Guiding Principles

in determining the
appropriate content
1. In the selection and organization
of content, these qualities need to
be observed.
a. validity
b. significance
c. balance
d. self sufficiency
e. interest
f. utility
g. feasibility
2. Facts are basic in the structure
of cognitive subject matter. But
content must go beyond facts
and work out a process of
conceptual understanding.

3. Subject matter content is an

integration of cognitive, skill
and affective elements.
Cognitive content includes facts,
concepts, principles, hypotheses,
theories and laws.

The skills content includes the

thinking skills and manipulative
skills
a. Thinking skills – refers to skills

beyond recall and

comprehension
 divergent thinking
 convergent thinking
 problem solving
 metaphoric thinking
 critical thinking
 creative thinking
Problems can be solved by using

A.Algorithm – solving problems by

following a step by step
instructions
B.Heuristic – general problem
solving strategy (informal,
speculative strategy that sometimes
lead to an effective solution and
sometimes do not.)
Creative thinking behaviors that
should be developed

a.Awareness
b.Curiosity
c.Imagination
d.Fluency
e.Flexibility
f.Originality
g.Elaboration
h.Perseverance
b. Manipulative skills

 courses that are dominantly

skill oriented. The learning
begins with naive manipulation

and ends up in expert and

precise manipulation.
Affective component is concerned
with values and attitudes.

developed traits internalized in

the process of learning.