Introduction To Trunked Radio Concepts: Use Only

Module 1
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Introduction to Trunked Radio
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Concepts
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Course Structure
• Module 1 – Introduction to Trunked Radio Concepts
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• Module 2 – Introduction to DIMETRA IP
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• Module 3 – Features and Functions
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• Module 4 – Single Zone System Functionality and Subsystems
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• Module 5 – Multi Zone System Functionality and Subsystems
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• Module 6 – Call Processing Scenarios
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• Module 7 – Inter-System Interface Functionality
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• Module 8 – Course Review lu
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DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

2
Module 1: Introduction to Trunked Radio Concepts
Module Objectives
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
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• Describe the operation of a Basic Conventional Radio system.
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• Describe the advantages of a Trunked Radio system over a Conventional Radio
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system.
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• Describe the main technical characteristics of a TETRA Radio system.
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The Principle of Two-Way Radio Communication
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Press to Talk Release to Listen
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From One to Many

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Basic Radio System
• A basic radio system consists of equipment that transmits and receives radio
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signals.
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• Transmitter is used to produce and amplify a radio carrier signal which is
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combined or modulated, with a voice signal from a microphone.
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• The modulated radio signal is sent to an antenna which radiates the signal into
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the air. The radiated signal is picked up by a receiving antenna and sent to a
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receiver.
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• Here the radio signal is processed back into the original audio signal, which is fed
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into a loudspeaker so that the original voice message can be heard.
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Antennas
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Microphone
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Loudspeaker
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Transmitter Receiver

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Single Frequency Simplex
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Single
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Frequency
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Radio A Radio B
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• Transmission in one direction at a time

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• Talk or Listen
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RF Range in Simplex
• Simplex communication range can be affected by;
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– Distance
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– Geographical terrain
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– Obstruction (urban/sub-urban)
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– Radio transmit power
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Poor signal
reception
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Obstructions to radio waves

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Semi-Duplex and Duplex
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TX 851.0125 MHz RX 806.0125 MHz
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• Semi-Duplex
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– Two frequencies
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– Talk or Listen
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– Group calls, Semi-Duplex Private Call
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• Full Duplex
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– Two frequencies
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– Talk and Listen

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– Private Calls
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Radio System Range
• Radio Frequency (RF) range can be affected by:
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– Antenna height
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– Radio coverage obstructions
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– Base station transmit power
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– Base station receiver sensitivity
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Conventional Operations
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Customer Service 1
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Customer Service 2
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Customer Service 3
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Customer Service 4

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Trunked Operations
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Customer Service 1
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Customer Supervisor
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Customer Service 2
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Customer Service 3

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Advantages of a Trunked Radio System
• Spectrum Efficiency
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Conventional
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No. of channels
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No. of users
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Advantages of a Trunked Radio System – Dynamic Radio
Channel Allocation
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Conventional Radio System Trunked Radio System
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Functional Division of Radio Channels Partitioned as “Talk Groups”
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A A B C D D
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A B C C D D
A B C C D D
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Channel
Channel 1 Channel
Channel 2 Channel
Channel 3 Channel
Channel 4
Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3
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1 2 3 4
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A C B E
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‘Shared’ Channels
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Fixed Channels VS
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Talk Group Definitions
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• A talkgroup is a basic unit of communication in a trunked system.
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• One or more talkgroups are assigned to a user.
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• One talkgroup is assigned to traffic channel at a time.
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• A talkgroup has a unique ID.
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Talkgroup 1 Talkgroup 2 Talkgroup 3
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Check your Understanding 1
• Add the appropriate word from the boxes to complete the sentences below:
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• In ____________operation, channels are common resources that can be used
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by all users on an as-needed basis.
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• In ____________ operation, mobile stations are statically assigned to a
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particular channel.
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Conventional Trunked
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Main Characteristics of TETRA
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Standards
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What is TETRA?
• TETRA = Terrestrial Trunked Radio:
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– Developed by the European Telecommunication Standards Institute, ETSI
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(www.etsi.org)
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– Users include public safety, utilities, and governments
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– Open standard for private mobile radio
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– Defines radio services and interfaces
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– Improved spectral efficiency lu
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– Improved audio quality
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TETRA Main Technical
Characteristics
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• Common Air Interface
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• 25 kHz physical channel spacing
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• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
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with four time slots per RF carrier
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• π/4 Differential Quadrature Phase Shift
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Keying (DQPSK) Modulation
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• Algebraic Code Exited Linear
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Predication (ACELP) Vocoder
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Frequency Spectrum Management
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Radio TV TETRA TV (E-)GSM
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80 200 260-275 350 - 470 470-862 850-875 880-960 f [MHz]
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TETRA Frequencies Uplink Downlink
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350 MHz 370 MHz
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Public Safety 380 MHz lu 400 MHz
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410 MHz 430 MHz
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450 MHz 470 MHz

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Public Access 10 MHz Duplex Spacing

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806 MHz 825 MHz 851 MHz 870 MHz

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Uplink Downlink
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45 MHz Duplex Spacing

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Spectrum Management
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Duplex Spacing = 10 MHz
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Channel Spacing = 25 kHz
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382.000 382.025
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MS Transmits Base Station Transmits

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Base Station Receives MSs Receive

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Time Division Multiple Access
• The timeslots are numbered from 1 to 4 in a frame of 56.67 ms duration.
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• Each frame is comprised of four timeslots.
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• Each timeslot within a frame has a duration of 14.167 ms.
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Frame = 56.67 ms
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1 lu 2 3 4
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Timeslot = 14.167 ms
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Time Division Multiple Access
TETRA TDMA STRUCTURE – 2 TIME SLOT OFFSET
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Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4
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TX RX TX RX TX RX TX RX
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Base
Downlink
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Station
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Mobile
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Uplink
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Station
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TX RX TX RX TX RX TX RX
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Frame 1 lu Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4
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Time
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• MCCH = Main Control Channel

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• TCH = Traffic Channel

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TETRA Channels
• There are two types of TETRA channels which are linked together:
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– Physical Channel = f1 (physical frequency)
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– Logical Channel = Control Channel (CC) and Traffic channel (TCH)
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1 2 3 4
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Control Traffic Traffic Traffic First
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Frequency = f1 TETRA
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Channel Channel Channel Channel
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Carrier
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1 2 3 4
Second
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Traffic Traffic Traffic Traffic

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Frequency = f1+ 1 Channel Channel Channel Channel TETRA

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Carrier
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ACELP Encoding
• Analog Audio to Digital Conversion
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To TETRA Air Interface
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A/D
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1011
Transmitter
1010101101
Converter ACELP
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Encoder
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Analog Audio Pulse Code Modulation ACELP ACELP

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( PCM ) Voice Packet Voice Packet

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Radio Frequency
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ACELP Decoding
• Digital Audio to Analog Conversion
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From TETRA Air Interface
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1010101101 D/A
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1011
ACELP Converter
Receiver
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Decoder
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ACELP ACELP Pulse Code Analog Audio

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Voice Packet Voice Packet Modulation

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on (PCM)
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Radio Frequency
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RF Carrier Modulation π/4 DQPSK
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10 01 11 10 01 11
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Phase
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Modulator
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Information Signal Modulated Signal
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Carrier Signal
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RF Carrier Modulation π/4 DQPSK
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• pi/4-DQPSK modulation uses eight separate carrier

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phases. Up to four possible phase shifts can be

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made from any phase point. Each possible shift in

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phase is assigned a two-digit binary value (00,

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01,10, 11).
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Module Review
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Review Question 1
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What is the relationship between ACELP and TDMA?
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ACELP voice packets are placed in TDMA timeslots.
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TDMA enables the ACELP compression method.
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Only an ACELP compressed signal can be placed in a timeslot.
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All of the above.

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Review Question 2
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Which basic radio module filters, de-modulates, and amplifies the air interface
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signal?
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Transmitter
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Receiver
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Antenna
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Review Question 3
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Which basic radio module modulates and amplifies the air interface signal?
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Transmitter
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Receiver
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Antenna
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Review Question 4
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Which call types operate on a single frequency?
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Semi-Duplex
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Simplex
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Full-Duplex
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Semi- and Full-Duplex

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Review Question 5
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The maximum number of Voice Channels per Base Radio is:
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1
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2
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3
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4
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Review Question 6
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TETRA Channel Spacing in MHz is:
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6.25
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0.0125
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0.025
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Review Question 7
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TETRA stands for Terrestrial Trunked Radio.
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True
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False
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Review Question 8
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What is the European Radio Frequency Spectrum for TETRA ?
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50 – 100 MHz
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200 – 300 MHz
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350 – 470 MHz
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360 – 379 MHz

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880 – 960 MHz

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Review Question 5
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The duration of one TDMA Timeslot in ms is:
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14.167
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30
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56.67
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60
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You should now be able to:
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End of Module
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• Describe how a Basic Conventional system works.
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• Describe the advantages of a Trunked Radio system over a
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Conventional Radio system.
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• Describe the main technical characteristics of a TETRA Radio
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system. lu
So
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38

Introduction To Trunked Radio Concepts: Use Only

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Module 1

• Module 1 – Introduction to Trunked Radio Concepts

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

From One to Many

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

• Transmission in one direction at a time

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

• Simplex communication range can be affected by;

Obstructions to radio waves

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

– Talk and Listen

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

• Radio Frequency (RF) range can be affected by:

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

• TETRA = Terrestrial Trunked Radio:

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

450 MHz 470 MHz

Public Access 10 MHz Duplex Spacing

806 MHz 825 MHz 851 MHz 870 MHz

45 MHz Duplex Spacing

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

MS Transmits Base Station Transmits

Base Station Receives MSs Receive

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

• The timeslots are numbered from 1 to 4 in a frame of 56.67 ms duration.

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

TETRA TDMA STRUCTURE – 2 TIME SLOT OFFSET

• MCCH = Main Control Channel

• TCH = Traffic Channel

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

Traffic Traffic Traffic Traffic

Frequency = f1+ 1 Channel Channel Channel Channel TETRA

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

• Analog Audio to Digital Conversion

Analog Audio Pulse Code Modulation ACELP ACELP

( PCM ) Voice Packet Voice Packet

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

• Digital Audio to Analog Conversion

ACELP ACELP Pulse Code Analog Audio

Voice Packet Voice Packet Modulation

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

• pi/4-DQPSK modulation uses eight separate carrier

phases. Up to four possible phase shifts can be

made from any phase point. Each possible shift in

phase is assigned a two-digit binary value (00,

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

All of the above.

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

DIMETRA IP D9.0 System Overview Course

Semi- and Full-Duplex