CHAPTER 6

THINKING, INTELLIGENCE AND

APTITUDE
 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
After studying this unit, student will be able to

❖Describe the meaning of thinking and intelligence.

❖State the process, types and level of thinking.
❖Explain the theories of thinking.
❖Discuss the error in thinking.
❖Enlist the types of intelligence.
❖State the different theories of intelligence.
❖Describe the concept of emotional quotient.
❖ Discuss various methods of assessing intelligence.
❖Describe the meaning, concepts and definition of aptitude.
❖Elaborate ways to measure aptitude.
❖Explain individual differences and variability.
 CHAPTER OUTLINE
THINKING INTELLIGENCE APTITUDE

❖Introduction ❖ Introduction ❖ Meaning and definition

❖Definitions ❖ Meaning, definition of aptitude
❖The Process of thinking ❖ Tools and classification ❖ Concept of aptitude
❖Types of thinking of intelligence ❖ Classification of aptitude
❖Level of thinking ❖ Theories and ❖ Measurement of
❖Building Blocks of measurement of aptitude
thought intelligence ❖ Use of aptitude test
❖Factors influencing ❖ Intelligence and ❖ Individual Differences
thinking process emotional quotient (IQ and Variability
& EQ). ❖ Aptitude and nursing
 THINKING
Thinking is an activity which consists essentially of a connected flow of idea which
is directed towards some end or purpose.
 Thinking is
a cognitive
activity
involves the
Thinking is
use of
the form of
symbols.
information
concepts
processing
and images

CHARACTE
RISTICS
(NATURE)
Thinking is
Process of OF a problem
mental THINKING solving
exploration
behaviour

Process of Thinking is
mental goal
exploration directed
 TYPES OF THINKING

PERCEPTUAL
OR CONCRETE
THINKING
CONVERGENT .
AND CONCEPTUAL
DIVERGENT OR ABSTRACT
THINKING THINKING

DIRECTED
AND NON- CREATIVE
DIRECTED THINKING
THINKING

REFLECTIVE
PROBLEM THINKING OR
SOLVING LOGICAL
THINKING
 STAGES OF CRITICAL THINKING

STAGE 5
VERIFICATION
STAGE 4 OR REVISION
EVALUATION
STAGE 3
INSPIRATION
STAGE 2 OR
ILLUMINATION
INCUBATION
STAGE 1
PREPARATION
 IMAGES

TOOLS OR
LANGUAGE
ELEMENTS CONCEPTS
OF
THINKING

SIGNS &
SYMBOLS
 THINKING PROCESS

UNDERSTANDING
FORMATION

CONCLUSION OPINION
WITHDRAWAL FORMATION
LEVEL OF THINKING
 PREJUDICIAL
THINKING

EFFECT OF
ENVIRONM WISHFUL OR
ENT AUTISTIC
THINKING

USE OF
ERRORS
WRONG
METHOD
IN HUNCHES
THINKING

IMPERFECT WORD
INSIGHT FALLACIES

FALLACY
 INTELLIGENCE

INTELLIGENCE IS THE ABILITY TO

ACQUIRE AND APPLY
KNOWLEDGE. IT IS ONE’S
CAPACITY TO DEAL EFFECTIVELY
WITH SITUATIONS.
 CHARACTERISTICS

Intelligence is an innate natural endowment of a person

It enables the person in maximum learning in minimum period of time

The personis able to foresee the future and plan accordingly.

The person is able to take advantage of his previous experiences.

Develops ability to differentiate between right or wrong with
intelligence.
The developmental period of intelligence is from birth to adolescence.
There is a minor difference in the development of intelligence between boys
and girls.
 TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE

1. ABSTRACT INTELLIGENCE
• It is the ability to understand and deal with verbal and mathematical symbols. It
consists of ability to solve problems presented in the form of symbols, words,
numbers, formulae, diagram etc.

2. CONCRETE INTELLIGENCE
• Ability to understand and deal with things, as in skilled trades and scientific
appliances

3. SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE
• It is the ability to understand and deal with peoples
 THEORIES OF IN TELLIGENCE

1. Faculty Theory
6. Cattell’s Fluid and Crystallized
2. Spearman’s Two Factor
Theory.
Theory
7. Gardener’s Theory of Multiple
3. Thorndike’s Multifactor
Intelligence
Theory
8. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
4. Thurstone’s Theory
9. Eysenck’s Structural Theory
5. Guilford’s Model of Structure
10. Ceci’s Biological Theory
of Intellect
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

Being able to motivate oneself

and persist in the face of
frustrations, to control impulse
and delay gratification, to
regulate one’s moods and keep
distress from swamping the
ability to think, to emphasize and
to hope.
BRANCHES OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
 INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT

• The mental age is divided by the chronological age and multiplied by 100 to get
I.Q. (Intelligence Quotient). IQ is the quantitative measure of intelligence.
• The ratio is measured by formula:

𝑀𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑔𝑒
• 𝐼𝑄 = × 100
𝐶ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑔𝑒
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUALS ACCORDING
TO THEIR IQ SCORE
IQ Description
130 and above Very superior
120-129 Superior
110-119 Bright normal
85-109 Average
70-84 Borderline
55-69 Mild mentally retarded
40-54 Moderately mentally retarded
25-39 Severely mentally retarded
Below 25 Profoundly mentally retarded
 MEASUREMENT OF INTELLIGENCE

VERBAL NON VERBAL PERFORMANCE

Require the examinee

Require the use of Emphasize material to perform a task
language, applicable like pictures, figures rather than answer
to literate person. etc. some questions.

Bhatia performance
test:
e.g. Stanford a. Block design e.g. Assemble a
Binet,WAIS, WISSC puzzle, place pictures
b. Pattern drawing in correct sequence
c. Immediate
memory
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF INTELLIGENCE
TESTING

EDUCATIONAL

RESEARCH CLINICAL

INDUSTRIAL DAILY LIFE

APTITUDE
CHARACTERISTICS OF APTITUDE
 CLASSIFICATION OF APTITUDE TESTS

• These tests measure aptitude in

INDEPENDENT single specific separate areas.
(SPECIFIC)
APTITUDE TESTS

• These exist in the form of test

MULTIPLE batteries and assess multiple
(GENERALIZED) separate aptitudes.
APTITUDE TESTS
MEASUREMENT OF APTITUDE
USES OF APTITUDE TESTING
CHAPTER SUMMARY
 ASSESS YOURSELF
❖Describe the stages of development of thinking.

❖Discuss relationship of thinking with language and communication.

❖Describe thought process.

❖Explain cognitive process.

❖What are the factors that can affect intelligence?

❖Describe the measurement of intelligence.