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56 138 128 1.175 377 1.818
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56 120 133 1.182 373 1.808
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2011
56 136 251 1.329 337 2.053
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56 128 261 1.329 323 2.041
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56 133 258 1.309 301 2.001

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56 145 228 1.446 433 2.252
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56 181 216 1.376 391 2.164
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]D XODJDQMH X XYUãWHQH YULMHGQRVQH SDSLUH L ]DWYRUHQL LQYHVWLFLMVNL IRQGRYL
V MDYQRP SRQXGRP ]D XODJDQMH X QHNUHWQLQH RGQRVQR ]D UD]OLNX RG RWYRUHQLK
IRQGRYD QH SRVWRML PRJXüQRVW SULYDWQH SRQXGH =DNRQRGDYQD LQWHUYHQFLMD
SUHGYLÿDSRVHEDQWUHWPDQ]DNYDOL¿FLUDQHXODJDWHOMHNRGSULYDWQHSRQXGH SUDYQH
L¿]LþNHRVREHNRMH]DGRYROMDYDMXNULWHULMHYODGHVUHGLãQMHEDQNHPHÿXGUåDYQHL
QDGUåDYQHLQVWLWXFLMHWHRVWDOH NRMLVXXVWDQMXSUHX]HWLMRãYHüLXODJDþNLUL]LN]D
UD]OLNXRGVWDURJ=DNRQDNRMLMHSUHGYLGLRSRGMHOXQDLQVWLWXFLRQDOQH ãWRL]ULþLWR
  ,QYHVWLWRUL X RWYRUHQH LQYHVWLFLMVNH IRQGRYH V SULYDWQRP SRQXGRP VX NYDOL¿FLUDQL
XODJDWHOML þLML XORJ X IRQG QH PRåH ELWL QLåL RG  NXQD X] XYMHW GD MH XNXSQD LPRYLQD
LQYHVWLWRUD QDMPDQMH GYRVWUXNR YHüD ýODQVWYR X IRQGX V SULYDWQRP SRQXGRP RJUDQLþHQR MH QD
QDMYLãHLQYHVWLWRUD
155
6DYUHPHQH¿QDQVLMHLUDþXQRYRGVWYRXNRQWHNVWXUHIRUPVNLK

LVNOMXþXMH ¿]LþNH RVREH  L LQGLYLGXDOQH XODJDWHOMH %LWQD MH QRYRVW X RGQRVX QD
UDQLMHXUHÿHQMHLGDVH¿]LþNHRVREHPRJXVPDWUDWLNYDOL¿FLUDQLPXODJDWHOMLPDãWR
]QDþLGDMHSRMDPLQVWLWXFLRQDOQRJXODJDWHOMDQDSXãWHQ,SDNYULMHGQRVWLPRYLQH
NYDOL¿FLUDQRJXODJDWHOMDPRUDELWLYHüDRGWULPLONXQDDXODJDQMHXIRQGQHVPLMH
ELWLPDQMHRGNXQDGRNVH]DIRQGRYHUL]LþQRJNDSLWDODSULPMHQMXMXYLãL
SUDJRYL

8  JRGLQL V UDGRP VX ]DSRþHOD L GYD QRYD LQYHVWLFLMVND IRQGD RVQRYDQD
SRVHEQLP]DNRQLPD10)RQGKUYDWVNLKEUDQLWHOMDL]'RPRYLQVNRJUDWDLþODQRYD
QMLKRYLKRELWHOML11WH8PLURYOMHQLþNLIRQG

 =$7925(1,,$/7(51$7,91,,19(67,&,-6.,)21'29,

5DQLUD]YRM]DWYRUHQLKLQYHVWLFLMVNLKIRQGRYD

=DWYRUHQL LQYHVWLFLMVNL IRQGRYL RVWYDULOL VX ]QDWQR VSRULML UDVW RG RWYRUHQLK
IRQGRYD NDR L X RVWDOLP WUDQ]LFLMVNLP DOL L UD]YLMHQLP ]HPOMDPD12 =DWYRUHQL
IRQGRYL X KUYDWVNRP ¿QDQFLMVNRP VXVWDYX VXGMHOXMX V  XGMHOD X XNXSQRM
DNWLYL 9LãHVWUXNR YHüL XGMHO GR NUDMD  JRGLQH RGQRVLR VH QD SRVORYDQMH
SULYDWL]DFLMVNLKLQYHVWLFLMVNLKIRQGRYDNRMLVXELOLNOMXþQLþLPEHQLNLQYHVWLFLMVNRJ
SURFHVD3,)RYLVXVHRVQLYDOLXYUORSRJRGQRPOLEHUDOQRPRNUXåHQMXLUH]XOWDW
VODEH UHJXODWLYH WUåLãWD ELOD MH ]ORXSRUDED SUDYD PDQMLQVNLK GLRQLþDUD L JRWRYR
QHSRVWRMHüH NRUSRUDWLYQR XSUDYOMDQMH 2G  QDVWXSLR MH XEU]DQ UDVW RYLK
LQVWLWXFLRQDOQLK LQYHVWLWRUD DOL L] YUOR QLVNH ED]H X] RJUDQLþHQMH QHGRVWDWND
WUDGLFLMHXODJDQMDXQDYHGHQXRSFLMXXODJDQMD0QRJLRGQMLKVXSRYHüDOLVYRMX
LPRYLQX]DPMHQRPGLRQLFDV+UYDWVNLPIRQGRP]DSULYDWL]DFLMXþLPHVXRVWYDULOL
YHüLQVNL XGLR X SULYDWL]LUDQLP SRGX]HüLPD 6OMHGQLFL 3,)RYD WLMHNRP 
JRGLQH XJRYRULPD R SULSDMDQMX SUHWYRUHQL VX X KROGLQJ GUXãWYD UDGL ODNãHJ
XSUDYOMDQMD VYRMLP XODJDQMLPD DOL L L]EMHJDYDQMD]DNRQVNLK RGUHGEL YH]DQLK ]D
LQYHVWLFLMVNHIRQGRYH WHVXNDR]DWYRUHQLLQYHVWLFLMVNLIRQGRYLSUHVWDOLSRVWRMDWL
10 =DNRQR)RQGXKUYDWVNLKEUDQLWHOMDL]'RPRYLQVNRJUDWDLþODQRYDQMLKRYLKRELWHOML 11
 =DNRQRL]PMHQDPDLGRSXQDPD=DNRQDR)RQGXKUYDWVNLKEUDQLWHOMDL]'RPRYLQVNRJ
UDWD L þODQRYD QMLKRYLK RELWHOML 11  11   =DNRQ R XPLURYOMHQLþNRP IRQGX 11
 =DNRQRL]PMHQDPDLGRSXQDPD]DNRQDRXPLURYOMHQLþNRPIRQGX  
11 )RQG EUDQLWHOMD SR VYRP VWDWXWX MH RWYRUHQL GLRQLþNL LQYHVWLFLMVNL IRQG QR VD VWDMDOLãWD
¿QDQFLMVNRJVHNWRUDUDGLVH]DWYRUHQRPGLRQLþNRPLQYHVWLFLMVNRPIRQGXRGQRVQRRWYRUHQMHVDPR
XQXWDURGUHÿHQHSRSXODFLMH
12 8  JRGLQL VH X 6$'X  XNXSQH LPRYLQH LQYHVWLFLMVNLK IRQGRYD RGQRVLOR QD
]DWYRUHQH LQYHVWLFLMVNH IRQGRYH GRN VX RWYRUHQL IRQGRYL VXGMHORYDOL VD XGMHORP RG 
,QYHVWPHQW&RPSDQ\,QVWLWXWH 
156
6DYUHPHQH¿QDQVLMHLUDþXQRYRGVWYRXNRQWHNVWXUHIRUPVNLK

3,)RYL VX ELOL MHGQL RG QDM]QDþDMQLMLK LQVWLWXFLRQDOQLK LQYHVWLWRUD QD GRPDüHP
¿QDQFLMVNRP WUåLãWX GR SRMDYH PLURYLQVNLK IRQGRYD L LQWHQ]LYLUDQMD DNWLYQRVWL
RWYRUHQLKLQYHVWLFLMVNLKIRQGRYD,PDOLVXXORJX¿QDQFLMVNLKSRVUHGQLNDL]PHÿX
WUåLãWDNDSLWDODLVXGLRQLNDNXSRQVNHSULYDWL]DFLMH]DNRMHVXRVWYDULYDOLSUHGQRVW
GLYHU]L¿NDFLMHUL]LNDLSURIHVLRQDOQRJXSUDYOMDQMD

7DEOLFD=DWYRUHQLLSULYDWL]DFLMVNLLQYHVWLFLMVNLIRQGRYLX5HSXEOLFL+UYDWVNRM
RGJRGLQH DNWLYDXPLONXQD

=DWYRUHQLLQYHVW 8PLURYOMHQLþNL 3ULYDWL]DFLMVNL


)RQGEUDQLWHOMD 8NXSQR
IRQGRYL IRQG LQYHVWIRQGRYL
*RGLQD %URM %URM %URM %URM %URM
Ukupna Ukupna Ukupna Ukupna Ukupna
UHJLVWU UHJLVWU UHJLVWU UHJLVWU UHJLVWU
aktiva aktiva aktiva aktiva aktiva
IRQG IRQG IRQG IRQG IRQG

1999.*  2      7  9


2000.*  2      7  9

2001.*  2      7  9

2002.*  6      2  8


2003.  4        4
2004.  5        5
2005.  6        5
2006.  7  1  1    7
2007.  9  1  1    11
2008.  11  1  1    13
2009.  10  1  1    12
2010.  8  1  1    10

,]YRUKWWSZZZULSHKDQIDKUKUSXEOLFLUDQMHL]YMHVFD.

8 SURPDWUDQRP UD]GREOMX ELOMHåL VH NRQWLQXLUDQL SRUDVW EURMD ]DWYRUHQLK


LQYHVWLFLMVNLK IRQGRYD =DWYRUHQLP LQYHVWLFLMVNLP IRQGRYLPD XSUDYOMDOR MH 
GUXãWDYDXYHüLQVNRPGRPDüHPYODVQLãWYX MHGQRGUXãWYRXVWUDQRPYODVQLãWYX
V  XGMHOD X LPRYLQL  2G GHVHW IRQGRYD X  JRGLQL þHWLUL LK MH ELOR
UHJLVWULUDQR]DXODJDQMHXQHNUHWQLQHVXGMHORPXXNXSQRMLPRYLQLRG

$OWHUQDWLYQLLQYHVWLFLMVNLIRQGRYLX+UYDWVNRM

$OWHUQDWLYQL LQYHVWLFLMVNL IRQG $,)  MH LQYHVWLFLMVNL IRQG RVQRYDQ VD VYUKRP L
QDPMHQRPSULNXSOMDQMDVUHGVWDYDMDYQRPLOLSULYDWQRPSRQXGRPWHXODJDQMDWLK

157
6DYUHPHQH¿QDQVLMHLUDþXQRYRGVWYRXNRQWHNVWXUHIRUPVNLK

VUHGVWDYDXUD]OLþLWHYUVWHLPRYLQHXVNODGXVXQDSULMHGRGUHÿHQRPVWUDWHJLMRPL
FLOMHPXODJDQMD$,)DDLVNOMXþLYRXNRULVWLPDWHOMDXGMHODWRJ$,)D=DUD]OLNX
RG8&,76IRQGRYDQDPLMHQMHQLKãLURNRMMDYQRVWL$,)XVPMHUHQLVXQDLQYHVWLWRUH
VYLãHLVNXVWYDL]QDQMDXSRGUXþMXXODJDQMD

*UD¿NRQ6WUXNWXUDQHWRLPRYLQH$,)RYDX+UYDWVNRMXJRGLQL

,ĞĚŐĞͲƉŽƐĞďŶĞǀƌƐƚĞ͕ƉƌŝǀĂƚŶĂƉŽŶƵĚĂ
ZŝnjŝēŶŽŐŬĂƉŝƚĂůĂƐƉƌŝǀĂƚŶŽŵƉŽŶƵĚŽŵ
ZŝnjŝēŶŽŐŬĂƉŝĂƚĂůͲĨ͘njĂŐŽƐƉŽĚĂƌƐŬƵƐƵƌĂĚŶũƵ
ĂƚǀŽƌĞŶŝƐƉƌŝǀĂƚŶŽŵƉŽŶƵĚŽŵ
KƐŶŽǀŶŝƐƉƌŝǀĂƚŶŽŵƉŽŶƵĚŽŵ
^ũĂǀŶŽŵƉŽŶƵĚŽŵ

,]YRUZZZKDQIDKU

1HWRLPRYLQD$,)RYDXSRYHüDQDMHXRGQRVXQDãWRMHSRVOMHGLFD
SULMHVYHJDUDVWDQHWRLPRYLQH$,)RYDUL]LþQRJNDSLWDODVSULYDWQRPSRQXGRP±
IRQGRYD]DJRVSRGDUVNXVXUDGQMX2VLPUDVWDQHWRLPRYLQHVSRPHQXWLK$,)RYD
]QDþDMQRMHUDVODMHLQHWRLPRYLQDKHGJHIRQGRYDSRVHEQHYUVWH1HWRLPRYLQD$,)
RYDUL]LþQRJNDSLWDODVSULYDWQRPSRQXGRP±IRQGRYD]DJRVSRGDUVNXVXUDGQMX
SRUDVODMHXRGQRVXQD]DPLONXQDGRNMHQHWRLPRYLQDKHGJHIRQGRYD
SRVHEQHYUVWHSRUDVOD]DPLONXQD ZZZKDQIDKU 

 5$=92-27925(1,+,19(67,&,-6.,+)21'29$

3R YHOLþLQL LPRYLQH RWYRUHQL LQYHVWLFLMVNL IRQGRYL MHGQL VX RG QDM]QDþDMQLMLK
LQVWLWXFLRQDOQLK LQYHVWLWRUD 8 XNXSQRM LPRYLQL KUYDWVNRJ ¿QDQFLMVNRJ VXVWDYD
VXGMHOXMXVXGMHODXJRGLQL5D]ORJHYHüH]DVWXSOMHQRVWLEURMDRWYRUHQLK
IRQGRYD L YHOLþLQH QMLKRYH LPRYLQH X RGQRVX QD EURM ]DWYRUHQLK IRQGRYD WUHED
WUDåLWL X MHGQRVWDYQRP XODVNX L L]ODVNX L] IRQGD ]QDþDMQLP SULQRVLPD NRMH VX
RVWYDULYDOL GR SRþHWND ¿QDQFLMVNH NUL]H NDR L X þLQMHQLFL GD VX EDQNH YHOLNLP
GLMHORP RVQLYDþL RWYRUHQLK LQYHVWLFLMVNLK IRQGRYD 8 SURWHNOLK QHNROLNR JRGLQD
SRQRYQRMHSRMDþDQDGRPLQDFLMDIRQGRYDNRMLSRVOXMXXRNYLUXQHNROLNREDQNRYQLK
JUXSDLXSUHGQRVWLVX]ERJSURGDMQLKNDQDODNRMHLPQXGLRNULOMHEDQNH

5D]YRMWUåLãWDRWYRUHQLKIRQGRYDX+UYDWVNRMSUHGVWDYOMHQMHSRGDFLPDSULND]DQLP
XJUD¿NRQX

158
6DYUHPHQH¿QDQVLMHLUDþXQRYRGVWYRXNRQWHNVWXUHIRUPVNLK

*UD¿NRQ,PRYLQDRWYRUHQLKLQYHVWLFLMVNLKIRQGRYDX5HSXEOLFL+UYDWVNRMRG
JRGLQH XPOUGNXQD

30

25

20

15

10

0
PLOLMDUGHNXQD

1999. 2000. 2001. 2002. 2003. 2004. 2005. 2006. 2007. 2008. 2009. 2010. 2011. 2012. 2013. 2014. 2015. 2016.

,]YRUKWWSZZZKQEKUSXEOLNDFKSXEOLNDFKWPLZZZG]VKU.

'RVDGDãQML UD]YRM WUåLãWD RWYRUHQLK LQYHVWLFLMVNLK IRQGRYD PRåHPR SRGLMHOLWL X


þHWLULJODYQHID]H

 UD]GREOMHNRQWLQXLUDQRJUDVWD ± 


 UD]GREOMHHXIRULMH 
 UD]GREOMHNUL]H ± 
 SRVWNUL]QRUD]GREOMHVWDELOL]DFLMH « 

3RþHWDN UD]YRMD IRQGRYVNH LQGXVWULMH RELOMHåHQ MH UHJLVWULUDQMHP L UDGRP SUYRJ


RWYRUHQRJLQYHVWLFLMVNRJIRQGDXNXSQHDNWLYHPLONXQD8UD]GREOMXRGGR
JRGLQHELOMHåLVHVQDåDQUDVWLPRYLQHIRQGRYDXVOLMHGUDVWDGLRQLþNRJWUåLãWD13
WHYLVRNRJSULOMHYDVUHGVWDYD6SRþHWNRPVYMHWVNHHNRQRPVNHNUL]HLQDVWXSDMXüHJ
PHGYMHÿHJ WUåLãWD X  JRGLQL LPRYLQD IRQGRYD SRG XSUDYOMDQMHP ELOMHåL
L]X]HWDQSDG  QDNRQþHJDWUåLãWHLQYHVWLFLMVNLKIRQGRYDGRåLYOMDYDQDMWHåH
GYLMH JRGLQH RG RVQXWND =QDþDMQLP SDGRP FLMHQD L RGOMHYRP XODJDþD XPDQMLOD
VH YULMHGQRVW LPRYLQH SRG XSUDYOMDQMHP SRVHELFH NRG GLRQLþNLK IRQGRYD 3DG
YULMHGQRVWLXGMHODLQHVLJXUQRVWNRMXMHSURL]YHODNUL]DLPDODMHSRVHEQRQHJDWLYDQ
XWMHFDMQDPDOHLQYHVWLWRUHLQMLKRYRSRYMHUHQMHWHGROD]LGRUDSLGQRJSRYODþHQMD
XGMHOD]DUD]OLNXRGLQVWLWXFLRQDOQLKXODJDWHOMDNRMLVXLSDNSUHSR]QDOLSRYROMDQ
SHULRG ]D XODJDQMH =D UD]OLNX RG SUHWNUL]QRJ UD]GREOMD X NRMHP VX GRPLQLUDOL
GLRQLþNL L PMHãRYLWL IRQGRYL VOLMHGL SHULRG GRPLQDFLMH QLVNRUL]LþQRJ VHJPHQWD
RWYRUHQLKLQYHVWLFLMVNLKIRQGRYDâWRYLãH]DYHOLNLEURMRWYRUHQLKLQYHVWLFLMVNLK

13 8QDYHGHQRPUD]GREOMXGRPDüHWUåLãWHNDSLWDODXYHOLNHVHD¿UPLUDORNUR]SURGDMX3OLYH
YHüHJEURMDLQLFLMDOQLKMDYQLKSRQXGD ,1$7+7LRVWDOL WH]DGXåLYDQMHPORNDOQLKLFHQWUDOQLK
MHGLQLFDYODVWLQDGRPDüHPWUåLãWXNDSLWDOD
159
6DYUHPHQH¿QDQVLMHLUDþXQRYRGVWYRXNRQWHNVWXUHIRUPVNLK

IRQGRYDQDVWXSDUD]GREOMHNRQVROLGDFLMHXVSDMDQMLPDLSUHX]LPDQMLPDVRE]LURP
QD SRWHãNRüH  X RGUåDYDQMX ]DNRQVNL SURSLVDQH PLQLPDOQH UD]LQH LPRYLQH 8
JRGLQLELOMHåLVHRSRUDYDNIRQGRYVNHLQGXVWULMHX]QDMYHüLUDVWQHWRLPRYLQH
QRYþDQLK IRQGRYD NRMD WUDMH VYH GR GDQDV   NDR SRVOMHGLFX SUHOLMHYDQMD
VUHGVWDYDXNUDWNRURþQHLVLJXUQLMHYULMHGQRVQHLQVWUXPHQWH

7DEOLFD2WYRUHQLLQYHVWLFLMVNLIRQGRYLX5+RGJRGLQH
XPLONXQD 

5HJLVWULUDQLRWYRUHQL,)
Ukupna aktiva Stopa rasta
*RGLQD S
XPLONQ aktive 6MDYQRP 2,)UL]LþQRJ
Ukupno privatnom
ponudom kapitala
poudom
  1 1  
   4 4  
   5 5  
   10 10  
   14 14  

   27 27  

   37 37  


   41 41  

   56 56  

   72 62 9 1

   100 83 16 1

   126 98 26 2

   130 103 25 2

   131 101 23 7

   126 101 18 7

   121 96 18 7

   108 86 15 7

8&,76)RQGRYL

   82

   85

   91

,]YRUZZZKDQIDKU3URKDVNDL2OJLü'UDåHQRYLüZZZG]VKU

160
6DYUHPHQH¿QDQVLMHLUDþXQRYRGVWYRXNRQWHNVWXUHIRUPVNLK

8SRVOMHGQMLKSHWJRGLQDWUåLãWHLQYHVWLFLMVNLKIRQGRYDRVWYDULORMH]QDþDMDQUDVW
YULMHGQRVWL LPRYLQH SRWDNQXW SRYROMQLP XYMHWLPD QLVNLK NDPDWQLK VWRSD DOL L
RSRUDYNRPUHDOQHJRVSRGDUVNHDNWLYQRVWLX5HSXEOLFL+UYDWVNRM1DNUDMX
JRGLQH XNXSQD QHWR LPRYLQD 8&,76 IRQGRYD L]QRVLOD MH  POUG NXQD ãWR
SUHGVWDYOMD UDVW RG   X RGQRVX QD SUHWKRGQX JRGLQX 7DNRÿHU MH X LVWRP
UD]GREOMX GRãOR GR SRUDVWD QHWR LPRYLQD DOWHUQDWLYQLK LQYHVWLFLMVNLK IRQGRYD ]D
ãWRXND]XMHQDRSRUDYDNIRQGRYVNHLQGXVWULMHX5HSXEOLFL+UYDWVNRM

*UD¿NRQ1HWRLPRYLQDRWYRUHQLKLQYHVWLFLMVNLKIRQGRYDSUHPDYUVWDPDX
+UYDWVNRMRGgodine (XPOQNQ
30000

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0
1999. 2000. 2001. 2002. 2003. 2004. 2005. 2006. 2007. 2008. 2009. 2010. 2011. 2012. 2013. 2014. 2015. 2016.

1RYþDQL 2EYH]QLþNL Mješoviti 'LRQLþNL 6SULYDWQRPSRQXGRP

1DSRPHQDXJRGLQLLPRYLQHRGQRVLORVHMHQDQRYþDQHIRQGRYH DNWLYDPLONQ
,]YRUZZZKDQIDKU

3UYLKJRGLQDUD]YRMDGRPDüHLQGXVWULMHQRYþDQLIRQGRYLVXGRPLQLUDOLLEURMHP
L LPRYLQRP 8 JRGLQDPD VQDåQRJ UDVWD WUåLãWD   SULPDW SUHX]LPDMX
GLRQLþNL L PMHãRYLWL IRQGRYL X] WR SULYODþHQMH GLMHOD VUHGVWDYD L]  NODVLþQLK
QDþLQD ãWHGQMH 8 JRGLQDPD SULMH ¿QDQFLMVNH NUL]H YLVRNL SULQRVL L PDUNHWLQãNH
DNWLYQRVWL XWMHFDOL VX QD SRUDVW LQWHUHVD  L DNWLYQRVWL LQYHVWLFLMVNH MDYQRVWL D
SRVHEQR PDOLK LQYHVWLWRUD ]D XODJDQMD X IRQGRYVNX LQGXVWULMX 0HÿXWLP V
RE]LURPQDYLVRNXNRUHOLUDQRVWGRPDüHJWUåLãWDNDSLWDODVNUL]QLPNUHWDQMLPDQD
VYMHWVNLP¿QDQFLMVNLPWUåLãWLPDLPRYLQDGRPDüLKLQYHVWLFLMVNLKIRQGRYDXSUYRM
JRGLQL NUL]H L]JXELOD MH YLãH RG  WUåLãQH YULMHGQRVWL 8 QDUHGQLP JRGLQDPD
XVOLMHGLRMHEODJLRSRUDYDNWUåLãWDNRMLPVHLSDNQLMHGRVWLJORQLSRORYLFXRVWYDUHQH
PDNVLPDOQHYULMHGQRVWL=ERJGRPLQDQWQRJXGMHODQRYþDQLKIRQGRYDXXNXSQRM
LPRYLQLVYLK8&,76IRQGRYDLQVWUXPHQWLWUåLãWDQRYFDLGHSR]LWLþLQLOLVXQDNUDMX
JRGLQHNXPXODWLYQRYLãHRGSRORYLFHLPRYLQH8&,76IRQGRYD8KUYDWVNRP
¿QDQFLMVNRPVXVWDYXLQYHVWLFLMVNLIRQGRYLVXVHSRND]DOLQDMPDQMHRWSRUQLPDQD
HNVWHUQHãRNRYHLNUHWDQMDQDGRPDüHPLVWUDQLPWUåLãWLPDNDSLWDOD

161
6DYUHPHQH¿QDQVLMHLUDþXQRYRGVWYRXNRQWHNVWXUHIRUPVNLK

3RVOMHGQMHWULSURPDWUDQHJRGLQHNDRSRVOMHGLFDYHüHDYHU]LMHLQYHVWLWRUDSUHPD
UL]LNX WH VNORQRVWL XODJDQMLPD X PDQMH UL]LþQH REOLNH LPRYLQH ]QDþDMDQ L]QRV
VUHGVWDYD SRQRYQR VH MH SUHOLR X QRYþDQH IRQGRYH DOL L XVPMHULR X EDQNRYQH
GHSR]LWH1DMYHüLUDVWQHWRLPRYLQHVYLKIRQGRYDVMDYQRPSRQXGRPRVWYDULOLVX
REYH]QLþNLIRQGRYLWHQRYþDQLIRQGRYL7LPHMHXEODåHQWUHQGLQWHQ]LYQRJSUHODVND
LPRYLQHL]QDMUL]LþQLMLKIRQGRYDXRQHNRQ]HUYDWLYQLMH1RYþDQLIRQGRYLSUHX]HOL
VX YRGHüX SR]LFLMX SR LPRYLQL SRG XSUDYOMDQMHP  POUG NXQD  D VOLMHGLOL VX
GLRQLþNL POUGNXQD WHPMHãRYLWLIRQGRYL POUGNXQD 

*UD¿NRQ6WUXNWXUDXODJDQMDRWYRUHQLKLQYHVWLFLMVNLKIRQGRYDVMDYQRP
SRQXGRPX5HSXEOLFL+UYDWVNRMXLJRGLQL X

    

2007.    

          

'LRQLFH*'5 'UåDYQHLPXQLFLSDOQHREYH]QLFH .UDWNRURþQLYSLGHSR]LWL 2VWDOR



,]YRUZZZKDQIDKU

1DVWDYDN WUHQGD NRQ]HUYDWLYQLMH XODJDþNH VWUDWHJLMH IRQGRYD PRåH VH VDJOHGDWL


L]VWUXNWXUHXODJDQMDSULMHLQDNRQQDVWXSDQMD¿QDQFLMVNHNUL]HãWRMHSULND]DQR
JUD¿NRQRP8ODJDQMDLQYHVWLFLMVNLKIRQGRYDXJRGLQLQDMYHüLPGLMHORPVX
VHVDVWRMDOLRGGRPDüHLPRYLQHGRNVXLQR]HPQDXODJDQMDELODXVPMHUHQDX]HPOMH
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Starosna struktura ispitanika


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20 Interna revizija
Eksterna revizija
15
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6LVWHP REUDþXQD SR VWDQGDUGQLP WURãNRYLPD SUHGVWDYOMD XQDSULMHG RGUHÿHQH


QRYþDQHL]QRVHFLMHQDXWURãDNDVYLKYULMHGQRVWLXSURFHVXSURL]YRGQMH2QLQDP
SRND]XMXNROLNRWUHEDGDL]QRVHWURãNRYLXGDWLPSURL]YRGQRWHKQLþNLPXVORYLPD
.RG REUDþXQD VWDQGDUGQLK WURãNRYD SULMH VYHJD WUHED SODQLUDWL SRVORYH NRML VH
WUHEDMXREDYLWLXVNODGXVDSURL]YRGQLPLGUXJLPFLOMHYLPD]DRGUHÿHQHYUHPHQVNH
LQWHUYDOH6OMHGHüLNRUDNMHVWHRGUHGLWLNRMHYUVWHLNROLNRüHL]QRVLWLWURãNRYLVYDNH
SRMHGLQDþQHDNWLYQRVWL]DRGUHÿHQLSRVDRXVOXJXLOLSURL]YRG

7HVWLUDQMH VWDQGDUGD VH YUãL X ]DYLVQRVWL RG EURMQLK þLQLODFD DOL MH YHRPD ELWQR
EODJRYUHPHQR YUãLWL NRUHNFLMX NDG JRG VX X SLWDQMX SURPMHQH X PHWRGDPD
SURL]YRGQMH 1HJGMH MH ORJLþQLMH GD VH UHYL]LMD VWDQGDUGD ]D NROLþLQVNL XWURãDN
PDWHULMDODYUãLRQGDNDGDQDVWDQXSURPMHQHWHKQLþNHRUJDQL]DFLRQHLOLWHKQRORãNH
SULURGH NRMH XWLþX QD SURPMHQX NROLþLQVNRJ XWURãND 0HÿXWLP SUDNVD QDP MH
SRND]DOD GD VH NRUHNFLMH VWDQGDUGD XJODYQRP REDYOMDMX QD NUDMX NDOHQGDUVNH
JRGLQHNDGDVHSULSUHPDJRGLãQMLREUDþXQWURãNRYD

.RPSRQHQWHVWDQGDUGQRJWURãNDVX

x .ROLþLQVNLVWDQGDUG VWDQGDUGQDNROLþLQD SUHGVWDYOMDVWDQGDUGQXNROLþLQX


SRMHGLQLFLJRWRYRJSURL]YRGDLXWYUÿXMXLKWHKQROR]L
x &MHQRYQL VWDQGDUG VWDQGDUGQD FLMHQD  SUHGVWDYOMD L]QRV NRML VH RþHNXMH
SODWLWL ]D WURãDN VYDNH MHGLQLFH GLUHNWQRJ PDWHULMDOD L WURãDNVYDNRJ VDWD
GLUHNWQRJ UDGD NRML VX XNOMXþHQL X SURL]YRGQMX MHGQH MHGLQLFH JRWRYRJ
SURL]YRGD

542
6DYUHPHQH¿QDQVLMHLUDþXQRYRGVWYRXNRQWHNVWXUHIRUPVNLK

6OLND6WDQGDUGQLWURãDN2

Input Output

standardna koliþina
VWaQGaUGQL
trošak jedinice
MHGQaNR
gRWRYRg
pURLzYRGa
VWaQGaUGQa FLMHQa

6WDQGDUGQLWURãNRYLVHNRULVWH]D

x 6DVWDYOMDQMH¿QDQVLMVNLKL]YMHãWDMD
x XSUDYOMDQMHWURãNRYLPD
x SODQLUDQMHLNRQWUROXNDRL
x RGOXþLYDQMHRFLMHQDPD

6XãWLQDREUDþXQDSRVWDQGDUGQLPWURãNRYLPD

6D DVSHNWD NUHLUDQMD NRQWQRJ SODQD UDþXQRYRGVWYD WURãNRYD SULPMHQD VLVWHPD


REUDþXQDSRVWDQGDUGQLPWURãNRYLPDMHQDM]DQLPOMLYLMD

2EUDþXQ SR VWDQGDUGQLP WRãNRYLPD SUHGVWDYOMD MHGQX RG PHWRGD REXKYDWDQMD


DORNDFLMHLUHDORNDFLMHSRPMHVWLPDLQRVLRFLPDWURãNRYD2YDMVLVWHPREUDþXQD
VOXåLVHVWDQGDUGQLPWRãNRYLPDNDRPMHULORPQRUPDORPLNRQWROQLPVUHGVWYRP
]DVWYDUQHWURãNRYH,]WRJDSURLVWLþHSRMDYDRGVWXSDQMDRGVWDQGDUGQLKWURãNRYD
NDRSRGORJDXSUDYOMDQMDSRQDþHOXL]X]HWND

 KWWSZHEHI]JKUGRN5$&KSHUFHYLFXSUDYOMDFNRBUDFXQRYRGVWYR6WDQGDUGQL
WUR&$NRYLSGIVWU
543
6DYUHPHQH¿QDQVLMHLUDþXQRYRGVWYRXNRQWHNVWXUHIRUPVNLK

6OLND3HULRGL]DFLMDWURãNRYDSUHPDUD]OLþLWLPVLVWHPLPDREUDþXQD3


ist o ra una ist o ra una ist o ra una o
po stvarni troškovi a po standardni troškovi a VWDQGDUGQLP97
7URškRYLSURL]YRGQMH

Standardni SODQLUDQL
vi i troškovi u
varija i ni troškovi
vi i troškovi u SODQLUDQRPL]QRVX
stvarno QDVWDORPL]QRVX DSVRUSFLRQLVLVWHPL
DSVRUSFLRQLVLVWHPL

2GVWXSDMDRGVWDQ 97
2GVWXSDQMDRGVWDQ 6YLVWYDUQL)7 SURL]YRGQMH
troškova
1HSURL]YRGQLtroškovi

Svi Svi Svi


QHSURL]YRGQL QHSURL]YRGQL QHSURL]YRGQL
troškovi troškovi troškovi

8NOMXþLYDQMHVWDQGDUGQLKWURãNRYDXNQMLJRYRGVWYRPRåHELWLSRWSXQRLGMHOLPLþQR
SUHPDWDNR]YDQRP

- SDUWSODQX±RGQRVLVHQDGMHOLPLþQRXNOMXþLYDQMHVWDQGDUGQLKWURãNRYDX
NQMLJRYRGVWYX
- VLQJO SODQX ± RGQRVL VH QD SRWSXQR XNOMXþLYDQMH VWDQGDUGQLK WURãNRYD X
NQMLJRYRGVWYR
- GXDOSODQX±RGQRVLVHQDSDUDOHOQRYRÿHQMHVWYDUQLKLVWDQGDUGQLKWURãNRYD
XNQMLJRYRGVWYX
- 1DMþHãüXSULPMHQXXUDþXQRYRGVWYHQRMSUDNVLLPDMXSDUWSODQLVLQJOSODQ
- 2EUDþXQSRVWDQGDUGQLPWURãNRYLPDRPRJXüDYD
- UHDOQLMHYUHGQRYDQMH]DOLKD
- H¿NDVQLMHYRÿHQMHSROLWLNHSURGDMQLKFLMHQDQDRVQRYXWURãNRYQHSRGORJH
SR RVQRYX  XQDSULMHG  XWYUÿHQLK VWDQGDUGQLK FLMHQD NRãWDQMD XþLQND 
SURL]YRGD
- XWYUÿLYDQMH RGVWXSDQMD L]PHÿX VWDQGDUGQLK L VWYDUQLK WURãNRYD NDR 
XSUDYOMDQMDWURãNRYLPDSRSULQFLSXL]X]HWNDLXVPMHUDYDQMHSDåQMHQD
HNVWUHPQRSRQDãDQMHWURãNRYD
 KWWSZZZHNRIEJDFUVZSFRQWHQWXSORDGV902EUDFXQLXSUDYOMDQMH
WURVNRYLPDSGIVWU
544
6DYUHPHQH¿QDQVLMHLUDþXQRYRGVWYRXNRQWHNVWXUHIRUPVNLK

- UHDOQRSODQLUDQMHWURãNRYDLUH]XOWDWDSUHPDSODQLUDQRPRELPXDNWLYQRVWL
]D SRWUHEH SUHGX]HüD NDR FMHOLQH L ]D SRWUHEH RUJDQL]DFLRQLK GMHORYD
SUHGX]HüDDåXUDQMHGQRVWDYDQLHNRQRPLþDQVLVWHPLQWHUQRJREUDþXQD
- NRQWUROX WURãNRYD ]D SUHGX]HüH NDR FMHOLQX NDR L NRQWUROX WURãNRYD SR
RUJDQL]DFLRQLPGMHORYLPDSUHGX]HüD
- UDãþODQMDYDQMH SRVORYQRJ UH]XOWDWD SUHGX]HüD SR RUJDQL]DFLRQLP
GMHORYLPD ãWR SUHGVWDYOMD SROD]QX RVQRYX VWLPXODWLYQH UDVSRGMHOH D SR
RVQRYXXVSMHãQRVWLXSUDYOMDQMDVUHGVWYLPDLWG

2GVWXSDQMDRGVWDQGDUGQLKWURãNRYD

6OLND2GVWXSDQMHRGVWDQGDUGQLKWURãNRYD4

2GVWXSDQMD RG VWDQGDUGQLK WURãNRYD  VX RGVWXSDQMD RG QRUPDOH 3ULOLNRP


DQDOL]LUDQMDRGVWXSDQMDVHSRVPDWUDMXRGVWXSDQMDNRGGLUHNWQLKWURãNRYDPDWHULMDOD
LUDGDDSRVHEQRRGVWXSDQMDNRGRSãWLKWURãNRYD

.RGRGVWXSDQMDRGVWDQGDUGQLKWURãNRYDGLUHNWQRJPDWHULMDODUD]OLNXMHPR

 .ROLþLQVNRRGVWXSDQMH±SUHGVWDYOMDUD]OLNXL]PHÿXXNXSQLKVWYDUQLKNROLþLQD
GLUHNWQRJPDWHULMDODNDRLSUHWKRGQRSRVWDYOMDQLKVWDQGDUGQLKNROLþLQD
 ZZZHIRVXQLRVKUDUKLYDGRNXPHQWLVWDQGDUGQLSSWVODMG
545
6DYUHPHQH¿QDQVLMHLUDþXQRYRGVWYRXNRQWHNVWXUHIRUPVNLK

D  6WDQGDUGQD NROLþLQD GLUHNWQRJ PDWHULMDOD  VWDQGDUGQD NROLþLQD GLUHNWQRJ


PDWHULMDODSRMHGLQLFLSURL]YRGD[EURMSURL]YHGHQLKMHGLQLFDSURL]YRGD
E  .ROLþLQVNR RGVWXSDQMH GLUHNWQRJ PDWHULMDOD  8NXSQR XWURãHQD NROLþLQD
GLUHNWQRJPDWHULMDODVWDQGDUGQDNROLþLQDGLUHNWQRJPDWHULMDOD [VWDQGDUGQD
FLMHQDSRMHGLQLFLGLUHNWQRJPDWHULMDOD

 &MHQRYQRRGVWXSDQMH±SUHGVWDYOMDUD]OLNXL]PHÿXVWYDUQRSODüHQLKFLMHQD]D
GLUHNWQLPDWHULMDOLSUHWKRGQRSRVWDYOMDQLKVWDQGDUGQLKFLMHQD
D  &MHQRYQR RGVWXSDQMH GLUHNWQRJ PDWHULMDOD  VWYDUQD FLMHQD SODüHQD ]D
MHGLQLFX GLUHNWQRJ PDWHULMDOD ±  VWDQGDUGQD FLMHQD SR MHGLQLFL GLUHNWQRJ
PDWHULMDOD [VWYDUQRQDEDYOMHQDNROLþLQDGLUHNWQRJPDWHULMDOD

.ULWHULMXPLL]ERUDRGVWXSDQMDRGVWDGDUGQLKWURãNRYDVX
- 9HOLþLQDRGVWXSDQMD
- 8þHVWDORVWMDYOMDQMDLWUDMDQMHRGVWXSDQMD
- 3UHGPHWVDGUåDMLX]URNRGVWXSDQMD
- .DUDNWHULYUVWDRGVWXSDQMD

9UVWHWURãNRYD

7URãNRYLVHSRVPDWUDQRVDDVSHNWDQMLKRYRJUHDJRYDQMDXRGQRVXQDSURPMHQH
RELPD SURL]YRGQMH GLMHOH QD GYLMH RVQRYQH JUXSH D WR VX ¿NVQL L YDULMDELOQL
0HÿXWLPQLMHVXVYLWURãNRYLXYLMHNþLVWR¿NVQRJQLWLþLVWRYDULMDELOQRJNDUDNWHUD
YHü VH L]PHÿX RYLK NUDMQRVWL SRMDYOMXMH þLWDY QL] PMHãRYLWLK WURãNRYD =QDMXüL
NDUDNWHULVWLNH¿NVQLKLYDULMDELOQLKWURãNRYDSRVHEQRNUHWDQMH¿NVQLKWURãNRYDX
RGQRVXQDSURPMHQHXVWHSHQXNRULãüHQMDNDSDFLWHWDYHRPDMHELWQRLPDWLSRGDWNH
RYHOLþLQL¿NVQLKLYHOLþLQLYDULMDELOQLKWURãNRYD

3RGMHOD WURãNRYD QD ¿NVQH L YDULMDELOQH MH SRWUHEQD ]D L]UDþXQDYDQMH UH]XOWDWD
RGJRYDUDMXüLKSRVORYQLKSRGXKYDWDXYRÿHQMXSRVORYQHSROLWNH=DL]UDþXQDYDQMH
]QDþDMQLKSRND]DWHOMDL]JUD¿NRQDUHQWDELOLWHWDNDRãWRVXQDSULPMHUNROLNRWUHED
SURL]YHVWLLSURGDWLRGQRVQRVDNRMLPVWHSHQRP]DSRVOHQRVWLNDSDFLWHWDSRVORYDWL
GDELVHSRVORYDORX]RQLGRELWND]DWLPNRMLVHUH]XOWDWPRåHRþHNLYDWLQDUD]OLþLWLP
VWHSHQLPD ]DSRVOHQRVWL RGQRVQR NRML QLYR ]DSRVOHQRVWL REH]EMHÿXMH ¿QDQVLMVNL
UH]XOWDWNRMLVHåHOLSRVWLüLLWG

8SUDYRQDPRYRQDPHüHSRWUHEX]DUD]GYDMDQMHPWURãNRYDQD¿NVQHLYDULMDELOQH
NDR L SRWUHEX SUDüHQMD L DQDOL]LUDQMD QMLKRYRJ SRQDãDQMD X UD]OLþLWLP XVORYLPD
SRVORYDQMD SRVHEQR SRVPDWUDQR VD DVSHND RGQRVD RYLK WURãNRYD L VWHSHQD
NRULãüHQMDNDSDFLWHWDNDNRXPDVLWDNRLSRMHGLQLFLSURL]YRGD

546
6DYUHPHQH¿QDQVLMHLUDþXQRYRGVWYRXNRQWHNVWXUHIRUPVNLK

.RG SULPMHQH VLVWHPD REUDþXQDYDQMD SR VWDQGDUGQLP WURãNRYLPD XWYUÿXMX VH


VWDQGDUGQL WURãNRYL ]D SRMHGLQH YUVWH WURãNRYD SR MHGLQLFL SURL]YRGD NDNR ]D
GLUHNWQHWDNRL]DLQGLUHNWQHWURãNRYH

8WYUÿLYDQMHVWDQGDUGQLKWURãNRYDXRVQRYLQHSUHGVWDYOMDSUREOHPNRGGLUHNWQLK
WURãNRYDãWRQLMHVOXþDMVDVWDQGDUGL]DFLMRPLQGLUHNWQLKRGQRVQRRSãWLKWURãNRYD

3UREOHPVWDQGDUGL]DFLMHLQGLUHNWQLKWURãNRYDVHMDYOMDL]PHÿXRVWDORJL]ERJWRJD
ãWRRYLWURãNRYLXVHELVDGUåH¿NVQHYDULMDELOQHLWURãNRYHPMHãRYLWRJNDUDNWHUD
NRMLüHXWLFDWLQDGLQDPLNXXNXSQLKWURãNRYDDWLPHLQDYLVLQXFLMHQHNRãWDQMD
SURL]YRGD SUL UD]OLþLWRP VWHSHQX NRULãüHQMD NDSDFLWHWD NDNR X PDVL WDNR L SR
MHGLQLFLSURL]YRGD

3RGMHOD WURãNRYD QD ¿NVQH L YDULMDELOQH SUHGVWDYOMD PHWRGRORãNL SRVWXSDN


NRPSDUDWLYQH SULURGH ãWR SUDNWLþQR ]QDþL GD VH X SRVWXSNX SRGMHOH WURãNRYD
YUãLSRVPDWUDQMHLXSRUHÿLYDQMHNUHWDQMDWURãNRYDXRGQRVXQDVWHSHQNRULãüHQMD
NDSDFLWHWD âWR ]QDþL GD MH QHRSKRGQR SUHWSRVWDYLWL GD VX SRGDFL NRML VH
SRVPDWUDMX L REUDÿXMX PHÿXVREQR XSRUHGLYL 2YR VH RGQRVL QD SRGDWNH R
YLVLQLWURãNRYDNDRLQDSRGDWNHNRMLVHRGQRVHQDVWHSHQNRULãüHQMDNDSDFLWHWD

6OLND6WDQGDUGQLWURãNRYL5

 ZZZHIRVXQLRVKUDUKLYDGRNXPHQWLVWDQGDUGQLSSWVODMG
547
6DYUHPHQH¿QDQVLMHLUDþXQRYRGVWYRXNRQWHNVWXUHIRUPVNLK

6,67(02%5$ý81$3267$1'$5'1,0752â.29,0$

2VQRYHVLVWHPDREUDþXQDSRVWDQGDUGQLPWURãNRYLPD

6WDQGDUGQL WURãNRYL SRND]XMX NROLNR WURãNRYL X GDWLP SURL]YRGQRWHKQLþNLP


XVORYLPD WUHED GD L]QRVH ]D UD]OLNX RG VWYDUQLK WURãNRYD NRML SRND]XMX NROLNR
WURãNRYL L]QRVH 6LVWHP REUDþXQD SR VWDQGDUGQLP WURãNRYLPD RVODQMD VH QD
VWDQGDUGQH WURãNRYH 2YDM VLVWHP REUDþXQD MH MHGQD RG PHWRGD REXKYDWDQMD
DORNDFLMHLUHDORNDFLMHSRPMHVWLPDLQRVLRFLPDWURãNRYDLPHÿXSHULRGLþQHDORNDFLMH
VWYDUQLK WURãNRYD X FLOMX REUDþXQD UHDOQRJ SHULRGLþQRJ UH]XOWDWD SODQLUDQMD L
NRQWUROHWURãNRYDLUH]XOWDWDREH]EMHÿHQMDWURãNRYQHSRGORJHIRUPLUDQMDSURGDMQLK
FLMHQD L ]D DOWHUQDWLYQR SRVORYQR RGOXþLYDQMH NDR L ]DGRYROMHQMD LQIRUPDFLRQLK
]DKWMHYD VLVWHPD PRWLYLVDQMD 6WDQGDUGQL VLVWHP REUDþXQD VOXåL VH VWDQGDUGQLP
WURãNRYLPDNDRPMHULORPQRUPDORPNRQWUROQLPVUHGVWYRP]DVWYDUQHWURãNRYH6

.RG VWDQGDUGQLK WURãNRYD NDR L NRG VWYDUQLK WURãNRYD SURL]YRGQD FLMHQD


NRãWDQMDVDGUåLLYDULMDELOQHL¿NVQHWURãNRYHSURL]YRGQMHDNRPHUFLMDOQDFLMHQD
NRãWDQMD SRUHG WRJD MRã L YDULMDELOQH L ¿NVQH WURãNRYH PDUNHWLQJD LOL L RSãWHJ
XSUDYOMDQMD L DGPLQLVWUDFLMH DNR VH RYL X FMHOLQL VPDWUDMX WURãNRYLPD SHULRGD L
QH DORFLUDMX SUHWKRGQR QD PMHVWD WURãNRYD SURL]YRGQMH L PDUNHWLQJD 0HÿXWLP
RYD GYD VLVWHPD REUDþXQD WURãNRYD SULQFLSLMHOQR VX UD]OLþLWD X SRJOHGX L]QRVD
WURãNRYDNRMLVHDORFLUDMXQDSURL]YRGHXID]LSURL]YRGQMHD]DWLPXID]LSURGDMH
6LVWHP REUDþXQD SR VWDQGDUGQLP WURãNRYLPD DORFLUD QD QRVLRFH WURãNRYD X ID]L
SURL]YRGQMHVDPRVWDQGDUGQHGMHORYHYDULMDELOQLKL¿NVQLKWURãNRYDSURL]YRGQMH
LWRMHPRJXüDELODQVQDYULMHGQRVW]DOLKDQHGRYãHQHSURL]YRGQMHSROXSURL]YRGD
GMHORYDVRSVWYHQHSURL]YRGQMHLJRWRYLKSURL]YRGDXNROLNRQLMHYHüDRGSURGDMQH
YULMHGQRVWLRGQRVQLKDUWLNDOD8ID]LSURGDMHNDONXODFLMDSRVWDQGDUGQLPWURãNRYLPD
DORFLUDQDSURGDWHSURL]YRGHLOLJUXSHSURGDWLKSURL]YRGDVWDQGDUGQLGLRWURãNRYD
PDUNHWLQJDLOLLWURãNRYDRSãWHJXSUDYOMDQMDLDGPLQLVWUDFLMH2VWDWDNRYLKWURãNRYD
]DMHGQRVDYDQVWDQGDUGQLPWURãNRYLPDSURL]YRGQMHSRNULYDVHL]EUXWRUH]XOWDWD
SURL]YRGDNDRUD]OLNHL]PHÿXSULKRGDSURL]YRGDLSXQHVWDQGDUGQHFLMHQHNRãWDQMD
SURL]YRGD'RNSRGMHODWURãNRYDQHSURL]YRGQLKIXQNFLMDQDVWDQGDUGQHWURãNRYHL
RGVWXSDQMDVWYDUQLKRGVWDQGDUGQLKQHSURL]YRGQLKWURãNRYDQHXWLþHQDSHULRGLþQH
UDVKRGH L UH]XOWDW GRWOH YH]LYDQMH VDPR VWDQGDUGQLK WURãNRYD SURL]YRGQMH ]D
QRVLRFHLSURJODãDYDQMHRGVWXSDQMDVWYDUQLKRGVWDQGDUGQLKWURãNRYDSURL]YRGQRJ
IXQNFLRQDOQRJ SRGUXþMD UDVKRGLPD WHNXüHJ SHULRGD LPD ]QDþDMQRJ XWLFDMD QD
SHULRGL]DFLMXWURãNRYDLUH]XOWDWD ãHPD 

 3URI'U1LNROD6WHYDQRYLü2VQRYHXSUDYOMDþNRJUDþXQRYRGVWYD%HRJUDG6WU
548
6DYUHPHQH¿QDQVLMHLUDþXQRYRGVWYRXNRQWHNVWXUHIRUPVNLK

âHPD±3HULRGL]DFLMDWURãNRYDSRVLVWHPXREUDþXQDSRVWDQGDUGQLP
WURãNRYLPD7

=D SHULRGL]DFLMX WURãNRYD L UH]XOWDWD X YH]L V þLP VH LVSROMDYDMX SULQFLSLMHOQH


UD]OLNHL]PHÿXSRMHGLQLKVLVWHPDREUDþXQDWURãNRYDELWQRMHSRGYDMDQMHWURãNRYD
SURL]YRGDRGWURãNRYDSHULRGD2EUDþXQSRVWDQGDUGQLPWURãNRYLPDXRGQRVXQD
REUDþXQSRVWYDUQLPWURãNRYLPDVXåDYDSRMDPWURãNRYDSURL]YRGDSUHSR]QDMXüL
WURãNRYH SHULRGD L PHÿX WURãNRYLPD SURL]YRGQRJ IXQNFLRQDOQRJ SRGUXþMD
5LMHþ MH R QDVWDOLP WURãNRYLPD SR RVQRYX QHGRYROMQH HNRQRPLþQRVWL WURãHQMD
YDULMDELOQLKSURL]YRGQLKþLQLODFDQHGRYROMQHH¿NDVQRVWLWHNXüHJGLUHNWQRJUDGD
L QHLVNRULãüHQRJ NDSDFLWHWD SURL]YRGQMH NRML QH PRJX ELWL XNOMXþHQL X ELODQVQX
YULMHGQRVW QHGRYUãHQH SURL]YRGQMH SROXSURL]YRGD L JRWRYLK SURL]YRGD YHü
SRVWDMXUDVKRGLEH]RGODJDQMD2EUDþXQSRVWDQGDUGQLPWURãNRYLPDQXGL]DVYH
PRJXüHVYUKHXSRWUHEHUHODWLYQRVWDELOQXRGQRVQRPHÿXSHULRGLþQRXSRUHGLYXL
SURL]YRGQXLSXQXNRPHUFLMDOQXFLMHQXNRãWDQMDREUDþXQDWXXYLMHNXQDSULMHG

 3URI'U1LNROD6WHYDQRYLü2VQRYHXSUDYOMDþNRJUDþXQRYRGVWYD%HRJUDGVWU
549
6DYUHPHQH¿QDQVLMHLUDþXQRYRGVWYRXNRQWHNVWXUHIRUPVNLK

23UHGQRVWLREUDþXQDSRVWDQGDUGQLPWURãNRYLPD

'REUR SRVWDYOMHQ REUDþXQ SR VWDQGDUGQLP WURãNRYLPD RJOHGD VH X VOHGHüLP


SUHGQRVWLPD

D  SUYDVHRJOHGDXWRPHãWRVWDELOQDSURL]YRGQDFLMHQDNRãWDQMDQHGR]YROMDYD
YMHãWDþNHSHULRGLþQHRVFLODFLMHYULMHGQRVWL]DOLKD
E  GUXJDSUHGQRVWREUDþXQDSRVWDQGDUGQLPWURãNRYLPDVDVWRMLVHXWRPHãWR
MH XQDSULMHG SR]QDWD VWDELOQD SXQD FLMHQD NRãWDQMD ]QDWQR XSRWUHEOMLYLMD
WURãNRYQDSRGORJDIRUPLUDQMDSURGDMQLKFLMHQD
F  WUHüD SUHGQRVW RYRJ VLVWHPD REUDþXQD WURãNRYD SURL]LOD]L L] WRJD ãWR VX
VWDQGDUGQLWURãNRYLXRVQRYLEXGXüLWURãNRYL.DRORJLþDQQDVWDYDNWRJD
NRQWURODWURãNRYDUDVSRODåHSRX]GDQLPPMHULORPRVQRYRP]DXSRUHÿHQMH
VWYDUQRQDVWDOLKWURãNRYD
G  þHWYUWDSUHGQRVWVHPDQLIHVWXMHXVPMHUDYDQMHPSDåQMHUXNRYRGVWYDVDPR
QDRGVXSDQMDRGVWDQGDUGQLKWURãNRYD
H  SHWD SUHGQRVW VH WLþH PRJXüQRVWL RYRJ VLVWHPD REUDþXQD WURãNRYD GD
SXWHP NRQWUROH WURãNRYD REH]ELMHGL JODYQH SROD]QH RVQRYH LOLL PMHULOD
VWLPXODWLYQRJQDJUDÿLYDQMDSRRVQRYXHNRQRPLþQRVWLWURãHQMDLGRSULQRVD
UHQWDELOLWHWXSUHGX]HüD
I  ãHVWR REUDþXQ SR VWDQGDUGQLP WURãNRYLPD SRYHüDYD HNRQRPLþQRVW
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NRORQL6LI3RVW%URMPRåHVDGUåDYDWLVDPRYULMHGQRVWLL]WDEHOHGradovi=DPLVOLPR
GDDQJDåLUDPRQHNROLNRVWXGHQDWDGDXED]XSRGDWDNDXQHVXVYDSUHGX]HüDNRMD
SRVOXMXQDSRGUXþMX86.3ULOLNRPXQRVDSRGDWDNDREURMXSRãWHLQD]LYXJUDGD
QHNLRGVWXGHQDWDELXQLMHOL&D]LQQHNL&D]LQQHNLELXQLMHOLSRGDWDN
YHOLNLP VORYLPD QHNL PDOLP L VOLþQR QHNL EL SRJULMHãLOL EURM SRãWH LOL QDSUDYLWL
SHUPXWDFLMX 8NROLNR åHOLPR GD L] WH VXPH SRGDWDND GRELMHPR VDPR SUHGX]HüD
NRMDLPDMXVMHGLãWHX&D]LQXUH]XOWDWQDPQHELELRXSRWSXQRVWLWDþDQMHUXSROMX
]DR]QDNXJUDGDLPDPRYLãHYULMHGQRVWLNRMHVHRGQRVHQDSRPHQXWLJUDG2YDNYL
SRGDFLELQDPELOLQHLVNRULVWLYL'DELRYRL]EMHJOLSRWUHEQRMHXVSRVWDYLWLUHODFLMX
L]PHÿX WDEHOD Gradovi L 3UHGX]HüD SXWHP YDQMVNRJ NOMXþD NDNR MH WR JRUH L
RSLVDQR

'DOLQDPVHLNDGGHVLORGDSRNXãDPRREULVDWLQHNLSRGDWDNDSURJUDPQDPWRQH
GR]YROMDYD"7RMHXSUDYRL]UD]ORJDGDVHQHELQDUXãLRUHIHUHQFLMDOQLLQWHJULWHWED]H
1DLPHSULOLNRPGH¿QLVDQMDYDQMVNRJNOMXþDSRWUHEQRMHRGUHGLWLãWDüHVHGHVLWLX
WDEHOL3UHGX]HüDSULOLNRPEULVDQMDLOLL]PMHQHSRGDWDNDXWDEHOLGradovi-HGQDRG

702
6DYUHPHQH¿QDQVLMHLUDþXQRYRGVWYRXNRQWHNVWXUHIRUPVNLK

RSFLMDMHVWHNDVNDGQDL]PMHQDDWR]QDþLXNROLNRXWDEHOLGradoviJUDGX&D]LQX
SURPLMHQLPREURMSRãWHVDXNRGVYLKNXSDFDLGREDYOMDþDXWDEHOL
3UHGX]HüD NRML LPDMX VMHGLãWH X &D]LQX RYDM SRGDWDN üH VH WDNRÿHU SURPLMHQLWL
4XHU\ QDMHGQRVWDYQLMH PRåHPR REMDVQLWL NDR XSLW RGQRVQR WR VX ]DKWMHYL NRMH
XSXüXMHPRED]LSRGDWDNDXFLOMXGRELYDQMDRGUHÿHQLKåHOMHQLKUH]XOWDWD'DELVPR
GRELOLWDEHOXLPRUDOLVPRED]LSRGDWDNDXSXWLWLXSLWDOLQDMH]LNXNRMHJRQD
UD]XPLMHDWRMH64/2YDMMH]LNMHQDMYLãHNRULãWHQNRGED]DSRGDWDND3R]QDYDQMD
64/SURJUDPVNRJMH]LNDRODNãDYDåLYRWVYDNRPUDþXQRYRÿLDXQDVWDYNXüHPR
SRND]DWLLNDNR

 64/XSLWLLQDUHGEH

'D EL VPR GRELOL WDEHOX  ELOR MH SRWUHEQR GD ED]L SRGDWDND XSXWLPR XSLW X
VOLMHGHüHPREOLNX

select sifPostaBrojPoste, sifPostaNazivGrada


from sifPosta
where sifPostaBrojPoste > 77000

8SUHYRGXWR]QDþLSULNDåLLOLÄGDMPL³EURMSRãWHLQD]LYJUDGDL]WDEHOHVLI3RVWD
DOLVDPRRQHþLMLMHEURMSRãWHYHüLRG8NROLNRELL]RVWDYLOLNODX]XOXZKHUH
LVYHSRVOLMHQMH]DUH]XOWDWELGRELOLFLMHOXWDEHOXVLI3RVWDDRYDNRVPR]DUH]XOWDW
GRELOLVDPRRQHþLMLMHEURMSRãWHYHüLRG6OLþDQXSLWVPRSRVODOLL]DWDEHOX
EURM

select sifPreduzecaNaziv, sifPreduzecaAdresa, SifPostBroj


from sifPreduzeca
where SifPostBroj > 60000

$NRSRJOHGDPRWDEHOXEURMYLGLPRGDLPDPRSRGDWNHQD]LYDGUHVDLEURMSRãWH
SUHGX]HüD 0HÿXWLP QHPDPR SRGDWDN R QD]LYX JUDGD ãWR MH VDVYLP LVSUDYQR
1DLPH QD]LY JUDGD EL QDP ELR VXYLãDQ SRGDWDN NRML EL QHSRWUHEQR ]DX]LPDR
PHPRULMXXED]LMHUQMHJDXYLMHNPRåHPRGRELWLVSDMDQMHPRYHGYLMHWDEHOHSXWHP
NOMXþHYD8SLW]DVSDMDQMHPRåHL]JOHGDWLRYDNR

SELECT dbo.sifPreduzeca.sifPreduzecaNaziv, dbo.sifPreduzeca.


sifPreduzecaAdresa, dbo.sifPreduzeca.SifPostBroj, dbo.sifPosta.
sifPostaNazivGrada
FROM dbo.sifPreduzeca INNER JOIN

703
6DYUHPHQH¿QDQVLMHLUDþXQRYRGVWYRXNRQWHNVWXUHIRUPVNLK

dbo.sifPosta ON dbo.sifPreduzeca.SifPostBroj = dbo.sifPosta.


sifPostaBrojPoste
WHERE(dbo.sifPreduzeca.SifPostBroj > 60000)

5H]XOWDW RYRJ XSLWD MH YLGOMLY X WDEHOL  JGMH VDG LPDPR SRUHG NRORQH QD]LY
DGUHVD EURM SRãWH L NRORQX QD]LY JUDGD 1DUDYQR SRUHG VSDMDQMD WDEHOD SXWHP
NOMXþHYD PRJXüH VX L UD]QH GUXJH PDQLSXODFLMH SRGDFLPD NDR ãWR VX VRUWLUDQMH
LJUXSLVDQMHSRGDWDND8NROLNRåHOLPRL]WHEHOHGDGRELMHPRVYHNRORQHDGDLK
XMHGQRLQHSLãHPRRQGDXPMHVWRQD]LYDNRORQDXSLãHPR]QDN ]YMH]GLFD 2YR
VSDMDQMHMHL]YUãHQRSXWHPQDUHGEHINNER JOIN,DPRJXüDVXMRãLVSDMDQMDOLMHYD
LGHVQD LEFT JOIN L RIGHT JOIN, NDRLVSDMDQMHFLMHOLKWDEHODVDMHGQDNLP
NRORQDPD UNION.

7DEHOD6SDMDQMHGYLMHWHEHOH


b d k b Cl “
,]YRUED]DSRGDWDNDÄEH&OHYHQ³

 3UHSUDYOMDQMHSRGDWDNDXWDEHODPD±VSDV]DUDþXQRYRÿH

8]PLPRSULPMHUGDXED]LSRGDWDNDLPDPRQHNROLNRKLOMDGDDUWLNDODNRMLPDMH
SRUH]QD VWRSD 11   9DãH SUHGX]HüH LOL 9Dã NOLMHQW MH LVSXQLR XVORYH ]D
XOD]DN X 3'9 VLVWHP L VDG MH SRWUHEQR L]YUãLWL SURPMHQX SRUH]QH VWRSH L] 11
 XUHFLPRSRUH]QXVWRSXþLMDMHR]QDND3  %H]RE]LUDNROLNL
ELOL9DãLOMXGVNLNDSDFLWHWLUXþQRPLMHQMDQMHRYLKSRGDWDNDSUHGVWDYOMDRJURPDQ
SRVDRDSULWRP]QDPRGDYHüRGVXWUD9DãNOLMHQWWUHEDSURGDYDWLUREXSRQRYLP
SRUH]QLPVWRSDPD

704
6DYUHPHQH¿QDQVLMHLUDþXQRYRGVWYRXNRQWHNVWXUHIRUPVNLK

6DYRYDMSRVDRPRåHPR]DYUãLWL]DVDPRSDUVHNXQGLX]QDUHGEX

UPDATE dbo.sifArtikli
SET sifArtPDV = ‘P1’, sifArtPDVSt = 17
WHERE sifArtPDV = ‘NN’

7DEHOD$UWLNOLSULMHLSRVOLMHQDUHGEH83'$7(


 
,]YRUED]DSRGDWDNDÄEH&OHYHQ³

1DUHGERPVPR]DGDOLXSXWHVHUYHUXGDXWDEHOLVLI$UWLOLNRMXYLGLPRQDOLMHYRM
VWUDQLSURQDÿHVYHDUWLNOHNRMLLPDMXSRUH]QXVWRSXNNLGDLVWXSURPLMHQLXSRUH]QX
VWRSX35H]XOWDWRYHQDUHGEHYLGLPRQDGHVQRMVWUDQLWDEHOH8QDUHGELYLGLPR
GDMHR]QDND3L11SRGDSRVWUR¿PDDQLMH1DLPHSULOLNRPSLVDQMDQDUHGEL
WUHEDYRGLWLUDþXQDRYUVWLSRGDWDNDNRMRPVHPDQLSXOLãHRGQRVQRGDOLMHXSLWDQMX
WHNVWEURMGDWXPLVOLþQR2YRPSUREOHPDWLNRPVHQHüHPREDYLWLXRYRPUDGX

.DNRVPRSURPLMHQLOLSRUH]QXVWRSXXSDUVHNXQGLWDNRPRåHPRSURPLMHQLWLLVYH
RVWDOHSRGDWNHXWDEHODPDQDUDYQRYRGHüLVHSULQFLSRPUHIHUHQFLMDQRJLQWHJULWHWD
2YDNYHRSFLMHELWUHEDORGDLPDMXVYLUDþXQRYRGVWYHQLSURJUDPLDXNROLNRQHPDMX
RQGDVHPRåHWHSRVOXåLWLGLUHNWQRPL]PMHQRPQDVDPRPVHUYHUX8SUHWKRGQRP
SULPMHUXVPRSRND]DOLNDNRVHPLMHQMDYULMHGQRVWQHNRJSROMDPHÿXWLPãWDDNR
åHOLPR SURPLMHQLWL VDPR GLR QHNRJ QD]LYD 5HFLPR X QD]LYLPD QDãLK DUWLNDOD
LPDPR]QDNRYHVDNYDþLFDPDWHLKåHOLPR]DPLMHQLWLVD]QDNRYLPDEH]NYDþLFD
.RQNUHWQRXWDEHOLYLGLPRGDDUWLNDOSRGUHGQLPEURMHPLPDQD]LYýDM8RYRP
VOXþDMX]QDNýåHOLPR]DPLMHQLWLVD]QDNRP&LUHFLPRGDSRUHGR]QDNHVRNRYD
åHOLPRGDSLãHR]QDND7RPRåHPRXUDGLWLVDVOLMHGHüRPQDUHGERP

705
6DYUHPHQH¿QDQVLMHLUDþXQRYRGVWYRXNRQWHNVWXUHIRUPVNLK

UPDATE dbo.sifArtikli
SET sifArtNaziv = REPLACE(sifArtNaziv , µý¶, ‘C’)
WHERE sifArtNaziv LIKE (µý¶);

UPDATE dbo.sifArtikli
SET sifArtNaziv = REPLACE(sifArtNaziv , ‘0.2’, ‘0.20’)
WHERE sifArtNaziv LIKE (‘%0.2%’);

7DEHOD3URPMHQD]QDNRYDXQD]LYXDULNOD


,]YRUED]DSRGDWDNDÄEH&OHYHQ³

8WDEHOLYLGLPRGDMHL]PMHQDQDVWDODQDUHGQLPEURMHYLPDXPMHVWRýVDG
VWRML&LQDUHGQLPEURMHYLPDLXPMHVWRVDGVWRML2YDNYHQDUHGEH
RPRJXüXMXEU]XL]PMHQXYHOLNLKNROLþLQDSRGDWDNDãWRUDþXQRYRÿDPDRVWDYOMDYLãH
SURVWRUD]DRQDMNDYDOLWDWLYDQGLRSRVOD1DUDYQRSULL]UDGDPDQDUHGELSRWUHEQR
VHYRGLWLQDþHORPRSUH]QRVWLDSUHSRUXþXMHVHSUHWKRGQRQDSUDYLWLDUKLYLUDQMHED]H
NDNRVOXþDMQRQHELGRãORGDJXEOMHQMDSRGDWDND

 .DNRSULVWXSLWLED]LSRGDWDNDGDXQHVHPRQDUHGEXLOLXSLW"

3RãWR MH MDNR WHãNR QDSUDYLWL LVSLVH ]D VYH SRGDWNH ]D NRMLPD VH PRåH MDYLWL
SRWUHEDXSUDNVLSURJUDPHULVHPRJXRGOXþLWLGDRVWDYHPRJXüQRVWNUHLUDQMHXSLWD
L QDUHGEL NUR] VDPX DSOLNDFLMX ,VWLQD PDOR MH RYDNYLK SURJUDPD QD WUåLãWX VD
RYDNRNYDOLWHWQLPLGHMDPDMHUMHLPDORNUHDWLYQLKUDþXQRYRÿDNRMLXþHVWYXMXX
NUHLUDQMXSURJUDPD8NROLNR9DãSURJUDPQHPDRYXPRJXüQRVWXQRVDQDUHGELL
XSLWDDNRULVWLWH0LFURVRIW64/VHUYHURQGDLVWHPRåHWHUHDOL]LUDWLNUR]DODW64/
6HUYHU0DQDJHPHQW6WXGLRNRMHJPRåHWHSURQDüLQDLQWHUQHWXXVORERGQRMIRUPL

706
6DYUHPHQH¿QDQVLMHLUDþXQRYRGVWYRXNRQWHNVWXUHIRUPVNLK

1DNRQSRNUHWDQMD0DQDJHPHQW6WXGLDSRWUHEQRMHVDPRGDRWYRULWHVYRMXED]XL
QDQMRMQRYLTXHU\LPRåHWHSRþHWLVDSLVDQMHPVYRMLKXSLWDLQDUHGEL-RãMHGQRP
VNUHüHPR SDåQMX XNROLNR QLVWH VLJXUQL X VYRMH QDUHGEH L QHGRYROMQR SR]QDMHWH
64/MH]LNGDSULMHELORNDNYLKQDUHGELQDSUDYLWHDUKLYLUDQMHED]HSRGDWDND

 .DNRWRPRMSURJUDPREUDþXQD3'9"

3URJUDPHULVHRGOXþXMX]DUD]QHYDULMDQWHLPRJXüQRVWLSULOLNRPSURJUDPLUDQMD
D VYH WR ]DYLVL RG PDWHPDWLþNLK L ORJLþNLK NYDOLWHWD SURJUDPHUD L UDþXQRYRÿH
NRMHJNRQVXOWLUD1HNDGVHQHNHVWYDULUMHãDYDQMXQDNRPSOLNRYDQQDþLQDXVWYDUL
VX MHGQRVWDYQH ]D ULMHãLWL VDPR MH SLWDQMH LGHMH L LQVSLUDFLMH 1HNDG VX UMHãHQMD
NRPSOLNRYDQLMDL]DKWLMHYDMXYHüXMDþLQXSRFHVRUDQHNDGQHDOLQDMELWQLMHGDVX
WDþQD L IXQNFLRQDODQ7DNR UHFLPR REUDþXQ 3'9D ]DYLVL RG VDPH ORJLNH NDNR
MHWRSURJUDPHUL]DPLVOLR2ELþQRVHREUDþXQ3'9DYHåH]DSRUH]QHVWRSHWLP
SRUH]QLPVWRSDPDVHGRGLMHOHNRORQH3'9SULMDYHUD]GYRMLVHNUDMQMDSRWURãQMD
L]YR]LXYR]LXVXãWLQLVPRSRUHGDOLSULRULWHWH]DREUDþXQ6YHRVWDORMHPDWHPDWLND
$OLWRVYHRSHW]DYLVLRGED]HSRGDWDNDLNDNRVXSRUHGDQHVDPHWDEHOHL]OD]QL
LXOD]QLUDþXQL.UR]RYDMGLRåHOLPRSRND]DWLNDNRVHSUDYHXSLWLVDDJUHJDWQLP
IXQNFLMDPD5HFLPRGDåHOLPRL]UDþXQDWLNROLNDMHRVQRYLFD]D3'9NROLNRMH
L]QRV3'9DLNROLNR]DMHGQRL]QRVHRVQRYLFDL3'9XPMHVHFPDUWJRGLQH

SELECT SUM(sifRacArtikliPDVOsnovica) AS OSNOVICA,


SUM(sifRacArtikliIznosPDV) AS PDV,SUM(sifRacArtikliPDVOsnovica +
sifRacArtikliIznosPDV) AS OSNOVICAiPDV
FROM dbo.sifRacArtikli
WHERE racDatumPDV >= ‘2018-03-01’ AND racDatumPDV <= ‘2018-03-31’

8 RYRP SULPMHUX VYL L]OD]QL UDþXQL VH VSUHPDMX X WDEHOX VLI5DF$UWLNOL L] NRMH
SXWHP DJUHJDWQLK IXQNFLMD L ¿OWULUDQMHP PRåHPR GRELWL VYH åHOMHQH SRGDWNH
2YDMSULPMHUVPRQDYHOLGDSRNDåHPRNDNRVHWRPRåHYUãLWL]EUDMDQMHSRGDWDND
L¿OWULUDQMHSRGDWXPLPD1DUDYQRVDPREUDþXQ3'9DL]LVNXMHGRVWDVORåHQLMH
XSLWHLSURFHGXUHNRMLQLVX]DQLYRRYRJUDGD

7UHEDMRãLQDSRPHQXWLGDELVPRXRSãWHUDGLOLXSLWHLQDUHGEHSRWUHEQRMHWHPHOMLWR
XSR]QDWLED]XSRGDWDNDLSR]QDYDWLJGMHVHNRMLSRGDWDNVSUHPD

707
6DYUHPHQH¿QDQVLMHLUDþXQRYRGVWYRXNRQWHNVWXUHIRUPVNLK

 $SOLNDFLMH SURJUDPL

$SOLNDFLMHXNRQWHNVWXRYRJUDGDVXYH]DL]PHÿXED]HSRGDWDNDLNRULVQLND2QH
VXNRQHNWRYDQHQDED]XSRGDWDNDLSXWHPQMLKVHXQRVHEULãXLPLMHQMDMXSRGDFLWH
]DGDMXXQDSULMHGSURJUDPLUDQHSURFHGXUH$SOLNDFLMHPRJXELWLNUXWHLGLQDPLþQH
.UXWHVXRQHNRMHVXRQDNYHNDNYHLKMHSURJUDPHULVSURJUDPLUDRDGLQDPLþQHVX
RQHNRMHRPRJXüDYDMXNRULVQLFLPDGDSULODJRÿDYDQMXREOLNHIRUPLREOLNHLVSLVD
YUVWHGRNXPHQDWDLVOLþQR,VWLQDRYLKGUXJLKMHPDORQDQDãHPWUåLãWX

8 WDEHOL  VX SULND]DQD SUHGX]HüD L] ED]H SRGDWDND 8QRV L]PMHQD L EULVDQMH
SUHGX]HüD VH YUãL SXWHP IRUPH VD VOLNH  2EOLN L VDGUåDM IRUPH ]DYLVL RG
GL]DMQHUVNLKPRJXüQRVWLSURJUDPHUDLDODWDNRMHNRULVWL]DSURJUDPLUDQMH6YDNDNR
GD OMHSãL GL]DMQ IRUPL þLQL UDG XJRGQLMLP D SURJUDP R]ELOMQLMLP 6YH GDQDãQMH
PRGHUQHDSOLNDFLMHELWUHEDOHGDSRVMHGXMXPRJXüQRVWLEU]LKSUHJOHGDSRGDWDND
LLVSLVD]DWLPXYR]DLL]YR]DSRGDWDNDXUD]QHIRUPDWHNDRãWRVX[OVGRFSGI
MSJYWGLGUXJH2YDNYHPRJXüQRVWLX]WRGDVH]QDMXNRULVWLWLRODNãDYDMXUDG
UDþXQRYRÿDPDLþLQHJDSURGXNWLYQLMLPLWDþQLMLP

6OLND3ULPMHUIRUPH]DXQRVSUHGX]HüDXED]XSRGDWDND


,]YRU3URJUDPÄEH&OHYHQ³

708
6DYUHPHQH¿QDQVLMHLUDþXQRYRGVWYRXNRQWHNVWXUHIRUPVNLK

 ,VSLVLNDRVDVWDYQLGLRSURJUDPD

'DELVPRQDHNUDQXYLGMHOLSDSRWRPLVSLVDOLQDSULQWHUNDONXODFLMXUDþXQHELODQV
LOLQHNLãLIUDQWSRWUHEDQQDPMHMHGDQRGDODWD]DLVSLV1HNLRGQDMSR]QDWLMLDODWD
VX5DYHL)DVW5HSRUW)DVW5HSRUWMHYLVRNRVR¿VWLFLUDQDODW]DNUHLUDQMHLVSLVDVD
YHOLNLPPRJXüQRVWLPD

)DVW5HSRUW3 MH GLQDPLþDQ ãWR ]QDþL GD PRåHWH VDPL VHEL NUHLUDWL åHOMHQL LVSLV
QDUDYQRXNROLNR9DPMHVDPRPDSOLNDFLMRPWRRPRJXüHQR3RUHGWRJDSRVWRMH
PRJXüQRVWLL]YR]DSRGDWDNDXJRWRYRVYHUHOHYDQWQHIRUPDWH2YDMDODWSRVWRML
EHVSODWDQQDLQWHUQHWXDOLMHRJUDQLþHQQDVWUDQLFHLVSLVDDOLVYDNDNRSUHSRUXþXMH
VHNXSRYLQDOLFHQFHUDGLQMHJRYHSRWSXQHIXQNFLRQDOQRVWL8NROLNR9DãDSURJUDP
XVHELLPDLQWHJULVDQ)DVW5HSRUWNDRDODW]DNUHLUDQMHLVSLVDRQGD9L]DSUDYRX
VYRMLPUXNDPDLPDWHNYDOLWHWDQDODWVDPRJDPRUDWH]QDWLLVNRULVWLWL

8 QDVWDYNX üHPR SRNXãDWL SRND]DWL QHNROLNR WULNRYD NRML RODNãDYDQMX SRVDR


UDþXQRYRÿDPD L þLQH JD WDþQLMLP 8NROLNR YUãLWH L]UDGX NDONXODFLMD VYRMLP
NOLMHQWLPD VLJXUQR 9DP VH GHVLOD VLWXDFLMD JGMH VWH IRUPLUDOL SURGDMQX FLMHQX
NRMDMHLVSRGQDEDYQH2YRQHNDGLPRåHELWLRYDNR]ERJNDVQLMHJ¿QDQVLMVNRJ
RGREUHQMD DOL þHãüL MH VOXþDM GD VH UDGL R SRJUHãFL NRMX ]ERJ UD]QLK UD]ORJD QD
YULMHPH QH XRþLPR )DVW5HSRUW PRåHPR LVNRULVWLWL WDNR GD LVSURJUDPLUDPR
GRJDÿDMGDXNROLNRMHPDUåDQDWRPDUWLNOXLVSRGQXOHRGQRVQRQHJDWLYQDERMD
IRQWDVORYDEXGHFUYHQDLOLãWRMHMRãEROMDRSFLMDGDQDP)DVW5HSRUWMDYLSRUXNX
GDMHDUWLNDOVDQHJDWLYQRPPDUåRP1DVOLFLMHSLND]DQRQDNRMLQDþLQPRåHPR
LVSURJUDPLUDWL JRUH åHOMHQX RSFLMX 3RWUHEQR MH RGDEUDWL SROMHQD NRMHP QDP VH
SULND]LYDPDUåD åXWRSROMH ]DWLPQDOLMHYRMVWUDQLQDObject Inspectoru DNRQLMH
DNWLYDQSR]LYDVHVDWLSNRP) RGDEHUHPRWDE(YHQWV GRJDÿDM LL]YUãLPRGXSOL
NOLN1DNRQWRJDRWYRULWüHQDPVHVWUDQLFD]DSLVDQMHNRGD


 KWWSVZZZIDVWUHSRUWFRPHQ
709
6DYUHPHQH¿QDQVLMHLUDþXQRYRGVWYRXNRQWHNVWXUHIRUPVNLK

6OLND)DVW5HSRUWSULPMHUL]UDGHLVSLVD

,]YRU3URJUDPÄEH&OHYHQ³

.RGLUDWLVHPRåHXYLãHSURJUDPVNLKMH]LNDDPLüHPRSRND]DWLNDNRVHWRUDGLX
3DVFDOX

procedure MarzaOnBeforePrint(Sender: TfrxComponent);


begin
if <dsRacArtikli.”sifRacArtikliMPMarza”> < 0 then
begin
showmessage(‘Artikal ‘+<dsRacArtikli.”sifRacArtikliNaziv”>+ je sa
QHJDWLYQRPPDUåRP’); end; end;

1DRYDMQDþLQNUHLUDOLVPRSURFHGXUXNRMDüHSULMHVYDNRJLVSLVDSROMDQDNRMHP
VH SULND]LYD PDUåD SURYMHULWL GD OL MH RQD QHJDWLYQD WH XNROLNR MHVWH SULND]DWL
üH SRUXNX XSR]RUHQMD 1DUDYQR QD]LYL SROMD ]DYLVH RG 9DãHJ SURJUDPD NRMHJ
NRULVWLWH1DVOLFLMHSULND]DQUH]XOWDWJRUHQDYHGHQHSURFHGXUH

710
6DYUHPHQH¿QDQVLMHLUDþXQRYRGVWYRXNRQWHNVWXUHIRUPVNLK

6OLND3RUXNDRQHJDWLYQRMPDUåL


,]YRUSURJUDPÄEH&OHYHQ³

1D VOLþDQ QDþLQ VH PRJX LVSURJUDPLUDWL L PQRJH GUXJH VWYDUL SRSXW NRQWUROH
SRGDWDND R NXSFX XNROLNR QLMH XQHãHQ ,' LOL 3'9 EURM LOL DGUHVD NXSFD  LOL
XNROLNRMHGDWXPUDþXQL]SURãORJPMHVHFDD3'9SULMDYD]DNOMXþHQDLOLXNROLNR
MH URN SODüDQMD GXåL RG ]DNRQVNRJ LOL QLMH QLNDNR XQHãHQ LOL XNROLNR VH QD
UDþXQX SRMDYOMXMX GYD LVWD DUWLNOD LOL QLMH XSLVDQ EURM ¿VNDOQRJ UDþXQD  LOL EURM
RWSUHPQLFH XNROLNR QLMH XSLVDQ EURM UDGQRJ QDORJD LOL VYH RQH GUXJH VLWXDFLMH
L]SUDNVHNRMH9DPVHGHVHOMXGVNRPJUHãNRP.RGNUHLUDQMDRYDNYLKNRQWURODL
SRPRüLSRWUHEQHVXVDPRLGHMHRQHWHãNRPRJXSURLVWHüLL]JODYHSURJUDPHUDMHU
VHRQLVYDNRGQHYQRQHEDYHUDþXQRYRGVWYRP2YHLGHMHWUHEDMXSURLVWHüLL]JODYH
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