WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Unit 1:Lesson 1.0 Introduction to Communication

Here’s what you will

learn:
Communication is the act of
transmitting, sharing or exchanging of Lesson 1.0 Introduction to
COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
information. We communicate to express ideas, Communication
thoughts and feeling to each other. The (week 1) – 3 hours
• Recognize the History of
process of communication is inherent to all Communication.
human life and includes verbal, nonverbal • Evolution of
(body language), print, and electronic communication.
processes.
Lesson 1.1 Communication
System
(week 2) – 4 hours
Distance and Language are two of the • Definition
• Diagram
main communication barriers of communication • What is Signal
exist in our society. Now we live in a World of • Types of Electronic
communication and Wireless Communication, Communication Systems
where communication in long distance is not and examples
impossible anymore. Lesson 1.2 Requirements of
Communication System
(week 2) 2hours
• Rate of information transfer
Communication is the key to • Purity of signal
understanding people. Technology has indeed • Simplicity of the system
redefined communication. Before, • Reliability
communicating is limited to inter-personal
Lesson 1.3 Components of the
interaction. Until it evolved to alphabets, signs communication system
and symbols, letters, and telephone. Today (week 2) – 4 hours
people no longer have to wait for years, • Diagram
months, weeks and days to receive an • Source
• Input transducer
information or message. • Transmitter
• Channel
• Receiver
• Output transducer
• Repeater
In this unit, we will be introducing the history of Losses in Communication
system
communication. Parts of the communication • Noise
system and its definitions. • Attenuation
• Distortion
• interference
 9

Evolution of Communication

30,000 B.C. – Cave Paintings

The oldest form of symbols used for communication is cave paintings. According to theorists,
cave paintings were created to mark a territory or to record events. The oldest cave painting was
discovered inside Chauvet Cave in France around 30,000 B.C. Other earliest cave paintings were
found in South Sulawesi, Indonesia and Coliboaia Cave in Romania.

https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.eUj-lY23dtum6Ucj3w8HmQHaFV?w=250&h=180&c=7&o=5&pid=1.7 https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=0WlYTYOP&id=3B9FA7D56883D6CF907D36570D3AFFF6FE8F873F&thid=OIP.0WlYTYOPaBFQO7uYOqqpngAAAA&mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2fassets.sutori.com%2fuser-uploads%2fimage%2ff1d8ea77-4b75-4332-a304-
f00f708c71e6%2f2a5afd340f0fbfb17148d7e48d65256f.jpeg&exph=300&expw=400&q=30000+BC+CAVE+PAINTINGS&simid=607999397460968695&ck=B6C3A8E822B3B39D96863EA8278920F9&selectedIndex=12&FORM=IRPRST https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.JGaSgGdgnr1-1rE42dsWfAAAAA?w=216&h=180&c=7&o=5&pid=1.7 https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/07/09/09/2A4FCE9500000578-3152556-Author_and_epigraph_researcher_John_Ruskamp_claims_these_symbols-a-
3_1436430953362.jpg

CAVE PAINTING PETROGLYPH PICTOGRAMS 2000 BC

Symbols

Our early ancestors have used different variations of signs and symbols to communicate.

10,000 B.C – Petroglyphs - They were carvings in the rock surface, usually referred to as a rock art.

9,000 B.C – Pictograms - were developed in which ancient people logographic images to tell a story.
Later on, ancient cultures developed ideograms. Egyptians had their hieroglyphs.

2,000 B.C. – Alphabet - Chinese created characters, which redefined language and communication
was developed around 2,000 B.C.

1800 B.C – Smoke Signals

A signal that uses smoke from a fire to represent words, used

to send messages over long distances.

Smoke signals were primarily used in sending messages in China. In 200 B.C., guards execute
smoke signals to send messages along The Great Wall of China. In 150 B.C., Greek Historian Polybius
developed smoke signals representing the alphabet.

https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.76CCoiq4RxS-8LTiVdBSgAHaGz?w=210&h=194&c=7&o=5&pid=1.7 https://th.bing.com/th?q=Carrier+Pigeon+Art&w=120&h=120&c=1&rs=1&qlt=90&cb=1&pid=InlineBlock&mkt=en-PH&adlt=moderate&t=1&mw=247
https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.WK2BlYGqXKY0U4iepzCWgQHaEc?w=295&h=180&c=7&o=5&pid=1.7

2,400 B.C. - Carrier Pigeons

Extensively used for long distance communication.

 10

1794 – Semaphore

Method of visual signaling, usually by means of flags or lights. Before the invention of
the telegraph, semaphore signaling from high towers was used to transmit messages between
distant points. One such system was developed by Claude Chappe.

1653 – Postal System

Postal systems were also organized in Persia, China, India, and Rome before. On the other
hand, it was only in 1653 when Frenchman De Valayer started a postal system in Paris which
involved the use of mailboxes and delivery of paid envelopes.

1440 – Printing Press

German Johannes Gutenberg developed the printing press system which radically changed
communication forever.

https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.VZkDaUmnHb3TD6z2qR_VjAAAAA?w=205&h=166&c=7&o=5&pid=1.7

1896 – Radio

Guglielmo Marconi, Marconi’s first radio transmissions, in 1896, were coded signals that
were transmitted only about a mile (1,6 km) far. Marconi realized that it held huge potential. He
offered the invention to the Italian government but they turned it down.

1830 to 1840 – Telegraph

Samuel Morse (1791-1872) and other inventors, the telegraph revolutionized long-distance
communication. It worked by transmitting electrical signals over a wire laid between stations. In
addition to helping invent the telegraph, Samuel Morse developed a code (bearing his name) that
assigned a set of dots and dashes to each letter of the English alphabet and allowed for the simple
transmission of complex messages across telegraph lines.

In 1844, Morse sent his first telegraph message, from Washington, D.C., to Baltimore,
Maryland; by 1866, a telegraph line had been laid across the Atlantic Ocean from the U.S. to Europe.
Although the telegraph had fallen out of widespread use by the start of the 21st century, replaced by
the telephone, fax machine and Internet, it laid the groundwork for the communications revolution
that led to those later innovations.

https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.QMgdDfBd2nFcQwC-zpnFVQHaF3?w=197&h=180&c=7&o=5&pid=1.7
 11

1876 – Telephone

The telephone was invented in 1876 by Alexander Bell, a British immigrant in Boston, or, at
least, it was Bell who installed the world's first commercial telephone service in 1877. Bell's "acoustic
telegraph" was first demonstrated at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia.

1831 to 1996 – Television

Television was not invented by a single inventor, instead of many people working together
and alone over the years, contributed to the evolution of television. The earliest records of TV
broadcasting occurred after the World War II, in which the display was still black and white.

Internet

1960 – ARPANET (The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)

Its initial purpose was to link computers at Pentagon-funded research institutions over telephone
lines.

ARPANET’s purpose was always more academic than military, but, as more academic facilities
connected to it, the network did take on the tentacle-like structure military officials had envisioned.

1973 - The term “internet” first emerged.

TELENET - The first internet service provider.

1983 - domain system started

1991 - Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at CERN, introduced the World Wide Web (www) which
definitely started the modern internet.

E-mail - With the onset of the internet, electronic mails started to become popular. Although emails
came before the ARPANET, however, it was “offline”.

1975 - John Vittal developed a software to organize emails. From that time, 75% of ARPANET traffic
was email.

1994 - Yahoo! was born. It was followed by other mailing platforms, including Hotmail and Google
Mail.

December 3, 1992 – Text Message - Neil Papworth, an engineer from Sema Group (now Airwide
Solutions) used a computer to send “Merry Christmas” through the Vodafone network

Social Media - The latest mode of communication in the digital era is the use of social media
platforms.

2004 - Facebook was created by Mark Zuckerberg.

2005 - YouTube became the first-ever popular video hosting social media site.

2006 - Twitter began to dominate the social media scene. Other social media platforms have
followed.
 12

How much do you know?

Choose the answer / s that is best to define or respond to the question being asked:
1. _________ and Language are two of the main communication barriers of
communication exist in our society.
a. Internet
b. Hobby
c. Distance
d. Wi-Fi

2. Out of the three important basic parts of electronics communication system,

which of the following is the medium through which the message signals
travels to reach the destination?
a. sender
b. receiver
c. channel
d. none of the above

3. Depending on signal specification or technology, which of the classification of

communication system is the following:

___________ data can be transmitted in both directions on a signal carrier

except not at the same time. At a certain point, it is actually a simplex channel
whose transmission direction can be switched. Walkie-talkie is a typical
example of this.

a. Simplex
b. Full duplex
c. Half Duplex
d. digital

4. In ____________, the data are generated and processed in two states: High
(represented as 1) and Low (represented as 0):

a. Simplex
b. Full duplex
c. half duplex
d. digital
5. In components of communication system. The ________ is the origin where the
message signal is generated.

a. Source
b. Input Transducer
c. Transmitter
d. Channel
 13

Lesson 1.1 Electronic Communication System

All electronic communication systems have a transmitter, a communication

channel or medium, and a receiver. The process of communication begins when a
human being generates some kind of message, data, or other intelligence that
must be received by others. A message may also be generated by a computer or
electronic current. In electronic communication systems, the message is referred to
as information.
Electronic communication system consists of three important and basic parts
as shown in the following figure:

SENDER RECEIVER
CHANNEL

• The Sender is the person who sends a message. It could be a

transmitting station from where the signal is transmitted.
• The Channel is the medium through which the message signals travel to
reach the destination.
• The Receiver is the person who receives the message. It could be a
receiving station where the signal transmitted is received.

Types of Electronic Communication System

What is Signal?
Conveying an information by some means such as gestures, sounds, actions, etc.,
can be termed as signaling. Hence, a signal can be a source of energy which
transmits some information. This signal helps to establish communication between
a sender and a receiver.
An electrical impulse or an electromagnetic wave which travels a distance to convey
a message, can be termed as a signal in communication systems.
Depending on Signal specification or technology, the communication system
is classified as follows:
1) Simplex
A simplex communication channel only sends information in one direction.
For example, a radio station usually sends signals to the audience but never
receives signals from them, thus a radio station is a simplex channel. It is
also common to use simplex channel in fiber optic communication. One
strand is used for transmitting signals and the other is for receiving signals.
But this might not be obvious because the pair of fiber strands are often
combined to one cable. The good part of simplex mode is that its entire
bandwidth can be used during the transmission.
 14

2) Full Duplex
A full duplex communication channel is able to transmit data in both
directions on a signal carrier at the same time. It is constructed as a pair of
simplex links that allows bidirectional simultaneous transmission. Take
telephone as an example, people at both ends of a call can speak and be
heard by each other at the same time because there are two communication
paths between them. Thus, using the full duplex mode can greatly increase
the efficiency of communication.
3) Half Duplex

In half duplex mode, data can be transmitted in both directions on a signal

carrier except not at the same time. At a certain point, it is actually a simplex
channel whose transmission direction can be switched. Walkie-talkie is a
typical half duplex device. It has a “push-to-talk” button which can be used to
turn on the transmitter but turn off the receiver. Therefore, once you push the
button, you cannot hear the person you are talking to but your partner can
hear you. An advantage of half-duplex is that the single track is cheaper than
the double tracks.

4) Analog
Analog technology communicates data as electronic signals of varying
frequency or amplitude. Broadcast and telephone transmission are common
examples of Analog technology.

5) Digital
In digital technology, the data are generated and processed in two states:
High (represented as 1) and Low (represented as 0). Digital technology
stores and transmits data in the form of 1s and 0s.

https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=e%2fVv70JP&id=485CD7D26DFDBC95360A8475A5B793FE57DD7840&thid=OIP.e_Vv70J P-
t5EQyEFnZw2YwHaEy&mediaurl=http%3a%2f%2felectricalfundablog.com%2fwp-content%2fuploads%2f2018%2f02%2fAnalog-and-Digital-
Signals.png&exph=414&expw=640&q=analog+and+digital+signal&simid=608023174352932406&ck=BF1D7AAD2BDBC796A6D87B5303FB9CDA&selectedIndex=2&FORM=IRPRST

Depending on the communication channel, the communication system is

categorized as follows:
 15

1) Wired

• Parallel wire communication

• Twisted wire communication
• Coaxial cable communication
• Optical fibre communication

2) Wireless

• Ground wave communication

• Skywave communication
• Space wave communication
• Satellite communication

Types Of Communication System

Some examples of Communication System:

Internet Public Switch Telephone Network Television Radio

https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.DW7uR0Qyp0Csomcw_MOvvAHaFj?w=246&h=184&c=7&o=5&pid=1.7 https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.d9ijQN27w3-HVgb7jFI7wQHaFD?w=251&h=180&c=7&o=5&pid=1.7 https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.FDCwG7jFUKSwqE8ExOfDMwHaLb?w=115&h=180&c=7&o=5&pid=1.7 https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.FDCwG7jFUKSwqE8ExOfDMwHaLb?w=115&h=180&c=7&o=5&pid=1.7

https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.4Go_NtZ7M21HZr-YdHb46gHaHa?w=144&h=150&c=7&o=5&pid=1.7

Lesson 1.2 Requirements Communication

System

Rate of Information Transfer

• The rate of information transfer is defined as the amount of information that must
be communicated from source to destination.

• It will determine the physical form and technique used to transmit and receive
information and therefore determines the way system is designed and constructed.

Purity of Signal Received

 16

• The received signal must be the same as the transmitted signal.

Simplicity of the System

• Any communication system must be convenient in order to be effective and efficient

and easy to use.

Reliability

• Users must be able to depend on a communication system. It muse work when

needed and transmit and receive information without errors or with an acceptable
error.

Lesson 1.3 Components of the Communication

System
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

• Source
The source is the origin from where the message signal is generated. The message
could be voice signal, email, Television Signal, or data.

• Input Transducer
Using the input transducer, the message signal is converted into the electrical signal.
Samples are: microphones, cameras, keyboards, mouse, sensors, accelerometers.

• Transmitter
The transmitter signal modifies the input signal for efficient transmission. The transmitter
may contain several sub-systems like modulator, analog to digital converter, encoder,
amplifier etc.

• Channel
The channel is the medium over which the transmitted signal is transmitted. The channel
could be physical channel (e.g optical fiber, co-axial cable) or wireless channel (radio
link) The channel partly behaves like a filter and, attenuates and distorts the transmitted
signal.

Transmission systems can be evaluated to five (5) main criteria:

 17

1) Capacity
2) Distance
3) Cost which include installation, operation and maintenance.
4) Performance
5) Security

• Output Transducer
The output of the receiver is given to the output transducer. Speaker, monitor screen
are examples of the output transducer.

• The receiver
For faithful communication, the receiver should be able to recover the message signal
from the received (distorted and attenuated) signal. The receiver also contains several
subsystems like, demodulator, decoder, digital to analog converter, amplifier.

Losses in Communication System

• Noise
Noise is one of the channel imperfection or impairment in the received signal at the
destination. There are external and internal sources that cause noise. External sources
include interference, i.e. interference from nearby transmitted signals (cross talk),
interference generated by natural source such as lightning, solar or cosmic radiation,
from automobile generated radiation, etc.

SNR (signal to noise ratio) is used to measure performance (noise) relative to an

information analog signal.

BER (Bit Error Rate) is used in digital system to measure the deterioration of the signal.

The external noise can be minimized and eliminated by appropriate design of the
channel, shielding of cables. Also by digital transmission external noise can be much
minimized.

Internal sources include noise due to random motion and collision of electrons in the
conductors, thermal noise due to diffusion and recombination of charge carriers in other
electronic devices. Internal noise can be minimized by cooling and using digital
technology for transmission.
• A different cable design.
• Proper design of the channel.
• Use digital transmission
• Using BPF (band pass filter) or LPF (low pass filter) at the receiver side.

• Attenuation
Attenuation is a problem caused by the medium. When the signal is propagating for a
longer distance through a medium, depending on the length of the medium the initial
power decreases. The loss in initial power is directly proportional to the length of the
medium. Using amplifiers, the signal power is strengthened or amplified so as to reduce
attenuation. Also, digital signals are comparatively less prone to attenuation than
analogue signals.

• Distortion
 18

It is also another type of channel problem. When the signal is distorted, the distorted
signal may have frequency and bandwidth different from the transmitted signal. The
variation in the signal frequency can be linear or non-linear.

• Interference
Contamination by extraneous signals from human sources.

• Repeater
Repeaters are placed at different locations in between the transmitter and receiver. A
repeater receives the transmitted signal, amplifies it and send it to the next repeater
without distorting the original signal.

https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.iDA3bLBfugp2dJ6zriFhpgHaDj?w=336&h=168&c=7&o=5&pid=1.7
 19

Summary:
Lesson 1.0 Introduction to Communication
(week 1) – 2 hours
• Recognize the History of Communication.
• Evolution of communication.
Lesson 1.1 Communication System
• Definition
• Diagram
• What is Signal
• Types of Electronic Communication Systems and examples
Lesson 1.2 Requirements of Communication System
• Rate of information transfer
• Purity of signal
• Simplicity of the system
• Reliability
Lesson 1.3 Components of the communication system
• Diagram
• Source
• Input transducer
• Transmitter
• Channel
• Receiver
• Output transducer
• Repeater
Losses in Communication system
• Noise
• Attenuation
• Distortion
• interference
 20

Reflection / Learning Insight:

Draft a 10 paragraph short essay regarding today’s lesson. Give the instructor
an insight of what had you acquired in this lesson and define the points and factors
where you are having a hard time learning it so that the instructor will be able to
assist you before proceeding to the next lesson.
Draft your reflection in a word processing software and save the document via
.pdf format then transmit it on your instructor’s email.
 21

How much do you know?

Choose the answer / s that is best to define or respond to the question being asked:
6. _________ and Language are two of the main communication barriers of
communication exist in our society.
e. Internet
f. Hobby
g. Distance
h. Wi-Fi

7. Out of the three important basic parts of electronics communication system,

which of the following is the medium through which the message signals
travels to reach the destination?
a. sender
b. receiver
c. channel
d. none of the above

8. Depending on signal specification or technology, which of the classification of

communication system is the following:

___________ data can be transmitted in both directions on a signal carrier

except not at the same time. At a certain point, it is actually a simplex channel
whose transmission direction can be switched. Walkie-talkie is a typical
example of this.

e. Simplex
f. Full duplex
g. Half Duplex
h. digital

9. In ____________, the data are generated and processed in two states: High
(represented as 1) and Low (represented as 0):

a. Simplex
b. Full duplex
c. half duplex
d. digital
10. In components of communication system. The ________ is the origin where the
message signal is generated.

e. Source
f. Input Transducer
g. Transmitter
h. Channel
 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION 22

Suggested Readings:
COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

1) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_JMV4ywAJug
2) https://www.tutorialspoint.com/principles_of_communication/principles_of_communic
ation_introduction.htm
3) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S2JCrKa_n_Q
4) https://www.tek.com/document/online/primer/xyzs-
scopes/ch1/oscilloscope-basics
5) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=beFoCZ7oMyY

6) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OT04cEdpK-M

7) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yp2kjDSgko0

8) https://www.thoughtco.com/the-invention-of-television-1992531

9) https://www.mobilecon2012.com/the-evolution-of-communication-through-
the-centuries/

GLOSSARY