LEARNING OUTCOMES (CO2-PO2)

By the end of this session, the students are able

to:
 Able to estimate the major elements of civil
work
 Calculate and estimate cost/total cost for
earthwork
 Calculate and estimate cost/total cost for
concrete works, brickwork, tiling works and
formwork.
 To judge the value size or cost

 To forecast of what job or service is

expected to cost
The purpose of estimating is to:
 To provide the most realistic prediction
possible of time and cost for the project
 To determine the viability of the entire
project
 To make further decision on the proposed
project
 It gives clear picture of the expenditure for
the proposed project
 It provides a means by which actual cost
may be compared with the estimated cost
 Give a prior indication of the economic
viability of a particular project
 A decision can be made whether to
proceed the project or not
 Help establish data
 Help a new design to reduce the cost of
project , when the original design is
found uneconomical
 PRELIMINARY ESTIMATING
 An initial estimate at the earliest possible
stages.
 Based on the indication of the project
sizes or capacity, to be used in planning
stages
APPRAISAL ESTIMATING
 Should include all cost which be charged
against the project in order to provide best
estimate off anticipated total cost

PROPOSAL ESTIMATING
 Based on a conceptual design and design
study specification
APPROVED ESTIMATING
 Proposal estimates was modified due to client’s
view

PRE-TENDER ESTIMATING
 A refinement of the approved estimates based
on the definitive design work using the
information provided in the tender documents
 At this stage the estimator should reflect the
total capital cost of the project and all the
charges and fees and allowances or
contingency for the clients risk
POST CONTRACT ESTIMATING
 A further refinement of the pre tender
estimates

ACHIEVED COST
 Actual cost of the job in order to review
performance and provide data for
future project
 The five common estimating techniques are
summarized as follows
 Global – a simple estimating techniques
which based on existence of data from
similar project
 Factorial - a technique used widely on
process plants where the key components
can be easily identified and priced and all
other works are calculated as factors of
these components
 Man hour – works is estimated in total man
hours and cost in conjunction with plant
and material costs
 Unit rate - based on bill of quantities, where
the quantities if work are defined and
measured in accordance with standard
method of measurement
 Operational - based on all the constituents
operations necessary to construct the work
and estimating the labour, plant and
material cost together with the overheads
The price of an item of work is made up of
the following components:

 Cost of the material – calculate the material

required for the item of work and allow for waste
and delivery to site

 Cost of labour – this is very uncertain factor, the

output of labour varies considerably according to
place of works , weather condition, height and etc

 Cost of tools and plants – the cost should include

initial cost of machine, interest and capital cost,
the economic life span of machine, maintenance,
cost of transporting machine to site, number of
hours machine is operated in one year,
consumption of machine fuel cost, driver, foreman
unskilled workers (wages) and output of machine
1) EXCAVATION
2) SPREADING HARDCORE
3) CONCRETE WORKS
4) BRICKWORKS
5) TILING WORKS
6) FORMWORKS

* PLEASE REFER TO LABOUR & MATERIALS

CONSTANT TABLE
Estimate the cost of excavating 1 m³ soft soil if the cost of unskilled labour is RM 50 per day
and allowing 15% for profit.
Data given:

Labour time involved in excavating 1 m³ of soft soil = 1.5 hrs

Labour time involved in cart-away 1 m³ of soft soil = 1.5 hrs

Solution:
Total labour time involved=1.5 hrs + 1.5 hrs=3.0 hrs
1 day = 8 hours working
Given, labour cost = RM 50 per day
= RM 50/8 hrs
= RM 6.25 per hour

For 3.0 hours = 3.0 hours x RM 6.25/hour

= RM 18.75
Allow 15% profit margin,
= 15/100 x RM 7.50
= RM 2.8
The cost of excavating 1 m³,
= RM 18.75 + RM 2.8
= RM 21.55
Estimate the cost of excavating 1 m³ rock if the cost of unskilled labour is RM 60 per
day and allowing 15% for profit.

Data given:
Labour time involved in excavating 1 m³ of soft soil = 8.0 hrs
Labour time involved in cart-away 1 m³ of soft soil = 2.0 hrs

Solution:
Total labour time involved = 8.0 hrs + 2.0 hrs = 10.0 hrs
1 day = 8 hours working
Given, labour cost = RM 60 per day
= RM 60/8 hrs
= RM 7.5 per hour

Allow 15% profit margin, = 15%

For 10.0 hours = 10.0 hours x RM 7.5/hour X115%
= RM 86.25

The cost of excavating 1 m³ rock, = RM 86.25

Estimate the cost of excavating 1 m³ of soft soil using CAT 300, capacity 0.5 m³.
Output per hour is 8 m³

Data given:

Cost of excavator = RM 120,000.00

Interest rate = 10% per annum
Installment period = 5 years
Life span of excavator = 5 years
Diesel = RM 2.30/liter
Lubricating oil = RM 10.00/liter
Driver = RM 80/day
Unskilled labour = RM 50/day
Assume repair & maintenance = 2% per years
Assume cost of transportation to site = 1% per year
Assume excavator can work = 200 days/year & 8 hours/ day
Allow 15% profit margin
Solution:
Cost of owning excavator
Cost of excavator
Interest cost over 5 years
Repair & maintenance cost
(life span)
Cost of transportation to site
(life span)
*Cost of owning excavator over 5 years
(life span)
Therefore,
Cost of owning excavator for 1 hour
= RM 120,000.00
= RM 120,000.00 x 10/% x 5
= RM 60,000.00
= 2% x RM 120,000.00 x 5
= RM 12,000.00
= 1% x RM 120,000.00 x5
= RM 6,000.00
= RM 120,000 + RM 60,000 + RM 12,000 + RM 6,000
= RM 198,000.00
= RM 198,000
200 day x 5 years x 8 hours
= RM 24.75
Operating cost of excavation per day
Driver
Unskilled labour
Diesel (assume 36 liter/day)
Lubricating oil (assume 2 liter/day)
*Therefore, operating cost per day
*Therefore, operating cost/ hour
Cost of owning &
operating cost per hour
Output excavator per hour
*Therefore, cost of excavating 1 m³ of soft soil including 15% profit margin
= RM 80
= RM 50
= RM 2.3/liter x 36 liter
= RM 82.8
= RM 10/liter x 2 liter
= RM 20
= RM 80 + RM 50 + RM 82.8 +RM 20
= RM 232.80
= RM 232.8/8 hours
= RM 29.1
= RM 24.75 + RM 29.1
= RM 53.85/hour
= 8 m³
= RM 53.85 /hour x 1.15
8 m³
= RM 7.74 @ RM7.80
Complete the cost of laying 0.2 m thick hardcore per m2 if the
unskilled labours RM30/day and the cost of 1m³ of hardcore
delivered to site is RM20

Solution:
1m³ of H/C delivered to site = RM20.00
Cost of 1 m2 of 0.2 m thick H/C – RM20 x 1 x 1 x 0.2 = RM4.00
Allowing for 20% consolidation – RM4 x (20/100) = RM0.80
Total material cost for 1 m2 of H/C = RM4.80

Labour for spreading 1 m2 of H/C – RM30/8 x ¼ = RM0.95

Total cost of 1 m2 of H/C including laying = RM5.75

Allowing for 15% profit – RM5.75 x 1.15 = RM6.65

Estimate the cost 1 m2 of 0.25 m thick 1:2:4 concrete mix slab based on the following data:

Cement = RM 15/bag
Sand = RM 8/m³
Aggregate = RM 20/m³
Skilled labour = RM 50/person/day
Unskilled labour = RM 20/person/day
Diesel = RM 2.00/liter
Lubricating oil = RM 10.00/liter
10/7 Mixer :
- Cost of mixer = RM 15,000.00
- Interest rate = 10% per annum
- Installment period = 5 years
- Life span of mixer = 5 years
Assume repair & maintenance = 2% per years
Assume cost of transportation to site = 1% per year
Assume mixer can work = 200 days/year & 8 hours/ day
Allow = 15% profit margin
Allow = 50% shrinkage for concrete(7m³ of 1:2:4 mat)
Output of mixer per hour = 2.5 m³/hour

a. Mixing by concrete mixer

b. Mixing by manually
a. Cost of owning mixer

Cost of mixer = RM 15,000.00

Interest of mixer over 5 years = RM 15,000 x 10% x 5

= RM 7,500.00

Cost of repair & maintenance (life span 5 years) = RM 15,000 x 2% x 5

= RM 1,500.00

Cost of transportation to site (life span 5 years) = RM 15,000 x 1% x 5

= RM 750.00

*Cost of owning mixer over 5 years = RM 15,000 + RM 7,500 + RM 1,500 + RM 750

= RM 24,750.00

*Therefore, cost of owning mixer/day = RM 24,750

5 x 200
= RM 24.75
 1 Skilled labour = RM 50
4 Unskilled labour = RM 20 x 4
= RM 80
Diesel (assume 10 liter/day) = RM 2/liter x 10 liter
= RM 20
Lubricating oil (assume 1/2 liter/day) = RM 10/liter x 1/5 liter
= RM 2

*Cost of operating mixer per day = RM 50 + RM 80 + RM 20 + RM 2

= RM 152

*cost of mixing concrete per day (owning cost + operating cost)

= RM 24.75 + RM 152
= RM 176.75

But output of mixer per hour is 2.5 m³/hour

output of mixer per day = 2.5 m³/hr x 8 hr
= 20 m³
*Therefore, cost of mixing 1 m³ of concrete
= RM 176.75/20
= RM 8.85
For 1:2:4 concrete mix, assuming that 1 m³ of cement used 28 bags, 2 m³ of sand and 4 m³ of aggregates are used:

1 m³ of cement = RM 15/bag x 28 bag

= RM 420.00
2 m³ of sand = RM 8/m³ x 2
= RM 16.00
4 m³ of aggregate = RM 20/m³ x 4
= RM 80.00

*Cost for 7 m³ of concrete (material cost) = RM 420 + RM 16 + RM 80

= RM 516.00

Add for 50% shrinkage for 7 m³ of concrete(material cost)

*Total cost for 7 m³ of concrete (material cost) = RM 516 x 150%

= RM 774.00

*cost of 1 m³ of 1:2:4 concrete (material cost) = RM 774/7

= RM 110.60
Labour cost for consolidation 20/8 = RM2.5
*cost of 1 m³ of 1:2:4 concrete inclusive 15% profit margin = [cost of mixing 1 m³ + cost of material + labour] x 1.15
= [RM 8.85 + 110.60 + 2.5] x 1.15
= RM 140.30
*Therefore
cost 1 m2 of 0.25 m thick concrete slab of 1:2:4 mix inclusive 15% profit margin
= [ RM 140.30 x 1 m x 1 m x 0.25 m ]
= RM 35.10
Labour cost of mixing

lab time = 5hr / m3

Cost of mixing = RM 20/8 hr x 5hr
= RM 12.50

Therefore, cost of 1 m³ of 1:2:4 concrete inclusive 15% profit margin

= [cost of mixing 1 m³ + cost of material + Labour cost] x 1.15

= [RM 12.5 + RM110.60 +(RM20/8)] x 1.15

= RM 144.50

Therefore, cost 1 m2 of 0.25 m thick concrete slab of 1:2:4 mix inclusive 15% profit margin

= [ RM 144.5 x 1 m x 1 m x 0.25 m ]

= RM 36.20
Compute the cost of 1 m2 of half (1/2) brick wall
based on the data given below:
DATA:
Cost of engineering brick RM0.80
Size Brick 215mm x 65mm
Bed & Joint thickness 10mm
Unskilled labour RM50.00
Skilled labour RM100.00
Cement RM15/bag
Sand RM10/m3
Cost of mixing 1 m3 mortar RM23.20
Allow 15% profit
 Any
Thank You… Questions????