Intelligence

Set of spoken or written words and the

way we combine them to communicate
meaning

 our sensory experience of the world.

The set of processes that organize
sensory experience into an
understanding of our surrounding
world.
operations on mental symbols or
representations; elements of thought
are experienced or manipulated

all those processes by which we

perceive selectively.
processes and storage structures which we
retain and draw on our past experiences to use
that information in the present which we
perceive selectively.
Intelligence
• Can be defined in many ways
• Wechsler: aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think
rationally and to deal effectively with his environment
• a term that denotes that combination of abilities required for survival and advancement
within a particular culture
• Intellectual function that allows experiential learning, solves problems and adapt to new
situations
• Capacity to learn from experience; Ability to adapt to the environment
• Gardner: ability to solve problems or to create products that are valued within one or
more cultural setting
• Set of cognitive skills that includes abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving, and
the ability to acquire knowledge
• Inherent potential for learning; how fast we learn; body of knowledge we possess
• Despite having numerous definitions, the consensus is that intelligence can be
measured
• Measures of intelligence are anchored on the different theories of intelligence
Theories of Intelligence
• Spearman: Two-factor Theory
• Thurstone: Multiple Factor Theory
• Guilford: Structure of Intellect (SI) Theory
• Raymond Cattell: Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
• Cattell-Horn-Carroll Model of Intelligence
• Robert Sternberg: Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
• Gardner: Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Spearman's Two-factor Theory
• Proposed by Charles Spearman
• proposes that intelligence has two components: 
• general intelligence ("g") and specific ability ("s")
• first who introduced the concept of general intelligence: ”g” factor
• used a technique known as factor analysis
• ”g” factor - a common factor in all the cognitive abilities of the person
• ”s” factor - only the specific intellectual abilities of the person
• Believed that all abilities can be summarized by a single number
(overall IQ score)
Spearman's two-factor theory
• s factors
• Verbal – ability to solve problems
and analyze information using
language-based reasoning
• Mechanical – ability to understand
and manage concrete objects
• Spatial – solve spatial problems
like navigating, visualizing from
different angles
• Quantitative – ability to use
mathematical operations and logic
to solve problems
Thurstone’s Multiple Factor Theory
• Proposed by Louis Leon Thurstone
• Introduces the concept of multiple factors associated with human
intelligence instead of a single factor
• every individual possesses different levels of seven primary mental
abilities
• Identified 7 Primary Mental Abilities (PMA): (1)word fluency (2)verbal
factor (3)numerical factor (4)inductive reasoning (5)memory (6)spatial
visualization and (7)perceptual speed
Guilford’s Structure of Intellect (SI) Theory
• theory comprises up to 150 different intellectual abilities organized
along three dimensions—Operations, Mental Content, and Products
• Operations dimension – general intellectual processes
• Mental Content – contains broad areas of information in which
operations are applied
• Products – results of applying particular operations to specific
contents
 Guilford’s Structure of Intellect (SI) Theory
OPERATIONS DIMENSION MENTAL CONTENTS DIMENSION PRODUCTS DIMENSION
• Visual—Information perceived
• Cognition—understand, through seeing • Units—Single items of
comprehend, discover, and knowledge.
• Auditory—Information
become aware of information. perceived through hearing • Classes—Sets of units sharing
• Memory—encode retain and • Symbolic—Information common attributes.
retrieve information • Relations—Units linked as
perceived as symbols or signs opposites or in associations,
• Divergent production— that have no meaning by sequences, or analogies.
generate multiple solutions to themselves; e.g., Arabic
a problem; creativity. • Systems—Multiple relations
numerals or the letters of an interrelated to comprise
• Convergent production— alphabet. structures or networks.
deduce a single solution to a
problem; rule-following or
• Semantic – Which is concerned • Transformations—Changes,
problem-solving. with verbal meaning and ideas. perspectives, conversions, or
mutations to knowledge.
• Evaluation—ability to judge • Behavioral—Information
perceived as acts of people. • Implications—Predictions,
whether or not information is inferences, consequences, or
accurate, consistent, or valid. anticipations of knowledge.
Guilford’s Structure of Intellect (SI) Theory
Raymond Cattell’s Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
• Fluid intelligence (Gf) – used when dealing with new problems
• Not influenced by past learning and culture
• Abstract reasoning
• Problem solving
• nature
• Crystallized intelligence (Gc) – using already learned skills
• Using experienced and knowledge to solve problems
• involves past learning
• more influenced by culture
• Vocabulary
• Education dependent
• nurture
Cattell-Horn-Carroll Model of Intelligence
• synthesis of Cattell and Horn's Gf-Gc model of 
fluid and crystallised intelligence and Carroll's Three Stratum
Hierarchy
• Based on Carroll’s Three-stratum Theory of intelligence
• CHC model proposes 3 levels of intelligence
• Level 1: general intelligence – similar to Spearman’s concept of g
• Level 2: broad intelligence – identified 8 broad abilities
• Level 3: narrow intelligence – many distinct abilities
Cattell-Horn-Carroll Model of Intelligence
Robert Sternberg: Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
• Analytical intelligence – involved
judging, evaluating and
contrasting information

• Creative intelligence – coming up

with fresh and useful ideas for
solving problems

• Practical intelligence – ability to

solve problems of everyday life
Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Activity
Theory of Key Concept of Perception Attention Memory Thinking & Language
Intelligence the theory Problem Solving
Spearman Presence of g Spatial Verbal and Spatial – Verbal and Verbal
and s factors intelligence – mechanical – working quantitative intelligence –
applicable in the attention memory must intelligence – for application of
perception of matters in the be tapped and answering grammar and
depth selection of used to hold on mathematical discourse
stimulus which to, retain the and logical
has to be spatial problems; also
operated on configuration of when using
a stimulus deductive and
inductive
reasoning
Thurstone
Guilford
Cattell
CHC
Sternberg
Gardner