25/09/2017

Basic Concepts
– Unit and basic definition
– Electric Charge and Coulomb’s Law
BDA10403
– Voltage, Current
ELECTRICAL AND – Power and energy –Kilo watt hour
ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY – Active and passive element

Hanani Abd Wahab

Summary Summary
SI Fundamental Units Some Important Electrical Units
Except for current, all electrical and magnetic units are derived
Quantity Unit Symbol
from the fundamental units. Current is a fundamental unit.
Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram kg
Quantity Unit Symbol
Second s
Time
Ampere A Current Ampere A
Electric current Kelvin K Coulomb C
Charge
Temperature Candela cd Volt V
Mole mol Voltage
Ohm Ω
Luminous intensity
Resistance Watt W
Amount of substance
Power

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Summary
Scientific and Engineering Notation
Very large and very small numbers are represented with
scientific and engineering notation.
Summary
Scientific and Engineering Notation
0.000 027 = 2.7 x 10-5 (Scientific Notation)
= 27 x 10-6 (Engineering Notation)

47,000,000 = 4.7 x 107 (Scientific Notation)

= 47. x 106 (Engineering Notation)
0.605 = 6.05 x 10-1 (Scientific Notation)
= 605 x 10-3 (Engineering Notation)

Summary Summary

Engineering Metric Prefixes Engineering Metric Prefixes

P peta 1015 m milli 10-3

Can you name T tera 1012 Can you name µ micro 10-6
the prefixes and the prefixes and
their meaning? their meaning?
G giga 109 n nano 10-9

M mega 106 p pico 10-12

k kilo 103 f femto 10-15

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Summary Summary

Metric Conversions Metric Conversions

When converting from a larger unit to a smaller unit, move the When converting from a smaller unit to a larger unit, move the
decimal point to the right. Remember, a smaller unit means the decimal point to the left. Remember, a larger unit means the number
number must be larger. must be smaller.

Smaller unit Larger unit

0.47 MΩ = 470 kΩ 10,000 pF = 0.01 µF

Larger number Smaller number

Summary Summary

Metric Arithmetic Metric Arithmetic

When adding or subtracting numbers with a metric prefix, convert When adding or subtracting numbers with a metric prefix, convert
them to the same prefix first. them to the same prefix first.

10,000 Ω + 22 kΩ = 200 µΑ + 1.0 mA =

10,000 Ω + 22,000 Ω = 32,000 Ω 200 µA + 1,000 µA = 12,000 µA

Alternatively, Alternatively,
10 kΩ + 22 kΩ = 32 kΩ 0.200 mΑ + 1.0 mA = 1.2 mA

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Summary Summary

Significant Figures Significant Figures

Most work in electronics involves measurements, which always have
error. You should report only digits that are reasonably assumed to be
accurate.
The rules for determining if a reported digit is significant are
1. Nonzero digits are always considered to be significant.
2. Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are never significant.
3. Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant.
4. Zeros to the right of the decimal point for a decimal number are
significant.
5. Zeros to the left of the decimal point with a whole number may or
may not be significant depending on the measurement.
Looking at the rule, decide how many significant figures
in each of the examples, which are given with a rule:
1. Nonzero digits are always considered to be significant. 152.71
2. Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are never
significant. 0.0938
3. Zeros between nonzero digits are always significant. 10.05
4. Zeros to the right of the decimal point for a decimal
number are significant. 5.100
5. Zeros to the left of the decimal point with a whole number 5100.
may or may not be significant depending on the
measurement. As shown there are at least 2, but uncertain.

Selected Key Terms Quiz

Engineering notation A system for representing any number as a one-, two-, or three-
digit number times a power of ten with an exponent that is a
multiple of three.
1. A resistor is an example of
Exponent
a. a passive component
Metric prefix The number to which a base is raised.
b. an active component
c. an electrical circuit
A symbol that is used to replace the power of ten in numbers
d. all of the above
Scientific notation expressed in scientific or engineering notation.

A system for representing any number as a number between 1

and 10 times a power of ten.

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Quiz Quiz

2. The electrical unit that is fundamental is the 3. In scientific notation, the number 0.000 56 is written
a. volt a. 5.6 x 104
b. ohm b. 5.6 x 10-4
c. coulomb c. 56 x 10-5
d. ampere d. 560 x 10-6

Quiz Quiz

4. In engineering notation, the number 0.000 56 is written 5. The metric prefix nano means
a. 5.6 x 104 a. 10-3
b. 5.6 x 10-4 b. 10-6
c. 56 x 10-5 c. 10-9
d. 560 x 10-6 d. 10-12

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Quiz Quiz

6. The metric prefix pico means 7. The number 2700 MW can be written
a. 10-3 a. 2.7 TW
b. 10-6 b. 2.7 GW
c. 10-9 c. 2.7 kW
d. 10-12 d. 2.7 mW

Quiz Quiz

8. The value 68 kΩ is equal to 9. The sum of 330 mW + 1.5 W is

a. 6.8 x 104 Ω a. 331.5 mW
b. 68, 000 Ω b. 3.35 W
c. 0.068 MΩ c. 1.533 W
d. All of the above d. 1.83 W

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Quiz Quiz

10. The quantity 200 µV is the same as Answers:

a. 0.000 200 V 1. a
6. d
b. 20 mV 2. d
7. b
c. 0.2 V 3. b
8. d
d. all of the above 4. d
9. d
5. c
10. a

Summary Summary
The Bohr atom is a tool for visualizing atomic structure. The outer shell is called the valence shell. Electrons in this shell are involved in
chemical reactions and in metals they account for electrical and thermal
conductivity.
•The nucleus is positively charged
and has the protons and neutrons.
•Electrons are negatively A neutral Si atom is shown. There
charged and in discrete shells. are 4 electrons in the valence shell.

•The atomic number is the

number of protons and
+ Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3
determines the particular
element. Is Si a conductor, insulator, or
•In the neutral atom, the
semiconductor?
number of electrons is equal to
the number of protons. Semiconductor
Electron Proton Neutron

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Summary Summary
There is a force (F) between charges. Like Voltage (V) is the energy (W) per charge (Q); it
charges repel; unlike charges attract. is responsible for establishing current.
+ −
•The force is directly proportional to charge. V=
W
+ −
•The force is inversely proportional to square of distance (for point sources). Q
+ −
Work is done as a charge is moved in
the electric field from one potential to + −
another.
+ −
Voltage is the work per charge done + −
−
_
+ + +
against the electric field. +
+ −
+ −

Summary Summary
Definition of voltage Voltage
Voltage is responsible for establishing
current. Voltage sources include generators, solar cells, and batteries to name
W a few.
V=
Q
This is a Cu-Zn e– –
Ammeter
+ e–
A
One volt is the potential difference (voltage) between two points when one battery, such as you e–
Salt bridge e–
joule of energy is used to move one coulomb of charge from one point to might construct in a
Zinc Copper
the other. chemistry class. The Zn
(anode)
Zn2++ 2e –
(cathode)
–
Cu 2+ + 2e Cu
chemical reaction
occurs when there is 2+ Cu
2+

ZnSO4 Zn 2−

an external path for solution 2+

Zn
SO4

CuSO4
the electrons. solution

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Summary Summary
Batteries Fuel cells
Batteries do not store charge – they store chemical energy that can be
converted to current when an external path is provided to allow the chemical A fuel cell is a device that
reaction to proceed. converts chemical energy
into dc voltage directly by
Rather than saying “charging” a battery, it is more accurate to say combining a fuel (usually
“reversing the chemical reaction” in a battery. hydrogen)

with an oxidizing agent (usually oxygen). The hydrogen and oxygen react to
form water. The process differs from batteries in that the reactants
Battery
constantly flow into the cell where they combine and produce electricity.

Summary Summary
Current (I) is the amount of charge (Q) that Resistance is the opposition to current.
flows past a point in a unit of time (t).
One ohm (1 Ω) is the resistance if one ampere (1 A) is in a
Q material when one volt (1 V) is applied.
I=
t Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance.
One ampere is a number of electrons having a total charge of 1 C 1
move through a given cross section in 1 s. G=
R
Components designed to have a specific amount of resistance
are called resistors. Color bands
Resistance material
(carbon composition)
Insulation coating

Leads

What is the current if 2 C passes a point in 5 s? 0.4 A

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Summary Summary
Variable resistors include the potentiometer A basic circuit consists of 1) a voltage source,
and rheostat. A potentiometer can be 2) a path and 3) a load. An example of a basic
connected as a rheostat. circuit is the flashlight, which has each of
R
these.
The center terminal is connected to the
wiper Switch Metal strip
3
1 2 Variable
Shaft
(potentiometer)
Wiper
Resistive
element R

Metal reflector Spring

Variable
(rheostat)

Summary Summary
An important You need to recognize safety hazards and know
multipurpose what to do in an emergency. Read and review all of
instrument is the the precautions given in the text. Some key ones
DMM, which can OFF VH
are:
Hz
•Electrical
measure voltage, VH

mV H Shock - know the location of emergency shutoff.

current, and V Know and follow safety rules in the lab.
A

resistance. Many 10 A VV
•Electrical safety

include other 40 mA COM

Use Class-C extinguisher for electrical fires.
Be aware of burn hazards with jewelry.
measurement •Work area
options. A safe area is neat. The area should be inspected
regularly for hazards.

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Selected Key Terms Selected Key Terms

Ampere The unit of electrical current Conductance The ability of a circuit to allow current. The unit is the siemans (S).

AWG (American Wire Gauge) A standardization based on wire diameter

Coulomb
The unit of electrical charge.
Charge
Current
An electrical property of matter that exists because of an
excess or a deficiency of electrons. Charge can be either + or The rate of flow of electrical charge.
Electron
−.
Circuit
A basic particle of electrical charge in matter. The electron
Ground
An interconnection of electronic components designed to possesses a negative charge.
produce a desired result. A basic circuit consists of a source, a Ω)
Ohm (Ω
load, and an interconnecting path.
The common or reference point in a circuit.

The unit of resistance.

Selected Key Terms Quiz

Potentiometer A three-terminal variable resistor.

Resistance
The opposition to current. The unit is the ohm (Ω). 1. The atomic number is the number of
Rheostat a. protons in the nucleus
A two-terminal variable resistor. b. neutrons in the nucleus
Siemens
c. protons plus neutrons in the nucleus
Volt The unit of conductance
d. electrons in the outer shell
Voltage
The unit of voltage or electromotive force.

The amount of energy per charge available to move electrons

from one point to another in an electric circuit.

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2. Valence electrons are 3. The atomic particle responsible for electrical current in solid metallic
conductors is the
a. in the outer shell
a. proton
b. involved in chemical reactions
b. electron
c. relatively loosely bound
c. neutron
d. all of the above
d. all of the above

Quiz

4. The symbol for charge is 5. The definition for voltage is

a. C a. Q
V=
b. Ω t
b.
c. Q W
V=
d. W c. t
W
d. V=
Q

V = It

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6. A battery stores 7. The unit of conductance is the

a. electrons a. ohm
b. protons b. coulomb
c. ions c. siemen
d. chemical energy d. ampere

8. A four-color resistor with the color bands gray-red-black-gold is 9. A 330 kΩ ± 5% resistor has the color bands
a. 73 Ω a. red-red-brown-gold
b. 82 Ω b. orange-orange-yellow-gold
c. 680 Ω c. yellow-yellow-red-gold
d. 820 Ω d. yellow-yellow-green-gold

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10. The circular mil is a unit of Answers:

a. length 1. a
6. d
b. area 2. d
7. c
c. volume 3. b
8. b
d. resistance 4. c
9. b
5. c
10. b

1n
Energy
Energy, W, is the ability to do work and is measured in
joules. One joule is the work done when a force of one
newton is applied through a distance of one meter.
Energy
The kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a much larger unit of energy than the joule.
There are 3.6 x 106 J in a kWh. The kWh is convenient for electrical
appliances.

What is the energy used in operating a 1200 W

1m
heater for 20 minutes?
The symbol for energy, W, represents work, but should
1200 W = 1.2 kW
not be confused with the unit for power, the watt, W.
20 min = 1/3 h
1.2 kW X 1/3 h =0.4 kWh

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Power Power
Power is the rate energy is “used” (actually converted to heat or another
form). Power is measured in watts (or kilowatts). Notice that rate always
involves time. What power is dissipated in a 27 Ω resistor is the current is 0.135 A?

One watt = one joule/second

Three equations for power in circuits that are collectively known Given that you know the resistance and current, substitute the values into P
2
as Watt’s law are: =I R.

P = I 2R
V2
P = IV P = I 2R P= = (0.135 A) 2 ( 27 Ω )
R
= 0.49 W

Power Power

What power is dissipated by a heater that draws 12 A of current from a What power is dissipated in a 100 Ω resistor with 5 V across it?
120 V supply?

V 2
The most direct solution is to substitute into P = IV. The most direct solution is to substitute into . P =
R
P = IV V2
P=
R Small resistors operating in low
= (12 A )(120 V ) voltage systems need to be sized
(5 V )
2

= 1440 W = = 0.25 W for the anticipated power.

100 Ω

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Ampere-hour Rating of Batteries

Resistor failures
Resistor failures are unusual except when they have been subjected to Expected battery life of batteries is given as the ampere-hours specification.
excessive heat. Look for discoloration (sometimes the color bands appear Various factors affect this, so it is an approximation. (Factors include rate of
burned). Test with an ohmmeter by disconnecting one end from the current withdrawal, age of battery, temperature, etc.)
circuit to isolate it and verify the resistance. Correct the cause of the
heating problem (larger resistor?, wrong value?).

How many hours can you expect to have a battery deliver

0.5 A if it is rated at 10 Ah?
Battery

Normal Overheated 20 h

Selected Key Terms

Power Supply Efficiency
Ampere-hour rating A number determined by multiplying the current (A) times
the length of time (h) that a battery can deliver that current
Efficiency of a power supply is a measure of how well it converts ac to dc. to a load.
For all power supplies, some of the input power is wasted in the form of Efficiency
heat. As an equation,

Power lost The ratio of output power to input power of a circuit, usually
POUT Energy expressed as a percent.
Efficiency =
PIN
Joule
Input
Output The ability to do work.
power
power
What is the efficiency of a power supply that
converts 20 W of input power to 17 W of output The SI unit of energy.
power?
85%

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Selected Key Terms Quiz

Kilowatt-hour (kWh) A large unit of energy used mainly by utility companies.

Power 1. A unit of power is the

a. joule
Watt The rate of energy useage
b. kilowatt-hour
The SI unit of power. c. both of the above
d. none of the above

3. If the voltage in a resistive circuit is doubled, the power will be

2. The SI unit of energy is the
a. halved
a. volt
b. unchanged
b. joule
c. doubled
c. watt
d. quadrupled
d. kilowatt-hour

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4. The smallest power rating you should use for a resistor that is 330 Ω with 5. The power dissipated by a light operating on 12 V that has 3 A of current is
12 V across it is
a. 4 W
a. ¼ W
b. 12 W
b. ½ W
c. 36 W
c. 1 W
d. 48 W
d. 2 W

7. The circuit with the largest power dissipation is

6. The power rating of a resistor is determined mainly by
a. (a)
a. surface area
b. (b)
b. length
c. (c)
c. body color
d. (d)
d. applied voltage

+10 V R +15 V R +20 V R +25 V R

100 Ω 200 Ω 300 Ω 400 Ω

(a) (b) (c) (d)

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8. The circuit with the smallest power dissipation is

a. (a) 9. A battery rated for 20 Ah can supply 2 A for a minimum of
b. (b) a. 0.1 h
c. (c) b. 2 h
d. (d) c. 10 h
d. 40 h

+10 V R +15 V R +20 V R +25 V R

100 Ω 200 Ω 300 Ω 400 Ω

(a) (b) (c) (d)

10. The efficiency of a power supply is determined by Answers:

1. d
a. Dividing the output power by the input power. 6. a
2. b
b. Dividing the output voltage by the input voltage. 7. d
3. d
c. Dividing the input power by the output power. 8. a
4. b
d. Dividing the input voltage by the output voltage. 9. c
5. c
10. a

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Summary Summary
Passive Components Passive Components

Color bands
Resistance material

•Resistors (carbon compos ition)

Insulation coating
Foil
Leads
•Capacitors Mica
Foil
Mica Mica capacitor_
Foil
Mica
Foil

Tantalum electrolytic
capacitor (polarized)

Summary Summary
Passive Components Passive Components

•Inductors

•Transformers

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Summary
Active Components

Passive components are used in conjunction with active

components to form an electronic system. Active components will
be the subject of future courses.

•Transistors

•Integrated Circuits

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