How do you get to

know a someone?
Measurement
PAGSUKAT
The action of measuring
something
The size, length, or
amount of something

4
 Psychology
Scientific study of
human behavior

OBJECTIVE
Objective measurement
not influenced by personal
feelings or opinions in of behavior
considering & representing
facts. 5
 Mental
Emotions Interests Reasoning
Illness 6
Measurement
What do we measure in Psychology?
What do we measure
in Psychology?
We are interested in
abstract concepts &
variables and either
describing the distributions
of and/or relationships
among them

8
 What do we measure in Psychology?
Concept Construct
“An abstraction formed by A concept with scientific
generalization from purpose (i.e.
particulars” operationalized)
Abstracts are hard to Can be measured and
define studied.
OPERATIONALIZE
E.g. Intelligence E.g. IQ turning abstract
conceptual ideas into
measurable observations
9
What do we measure in Psychology?
𖤓 Constructs often cannot be directly observed hence we create items or
procedures to measure them

Concept of
Intelligence
Operationalization IQ

• Definition: the ability to •Determining the next figure

derive information, learn in the sequence
from experience, adapt to • Numerical ability,
the environment, • Vocabulary,
understand, and correctly
• Copying block designs
utilize thought and reason
• Speed of detecting
differences
10
What do we measure in Psychology?
Variable Constant
any condition, event, One value in a given
characteristic or attribute context.
that can take on different Does not change or vary.
values at different times or
with different people.

E.g. E.g.
Age of people Gravity (or the acceleration due to
Temperature gravity) is 9.81 meters per second
squared
11
What do we measure in Psychology?
𖤓 concepts & variables distributions of and/or relationships
among them

Frequency Correlations
Distributions

12
Frequency Distributions
 Displays scores on a variable to reflect how frequently each value is
obtained
 A classification of data = help in understanding important features

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
the number of times this the way in which something is
information appears shared out
Gaano kadalas? Pamamahagi; Pagkaka-kalat
Look at the stars in galaxy
Ilan ang blue?
Ilan ang yellow?
Ilan ang red?
Frequency Distributions Height: Filipino Athletes

For most
variables, it is
bell-shaped,
normally curved
May be
graphically
represented
Frequency Distributions

For most variables, it is bell-shaped, normally curved

May be graphically represented
 Correlation
A mutual relationship or connection between two or more things.
Correlation Coefficient is a mathematical index that describes the
direction & magnitude of a relationship

r = - 0.85
DIRECTION MAGNITUDE
Positive: Variables move in the same direction The closer the value is to (-/+)
Negative: Variables move in the opposite direction 1, the stronger the relationship
Psychological Assessment
How do we assess?
are they
behaving the
way they do?

22
 PSYCHOLOGICAL
Assessment
The gathering & integration of
psychology-related data
for the goal of doing a
psychological evaluation
with the use of tools (such as tests)

ASSESS
PAGTASA
Evaluation, Valuation,
Appraisal, Judgment.
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24
Diagrams and infographics

25
 Approaches to Assessment

Collaborative Therapeutic Dynamic Alternative Assessment

cooperation between encourage self-discovery
the mental health
professional & client client has what it takes to
facilitate change
clients take the lead
mental health professional evaluative & diagnostic
takes the lead process that vary from
usual ways
apply interventions to
client until change occurs performance-based;
remote or digital; not
educational setting paper-and-pencil

26
 Process of Psychological Assessment
1 2 3 4
Referral Question Acquiring Knowledge Data Collection Data Interpretation
Relating to the
Sources of referral Describe client’s present
Content of the
questions are Must rely on level of functioning.
Problem
psychiatrist, multiple sources
psychologist, and use these to Make objective &
teacher, Selecting tools to assess empirical inferences
counselor, judge, answer the consistency of |
corporate referral question findings. Must be clear, relevant to
resource the goal of assessment
specialist..
Give oral feedback. 27
Applications of
Assessemnt
When & Where can we use them?

28
 Application of Psychological Assessment

Educational Setting
To identify students with
special needs, academic Clinical Setting
difficulty, emotional
problems.
Hospitals, inpatient and Geriatric settings
outpatient clinics, private- To evaluate cognitive,
practice counseling rooms, psychological,
To evaluate degree of
schools adaptive, or other
learning
functioning.
Used to help screen for or
For admission
diagnose behavior problems.
 Application of Psychological Assessment

Business and Military

Counseling setting settings Government &
Focus: Client’s Decision making about the Organizational
improvement in terms of careers of the personnel. Credentialing
adjustments, productivity, For licensing,
among others Hiring, promotions, transfer,
job satisfaction, eligibility for certification
further training.
5-minute break

31
Tools of
Assessemnt
What do we use to conduct
assessment?

32
 Tools of Assessment
Psychological
Assessment

Behavioral Other Assessment

Clinical Interview Psychological Testing
Observation Tools

Objective/
Portfolio
Psychometric

Projective Case History Data

Computers 33

Role-Play tests
Tools of Assessment
I N T ER V I E W

𖡼 Personal, phone, email 𖡼 Must establish: rapport, genuineness,

𖡼 Mutual/reciprocal affair empathy, humor

𖡼 Could be scripted or 𖡼 Involves observation of non-verbal

spontaneous behavior to validate

𖡼 Depends highly on the skill 𖡼 Can be administered by a panel (or board

of interviewer interview) where biases are minimized
Tools of Assessment
PORTFOLIO
𖡼 compilation of work (eg. student file) important:
Feedback
𖡼 assess individual work samples for the purpose of
making some screening, selection, classification, or
placement
Tools of Assessment
CASE HISTORY DATA
𖡼 Case studies: records, transcripts, pictures, written data, media
𖡼 Purpose: preserve information from past events, letters,
clippings, albums, videos, autobiographies, etc
Tools of Assessment
B E H A V I O R A L O B S E R V AT I O N
𖡼 “down-home wisdom” takes time
𖡼 monitor behavior to be used in diagnosis,
selection, therapy

FORMS:
1. Naturalistic – natural setting
2. Systematic – procedures follows specific
behavior to be observed and the targeted
behavior
Tools of Assessment
ROLE-PLAY TESTS

𖡼 Usual in educational setting or

rehabilitation centers
𖡼 act in a simulated situation
expressing thoughts, behaviors,
abilities
𖡼 spontaneity, projections, projections
Tools of Assessment
COMPUTERS AS TOOLS
𖡼 Computer Assisted Psychological Assessment (CAPA)
𖡼 Assisted = assistance computers provide
𖡼 Computer Adaptive Testing (CAT)
𖡼 Adaptive = computer’s ability to tailor test to
testtaker’s ability
𖡼 Mobile health (mHealth)
𖡼 Delivery of health care and information through
mobile technology
𖡼 In Mental Health field: Assess, monitor, treat,
promote recovery
Examples: BeWell (sleep), StudyLife (stress), MoodRhythm (detects
signs of bipolar disorder), Psychologist in a Pocket (depressive
symptoms)
Tools of Assessment
COMPUTERS AS TOOLS
𖡼 TYPES OF COMPUTER-GENERATED PSYCH REPORTS
𖡼 Scoring Reports: formal or official computer-generated account

Simple: simply lists test sores

Extended: more details; analysis & statistics; INTERPRETATIVE REPORTS:

presented in numeric & narrative (explanation of findings)
Descriptive: brief; scale by scale summaries (one sentence)

Screening: narrative info on each scale + analysis + comments on relationships

of test scores
Consultative: detailed analysis + expert opinions; less tentative conclusions; more
descriptive; INTEGRATIVE REPORTS: integrates reports, data from
other sources like behavioral observation, medical records;
provides interpretative data + more
Tools of Assessment
TESTS
𖡼 A measurement device or technique
𖡼 used to quantify behavior or aid in the
understanding & prediction of behavior.
Psychological Testing
PSYCHOLOGICAL

refers to all the possible uses,

application, and under-lying
concepts of psychological &
educational tests
(Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2011)
43
PSYCHOLOGICAL

PSYCHOMETRICS
field of study concerned with the theory &
technique of educational & psychological
measurement

MAJOR RESEARCH TASKS:

1) construction of instruments & procedures for measurement
2) development & refinement of theoretical approaches to measurement
44
PSYCHOLOGICAL

is the process of measuring

psychology-related variables by
means of devices/procedures
designed to obtain
a sample of behavior
(Cohen & Swerdlik, 2009).

45
PSYCHOLOGICAL
Testing 𖤓 devices/procedures

𖡼 ITEM 𖡼 SCORE
𖡼 specific stimulus to which a 𖡼 code or summary
person responds overtly statement

𖡼 response that can be 𖡼 not necessarily numerical

scored or evaluated 𖡼 reflects evaluation of
performance:
𖡼 specific questions or SCORING: Process of
problems that make up a assigning score
test
46
PSYCHOLOGICAL

is the process of measuring

psychology-related variables by
means of devices/procedures
designed to obtain
a sample of behavior
(Cohen & Swerdlik, 2009).

47
PSYCHOLOGICAL
Testing 𖤓 sample of behavior

𖡼 Overt: observable 𖡼 Covert: takes place

activity of the within the individual
individual

48
Types of Tests
According to Administration &
Behavior they Measure

49
 Achievement
Types of Tests

Aptitude

Intelligence
Administration Behavior Measured
Speed tests

Power tests
Individual Ability

Group Personality Objective

Projective
Attitude 50

Interest
Direct measure

Indirect measure
 Ability

Achievement Speed tests

Aptitude Power tests

Intelligence

Personality

51
Objective

Projective
 Types of Tests

Types of Tests:
ACCORDING TO TYPE OF ADMINISTRATION
Administration

Individual Tests

test administrator gives a test to a single person

(e.g. WAIS-III, MMPI-2)

Group

test administrator gives a test to a group of people

(e.g. Raven’s Progressive Matrices)
 Types of Tests

Types of Tests:
ACCORDING TO BEHAVIOR MEASURED
Behavior Measured

Ability Achievement Evaluates what an individual has learned

Measures prior activity
E.g. Midterms, Quizzes

Aptitude Evaluates what an individual is capable of learning

Measures capacity or future potential
Personality
E.g. Entrance exams (NUAT, UPCAT, USTEST)

Attitude

Intelligence Measures a person’s general potential to solve

Interest
problems, adapt to novel situations & profit from
experience
E.g. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (SB-5)
 Types of Tests

Types of Tests:
ACCORDING TO BEHAVIOR MEASURED
Behavior Measured

Ability Speed designed to measure the speed or rate of

performance, rather than the acquisition or
mastery of knowledge

Power designed to measure the knowledge of the test taker,

regardless of his or her speed of performance
Personality

Attitude Most tests used in schools measure both

knowledge & speed as factors on test
Interest
performance.
 Types of Tests

Types of Tests:
ACCORDING TO BEHAVIOR MEASURED
Behavior Measured

Ability

Personality How Are Personality Tests Used?

 For assessing theories
 To look at changes in personality
 To evaluate the effectiveness of therapy
 Diagnosing psychological problems
Attitude  Screening job candidates
 In forensic settings: To conduct risk assessments, establish
Interest
competence and in child custody disputes.
 Types of Tests

Types of Tests:
ACCORDING TO BEHAVIOR MEASURED
Behavior Measured

Ability

Personality
Objective present specific stimuli and ask for specific
Personality Tests
responses (e.g. true/false questions); structured
tests)

Projective
Personality Tests
present more
ambiguous stimuli and
Attitude
ask for less specific
responses (e.g. inkblots,
Interest drawings,TAT)
 Types of Tests

Types of Tests:
ACCORDING TO BEHAVIOR MEASURED
Behavior Measured

Ability

Personality

Attitude How do we define Attitudes? affective

 a relatively enduring organization of
beliefs, feelings, & behavioral tendencies
towards socially significant objects, groups,
events or symbols (Hogg, & Vaughan 2005) cognitive behavioral
 Structure of Attitudes: 3 components
Interest
(ABC model of attitudes)
 Types of Tests

Types of Tests:
ACCORDING TO BEHAVIOR MEASURED
Behavior Measured

Using likert scales, an attitude scale is designed to

Direct measure
provide a valid, or accurate, measure of an
Ability
individual’s social attitude. But it is prone to Social
Desirability & Faking
Personality

Attitude

Indirect measure Using projective tests, the person’s attitude is

Interest
inferred from their interpretation of the ambiguous
or incomplete stimulus.
To avoid the problem of social desirability
 Types of Tests

Types of Tests:
ACCORDING TO BEHAVIOR MEASURED
Behavior Measured

Ability

Personality
Measuring Interests:
Attitude
 Purpose: Measuring and evaluating
the level of an individual's interest
in, or preference for, a variety of
Interest
activities 1st widely used interest
 activities usually are variously related inventory: Strong Vocational
Interest Blank (SVIB) ,
to occupational areas; often used in
developed in 1927 by E.K.
vocational guidance Strong.
Uses of Tests

60
 Uses of Psychological Testing

Decision-making Psychological Self-understanding &

Used by decision makers
who need to determine
Research Personal Development
bases upon which to provides method of applies in counseling and
select, place, classify, studying the nature, psychotherapeutic settings.
diagnose. development, and
interrelationships of
variables

61
 Sino ang
pinaka-importanteng tao
na dapat natin kilalanin?

62
 Self-assessment
is the first step
in all assessments.
 Your Task:
Watch the videos on the
HISTORY of
PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSESSMENT

HISTORY of
INTELLIGENCE
TESTING
Any questions?

65