Introduction to Licensure Board Examination for Psychometricians

By: Prof. Lordy Angelo C. Santos, RPm

Psychological Assessment
Apply technical concepts, basic principles and tools of measurement, of psychological processes.
Measurement- a number that shows the size or amount of something
Testing - The administration of psychological tests
Assessment - combination of techniques used to evaluate a person's behavior
Different Types of Tests
Ability Tests - Tests a person's ability to perform a certain kind of job
Achievement - a test of developed skill or knowledge
Aptitude - determines the ability to acquire new knowledge
Intelligence - measure the ability to think and reason.
Personality Tests - measures various aspects of personality
Objective — follows a standardized method and procedure
Projective — Uses ambiguous materials to assess personality
Scales of Measurements - used to categorize and/or quantify variables
Nominal — gives a descriptive category
Ordinal — gives an ordered relationship for the values
Interval — has an identity, magnitude, and equal intervals
Ratio - identity, magnitude, intervals, and a minimum value of zero
Factors to consider in Psychological Testing
Standardization - administered under standardized conditions
Objectivity — independent on subjective Influences
Reliability — the consistency of scores
Validity — the degree to which the test measures what it measures
Norms— based on empirical data that provide standards
Generalizability — validity across contexts
Process of Psychological Assessment:'
Preparations— identifying assessment goals
Administration — data gathering procedure
Scoring - recording values based on responses
Interpretation -- evaluation of scores obtained
Assessment - generalization of interpretations obtained from the different tests.
Describe the process, research methods and statistics used in test development and standardization
Research Methods
Qualitative - based on some quality or characteristic
Quantitative- based quantity or measured value
Sampling Methods
Probability - members of the population has a non-zero probability
Non-probability - does not involve random selection
Sources of Data
Life Record Data
Observer Record Data
Test Record Data
Self-Record Data
Test Constructions
Construct Definition and Test Conceptualization
Scale Construction
Pilot Testing/ Initial Analysis
Administer to a large sample
Reliability Analysis
Validity Analysis
Test Standardization
Uniformity of Procedures in Test Administration
Uniformity of Procedures in Scoring
Setting Appropriate Norms
Identify the importance, benefits and limitations of psychological assessment
Importance
Employment — used in assessing potential employees
Education —used to assess different skills, talents and personality
Diagnoses — used to assess possible mental or personality disorders
 Treatment — used for possible treatment procedures and approach
Others
Benefits
Baseline Establishments — will be able to establish baseline behavior
Psychological Data - will provide scientific data
Better Understanding – may give better understanding to the clinician
Decision Making – may help professionals in making decisions
Problem Solving – may help professionals to solve possible problems
Appropriate Treatment - - may help them offer appropriate treatment
Limitations
Test Construction – the test construction may not always be accurate
Cultural Bias – may have some degree of cultural bias
Accuracy – validity and reliability is not always perfect
Interpretation – may be influenced by some degree of subjectivity
Objectivity – may be questioned due to subjectivity
Identify, assess and evaluate the methods and tools of psychological assessment relative to the specific
purpose and context: school, hospital industry and community
Educational Setting – used to assess students overall academic ability
Clinical Setting – used to access possible disorders or conditions
Industrial Setting – used to screen potential employees
Community Setting – used to assess certain group of people
Evaluate the administration and scoring procedures of intelligence and objective personality tests and other
alternative forms of test.
Objective Tests
Intelligence Tests
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Tests
Culture Fair Intelligence Test
Purdue Intelligence Test
Wechsler Bellevue Scale
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Personality Tests
16PF
NEO-PIT
Personality Assessment Inventory
Myers Briggs Type Indicator
Diagnostic Tests
Mental Status Examination
Mini Mental Status Examination
Beck Depression Scale
Projective Tests
Rorschach
Holtzman Inkbot Test
Thematic Apperception Tests
Bender Gestalt
Sack Sentence Completion Test
Word Association Test
Hand Test
Draw-a-person Test
Goodenough Test
House Tree Person Test
Graphology
Apply ethical considerations and standards in the various dimensions of psychological assessment.
PAP Code of Ethics
Principles
Respect for the Dignity of Persons and People
Competent Caring for the Well-Being of Persons and People
Integrity
Professional and Scientific Responsibility to Society
General Ethical Standards
Resolving Ethical Issues
Competencies
 Human Relations
Confidentiality
Advertisement and Public Statements
Records and Fees
Ethical Standards and Procedures in Specific Functions
Assessment
Therapy
Education and Training
Research
Theories of Personality
Recognize and differentiate the basic theories and Perspective of Personality
Psychodynamic Theories
Psychoanalysis – considers sex and aggression as its cornerstone
Individual Psychology – individual success or superiority is emphasized
Analytical Psychology – considers personal and collective unconscious
Object Relations Theory – importance of objects in early development
Psychoanalytic Social Theory – involves childhood trauma and society
Humanistic Psychoanalysis – human’s separation from nature
Interpersonal Theory – personality is developed within a social context
Post-Freudian Theory – epigenetic principle is applied
Humanistic/ Existential Theories
Holistic Dynamic Theory – conative needs and sources of motivation
Person Centered Theory – unconditional positive regard
Existential Psychology – people’s search for meaning in their lives
Dispositional Theories
Psychology of the Individual – towards individuality
Trait and Factor Analysis Theories – considers different level of traits
Learning Theories
Behavioral Analysis – concentrate on observable data
Social Cognitive Theory – focuses on different aspects of learning
Cognitive Social Learning Theory – considers other cognitive factors
Psychology of Personal Constructs – meta-theory
Identify the socio-cultural and environmental factors that may impact personality.
Biological
Heredity – deals with molecular structures of the genes
Brain – different areas of the brain and their functions
Bio-feedback – brainwaves, hormones, blood pressure and temperature
Physical Features – physical structure
Social
Society, Organizations and Environment – different sources of social influences
Cultural
Cultures – cultural norms and rules
Practices – customs and procedures
Differences – difference among cultures
Situational
Stability – stability of personality across situations
Changes – changes in attitude in every situation
Pressures – interaction between personality and situations
Identify relevant Filipino/ Indigenous concepts in Understanding Personality
Filipino Psychology
Virgilio G. Enriquez – father of Filipino Psychology
Themes of Filipino Psychology
Identity and national consciousness
Social awareness and involvement
National and ethnic cultures and languages
Indigenous Psychology
Western Psychology
Area of Protests
Sikolohiya ng Pagbabagong-isip
Sikolohiyang Malaya
Sikolohiyang Mapagpalaya
Where does Sikolohiyang Filipino Built?
 Arose from within culture
Reflects local behaviors
Can be interpreted within a local frame of reference
Yields results that are locally relevant
Processes of Filipino Psychology
Indigenization-from-within – cultural validation
Indigenization-from-without – cultural revalidation
The Filipino Value Structure
Accommodative Surface Hiya Utang na Loob Pakikisama
Value (Propriety) (Gratitude/ Solidarity) (Companionship/
Esteem)
Confrontative Surface Value Bahala na Sama/ Lakas ng loob Pakikibaka
(Determination) (Resentment/ Guts) (Resistance)
Pivotal Interpersonal Value Pakikiramdam (Shared Inner Perception)
CORE VALUE KAPWA (Shared Identity)
Linking Socio-Personal Kagandahang-Loob (Shared Humanity)
Value
Associated Societal Value Karangalan Katarungan (Justice) Kalayaan (Freedom)
(Dignity)

Levels and Modes of Social Interaction

Ibang Tao (“outsider”) Category
Pakikitungo: civility
Pakikisalamuha: act of mixing
Pakikilahok: act of joining
Pakikibagay: conformity
Pakikisama: being united with the group
Hindi Ibang Tao (“one-of-us”) Category
Pakikipaglagayang-loob: act of mutual trust
Pakikisangkot: act of joining others
Pakikipagkaisa: being one with others
Indigenous Research Methods
Pagtatanong-tanong – Informal unstructured interview
Pakikipagkuwentuhan – Informal conversation
Ginabayang Talakayan – Collective discussion
Nakikiugaling Pagmamasid – Participant observation
Pakikisama – Getting along
Pagdalaw-dalaw – Visiting
Panunuluyan – Residing in research setting
Abnormal Psychology
Distinguish between pathological and non-pathological manifestations of behavior
Abnormal Psychology
History of Abnormal Psychology
Features of Abnormality
Deviance – extremely different and unusual deviation from the norm
Distress – provides personal distress
Dysfunction – maladaptive functioning causes interference in life
Danger – poses risks and harm to both self and others
Definition of Abnormality
Statistical Deviation – significant deviation from the norm
Social Norm Violation – breaking social rules
Maladaptive Behavior – inability to reach goals and adjust to life
Personal Distress – unbearable distress that may lead to dysfunction
Deviation from Ideal – cultural relativism
Medical Disorder – physical or biological diseases
Things to Consider
Course – identified development of a certain condition
Prevalence – commonness of a certain condition
Incidence – occurrence of a certain condition
Prognosis – forecast of the likely outcome
Etiology — possible causes of a certain condition
Recognize common psychological disorders given specific symptoms.
 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
History of DSM
DSM-IV-TR
Multi Axial System
Global Assessment Functioning
DSM-5
Sections of DSM-5
Organization within Chapters
Bio-psychosocial Approach to Psychopathology
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10)
Chapter 5: Mental and behavioral disorders
Use major psychological theories, particularly the commonly recognized ones, psychological problems are
caused and how they develop.
Psychodynamic Theories
Humanistic/ Existential Theories
Learning and Behavioral Theories
Dispositional/ Trait Factor Theories
Biological Factors
Medical Model
Bio-psychosocial model
Diathesis-stress model
Stress vulnerability model
Identify the socio-cultural factory that may impact on problem identification and diagnosis of abnormal
behavior.
Age
Sex and Gender
Genetics
Personal History
Medical History
Family History
Family Systems
Culture
Stress and other Triggers
Apply appropriate ethical principles and standards in diagnosing cases of abnormal behavior.
PAP Code of Ethics
Principles
Respect for the Dignity of Persons and Peoples
Competent Caring for the Well-Being of Persons and Peoples
Integrity
Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to Society
General Ethical Standards
Resolving Ethical Issues
Competencies
Human Relations
Confidentiality
Advertisement and Public Statements
Records and Fees
Ethical Standards and Procedures in Specific Functions
Assessment
Therapy