exit
 Right-click on the Title bar to display a shortcut menu, then choose Close
 Press Alt, F, X; or press Alt + F4
EXAMINING THE WORD 2010 SCREEN
The screen displays elements for accessing tools to create, edit, format and distribute a document. These
1
elements are identified below;

1 5 6 3 2 8 7 4
1

11 9 12 13 10 14 15 16

Element Function/s
1. Control Menu Button Contains the Control menu to manipulate the window
2. Title Bar Display the program and document name
3. Menu Bar Contains the menu names to access Word’s menus of commands
4. Control Buttons Size and close the application and/or document windows
5. Tab Selector Allows you to change (by clicking) to anyone of the 5 tab markers
6. Indentation Markers Used to set hanging/left/right indentations
7. Split Box Creates two text panes to be able to see different parts of the document at the
same time
8. Rulers Display margins and tabs
9. Selection Bar The invisible column between the left edge of the document window
10. View Buttons Offer various ways of viewing a document
11. Status Bar Provides basic information such as the currently displayed page, etc
12. Insertion Point/Cursor Shows where text appears or to be inserted in a document
13. Workspace/Work Area The area where you enter text or put graphics (pictures & drawings)
14. Scroll Bars Allows you to shift the on-screen display up or down and left or right
15. Select Browse Button Used to shift the on-screen display according to selected object
16. Window Border Provides a visible frame around a document or graphics; allows resizing of
window when dragged

THE WORD 2010 MENUS

In Word, commands are grouped and organized on separate menus. You can select a command from a
menu to perform a task by clicking on the menu name then on a command name.

Examples of the Word’s pull-down menus are: the HOME, INSERT, PAGE LAY-OUT,
REFERENCES, MAILINGS, REVIEW, VIEW and ADD-INS menus.
 A BRIEF COMPUTER HISTORY
The computer as we know it today had its beginning with a 19th century English mathematics
professor name Charles Babbage.
He designed the Analytical Engine and it was this design that the basic framework of the computers
of today are based on.

Generally speaking, computers can be classified into three generations. Each generation lasted for a
certain period of
time,and each gave us either a new and improved computer or an improvement to the existing
computer.

First generation: 1937 – 1946 - In 1937 the first electronic digital computer was built by Dr. John
V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. It was called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). In 1943 an
electronic computer name the Colossus was built for the military. Other developments continued
until in 1946 the first general– purpose digital computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer (ENIAC) was built. It is said that this computer weighed 30 tons, and had 18,000
vacuum tubes which was used for processing. When this computer was turned on for the first time
lights dim in sections of Philadelphia. Computers of this generation could only perform single task,
and they had no operating system.

Second generation: 1947 – 1962 - This generation of computers used transistors instead of vacuum
tubes which were more reliable. In 1951 the first computer for commercial use was introduced to
the public; the Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC 1). In 1953 the International Business
Machine (IBM) 650 and 700 series computers made their mark in the computer world. During this
generation of computers over 100 computer programming languages were developed, computers
had memory and operating systems. Storage media such as tape and disk were in use also were
printers for output.

Third generation: 1963 - present - The invention of integrated circuit brought us the third
generation of computers. With this invention computers became smaller, more powerful more
reliable and they are able to run many different programs at the same time. In1980 Microsoft Disk
Operating System (MS-Dos) was born and in 1981 IBM introduced the personal computer (PC) for
home and office use. Three years later Apple gave us the Macintosh computer with its icon driven
interface and the 90s gave us Windows operating system.

As a result of the various improvements to the development of the computer we have seen the
computer being used in all areas of life. It is a very useful tool that will continue to experience new
development as time passes.