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E s2 130325001147 Phpapp01 PDF
E s2 130325001147 Phpapp01 PDF
Classification of E.S
Classification based on
Classification based on the
Hardware and
Function
software Complexity
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Real Sophis
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Time ticated
embedded catio System Scale E.S scale
E.S E.S
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Classification based on the Function
• Standalone E.S – It is built using a specialized
communication processor, memory a number
of network access interfaces and special
software that implements logic for sending
information from one device to another
decice.
• Real Time E.S – It monitors the
Purpose of E.S
• E.S are small, fast and very powerful tools.
• An E.S is a micro-processor based system that is built to
control a function or range of functions .
• E.S is designed to perform one or a few dedicated or
specific functions but with choices and different options.
• E.S are often required to provide Real-Time response.
• A Real-Time is defined as a system whose correctness
depends on the timeliness of its response. Example –
flight control system of an aircraft, sensor system in
nuclear reactors and power plants.
Why do we need E.S
• General purpose computers like PC’s would be too costly
for the majority of products that incorporate some form of
E.S technology.
• General purpose computers might fail to meet a number of
functional or performance requirements such as
constraints in power-consumption, size limitation etc.
• In todays digital world the life totally depends on at least
one piece of equipment which contains processor like a
phone, television, washing machine etc.
• The power requirement of E.S like cell phone , cameras are
very less as compared to the other general purpose
computer system.
Application of E.S
Some applications of E.S are as follows:
Automobile Sector:
E.S is widely used in automobile industries not only in the
development of automobiles but also in vehicles for achieving various
automated operations.
Automobile sector uses the embedded system in the following:
Anti-lock braking system(ABS)
Electronic Stability Control (ESC/ESP)
Traction Control (TCS)
Automatic Four-Wheel Drive
Fuel Injecton Control
Air bags and Automatic braking
Car Entertainment systems
• Telecommunication- This industry utilizes
numerous embedded systems from telephone
switches for the network to mobile phones at the
enduser.
• Telecom industry uses the E.S in the following:
In Telephone lines to route data
For messaging
For other multimedia features in cell phones
and other devices.
In network router and bridges
Rocket and satellite control.
Air Traffic Control.
• Aerospace and Avionics – E.S is more popular in this
field because a complex mixture of hardware,
electronics and embedded software is required to fulfill
the requirements.
• Embedded engineers confront major challenges in this
field like:
• Specially designed programs that helps to synchronize
the hardware of aero vehicles and the system software
of ATC, to take-off and landing the aero-vehicles.
• Ensuring that the complex software and hardware
interactions are right.
• Assembling components that meet specifications and
perform effectively together.
• Understanding the larger context of the embedded
software.
• Consumer Electronics: This field has benefited
a lot from embedded technologies like:
• MP3 Players
• Mobile Phones
• Digital Cameras
• Printers
Defense: The defense field also uses the E.S
services in RADARs, Guided Missile Systems,
automated guns and satellite phones.
Hardware
Processor – or the CPU is responsible for performing all
the computational and logical operations in an E.S.
Memory – It is odevice which can be used to store data in
a system. An E.S can have on-chip or off –chip memory.
There are different kinds of memory devices.
User Interface – It is a mechanism through which user can
provide certain choices to the E.S. These choices are
used by the CPU to perform a given task in certain
manner. Keypad is one of the most common UI.
Displays – These are used to provide certain
information to the user. Alphanumeric Displays
and LCD displays are widely used in embedded
device.
Input/Output: I/O peripherals provide a physical
media for Data Transfer with the external world.
Other Electrical Components: There are plenty
of other active and passive components in an
E.S. Examples Power supply, Data Converters
etc.
Software
• Control software:- It is responsible for
managing different modules of the system.
• Computation Extensive software: - It is
responsible for performing mathematical and
logical operations on the input data. The
output of this can be sent back or stored for
later use or can be used by the control
software to take certain decisions.
• Device Drivers: - These are the software
modules which control system’s peripheral.
• User Interface:- This software is responsible
for collecting user inputs and providing “User
Menu” or “System Status” to the user.
• Operating system : It is a software which
manages the different resources of a system
and provides an abstraction of the underlying
hardware to the users.
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
• Microprocessors – It is a programmable integrated
circuit that can perform any type of arithmetic or
logical operation within a fraction of second.
• It forms a vital role on a computer system.
• Microprocessor is a high speed computer with less
storage capacity within it.
• It is also called as CPU or Central Processing Unit.
• It is the heart of a computer.
• It is a complete computation engine that is fabricated
on a single chip.
• The first miroprocessor was developed by intel
Working of Microprocessor
• A microprocessor executes a collection of
machine instructions that tell the processor what
task to do.
• A microprocessor does three basic things:-
Using ALU it can perform mathematical
operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.
It can move data from one memory location to
another.
It can make decisions and jump to a new set of
instructions based on those decisions.
Microcontroller
• It is a small computer on a single integrated
circuit containing a processor core, memory and
programmable input/output peripherals.
• It is designed for personal computers or other
general purpose applications.
• They are used in automatically controlled
products and devices like automobile engine
control systems, applications etc.
• Microcontrollers are special purpose computer.
• Microcontrollers are embedded inside some
other device so that they can control the
features or actions of the product.It is also
called as “embedded controller”.
• They are dedicated to do one task and run one
specific program. The programs are stored in
ROM.
• They are low power devices ie they consume
less power.
• It has a dedicated input device and often has a
small LED or LCD display for output.
• It is often small and low cost.
Difference b/w Microprocessor and
Microcontroller
Microprocessor –
It is a general purpose device that finds its applications in
most of the electronic device.
It is a dependant unit that requires other chips for its proper
operation.
It is called as a IC which contains many useful functions.
It requires external memory devices to stored set of
instructions to carry out user defined tasks.
It main use is to read data, perform extensinve calculations on
that data, and store the results in a mass storage device or
display the results.
Example for microprocessor is 8085.
It uses the memory chips to get the data.
• Microcontroller.
It is a specific purpose device which has a specific
task for a sepecfic device.
It is an independent device that does not require any
other specific chips.
It is called as Microchip which contains the
components of microprocessor.
It has the ability to execute a stored set of
instructions to carry out user defined tasks.
It is used to control the operations of a machine
using a fixed program that is stored in Rom and does
not change over the lifetime of the system.
Example of microcontroller is 8051.
RISC AND CISC Controllers
• RISC – Reduced Instruction Set Computing
It is designed to perform a smaller number of
types of computer instructions so that it can
operate at a higher speed.
The range of instructions is 30 to 40.
It is a type of microprocessor architecture that
utilizes a small, highly-optimezed set of
instructions , rather than a more specialized set
of instructions often found in other types of
architectures.
• CISC- Complex Instruction Set Computing
Here a single instruction can execute several
low-level operations and is capable of
performing multi-step operations or
addressing modes within single instructions.
Pentium microprocessors are CISC
microprocessors.
Difference b/w RISC and CISC
• RISC –
It has lesser number of instructions.
It uses High level instructions.
Provides instruction pipelining.
Increased execution speed.
Single fixed length instruction.
Less silicon and pins are used.
Design time is reduced.
It uses Harvard Architecture.
Large number of registers are available.
• CISC
It has more number of instructions.
It rarely uses high-level instructions.
Instruction pipelining is not used.
Comparative lesser speed.
Variable length instructions.
More silicon and pins are used.
Increased design time.
Uses Von Neumann Architecture.
Limited number of general purpose registers
available.
Big Endian and Little Endian Processors
• Big Endian and Little Endian processors
describe the order in which a sequence of
bytes are stored in computer memory.
Big Endian is an order in which the most
significant value in the sequence is stored first at
the lowest storage address.
Little Endian is an order in which the least
significant value in the sequence is stored first.
Application Specific Integrated
Circuits(ASIC)
• It is designed to perform some specific function
or task.
• It is a microchip customized for a particular use
rather than for general purpose use.
• Ex- A chip designed solely to run a cell phone is
an ASIC.
• It include entire 32-bit processors , memory
blocks including ROM, RAM, EEPROM, Flash and
other large building blocks.
• ASIC is often termed as SoC (System-on-a-Chip).
ASCIsTypes
• ASCIs are categorized according to the technology used for
manufacturing them. They are:
• Full-custom- The full custom IC’S are the ASIC that cannot be
modified to suit for the different applications.
• These are entirely tailor-fitted to a particular application from
the very start.
• As its design and functionality is pre-specified by the user it is
manufactured with all the layers fully defined like off-the-shelf
general purpose IC’S.
• Semi-custom – These ASCI can be modifies partially.
• Semi-custom ASIC’S can be partly customized to serve
different functions within its general area of application.
• Semi-custom ASIC’S are designed to allow a certain degree of
• Structured or Platform ASIC –
• This belongs to a relatively new ASIC
classification.
• These are designed and produced from a
tightly defined set of design methodologies
,intellectual properties and well-characterized
silion.
• This type of ASIC is developed for shortening
the design cycle and minimizing the
development costs of the ASIC.
Programmable Logic Devices(PLD)
• It is an electronic component used to build
reconfigurable digital circuits.
• A PLD has an undefined function at the time
of manufacture.
• Before the PLD can be used in a circuit it must
be programmed that is reconfigured.
Classification of PLD
Classification of
Devices
Classification of Actuators
Throughput Evolvability
Reliability Portability
ROM RAM
ROM
• The program memory or code storage
memory of an E.S stores the program
instructions and it can be classified into
different types
• ROM(Read Only Memorty) –
It retains its contents even after the power to it
is turned off.
It is a non-volatile memory.