TOPIC: U.S DOMINANCE IN WORLD POLITICS.

Q.1: What do you mean by 9/11 attack on USA? What was US response?

Ans. On 11 September,2001 nineteen hijackers hailing from Arab countries took control of 4 American
commercial aircrafts and flew them into into important buildings in US. Terrorists attacked world trade
centre in New York and Pentagon in Washington. This attack have come to be known, 9/11. The attacks
killed 3000 persons. President George W.Bush launched, oppression and during freedom, against all those
suspected to be behind September attack. USA is very actively fighting against terrorism. USA has
resolved to end the terrorism. USA attacked on AL-QUEDA in Afghanistan. AL-QUEDA is a terrorist
org. and it is mainly dominated by Islamic Fundamentalists.

Q.2:Explain the hegemony of the US as Hard Power, Structural Power and Soft Power.

Ans. US as a hard power: the meaning of hegemony as hard power relates to the relations, pattern and
balance of military capability between states. American military dominancy today is both absolute and
relative. The US today has military capabilities that can reach any point on the prevalent accurately,
lethally and in no time, thereby crappling the opposite while its own forces are sheltered to the maximum
extend possible from the dangers of war. Morevere, America spends more on its military capability than
the next 12 powers combined. Large part of the budget is spent on technology.

US as a Structural power: The basic idea of hegemony as structural power is that an open world
economy requires a hegemony or dominant power to support its creation and existence. The hegemony
must possess both the ability and the desire to establish certain norms for order or exist sustain and globe
structure. The hegemony usually does this to its own advantage often to its relative determinant as its
competitions take advantage of the openness of the world economy without paying the cost of
maintaining its openers.

US as a Soft power: Hegemony arises when the dominant class or country can win the consent of
dominated classes by persuading. The dominant classes in a manner favourable to the ascendancy of the
dominant class. The pre-dominance of the US in the world today is based not only its military and
economic power but also its cultural presence. America is the most reductive and in this sense most
powerful culture on earth. This attidule is called soft power, that is the ability to persuade rather than
forcing. It was in the area of soft power that US proved its superiority over USSR. As the example of
BLUE JEANS in the Soviet Union clearly shows, the US was able to engineer as generational divide in
soviet society on the basis of the cultural product.

Q.3: What do you mean by 1st Gulf War?

Ans. On 2nd Aug. 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait. Immediately meeting of security council was held. UN
Security Council condemned the invasion and demanded withdrawal of Iraqi troops. The UN mandated
the liberation of Kuwait by force. A massive coalition force of 660,000 troops and 34 countries fought
against Iraq and defeated it. UN operation was called Operation Desert Storm. It is also known as 1st
Gulf War.
Q.3: Describe Indo-US Civil Nuclear Co-operation Agreement, 2008.

Ans. The Indo-US Civil Nuclear co-operation agreement consists of 22 pages and 17 articles. The
agreement will remain in force for 40 years. The purpose of the agreement is to enable full civil nuclear
energy co-operation between India and the US. This agreement would help to address the problem of
energy deficit that has emerged as one of the primary constraints on accelerating India’s growth rate. The
agreement does not hinder India’s military nuclear programme and provides for uninterrupted supply of
fuel. India-US defence co-operation received a big boost with India formalizing a mega deal with the
USA for the supply of eight long range Naval Reconnaissance aircraft. The agreement was signed on
January 1, 2009.

Q.4: Write a note on ‘Operation Infinite Reach’.

Ans. In 1998 there was bombing of the US embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania by
Al-Qaeda terrorist organization. President Clinton ordered Operation Infinite Reach in which Al-Qaeda
terrorist targets in Sudan and Afghanistan were attacked. America did not bother about the UN sanction in
this regard.

Q.5: What is ‘operation enduring freedom’?

Ans. On 11 September 2001, nineteen hijackers hailing from Arab countries took control of 4 American
commercial, aircrafts and flew them into important building in US President George W. Bush launched
operation enduring freedom against Afghanistan to curb terrorism and to crush terrorist.

Operation enduring freedom was against all those suspected to be behind September attack.