Immunity:

1. Innate, natural, nonspecific

a. Physical barriers
i. Skin
1. Keratinization of skin
2. Fatty acid
3. Commensal bacteria
ii. Mucous membrane
1. Lysozyme in tears and secretion
2. Commensals (large intestine)
3. Mucus and cilia (bronchi)
4. Acid and rapid change of PH (gut)
5. Flushing (urinary tract)
b. Cells
i. Monocytes/Macrophages
ii. Endothelial cells
iii. MAIT cells (Mucosal-associated invariant T)
iv. iNKT cells
v. γδT cells
vi. NK cells (Natural killer)
vii. ILCs (Innate lymphoid cells)
viii. DCs (Dendritic cells)
ix. Basophils
x. Eosinophils
xi. Mast cells
c. Dissolved particles
i. Complement system
ii. Acute-phase protein
iii. Cytokines
2. Specific, adaptive

Mucosa covers more surface, and thus is more important than skin.

Complement system functions:

1. Lysis
2. Chemotaxis
3. opsonization

adaptive immunity traits:

 specificity
 immunity memory

a primary response has a delay phase of almost a week, while a secondary response has a delay of 2
days.
Clonal selection: lymphocyte clones mature in generative lymphoid organs, in the absence of antigens.
Clones of mature lymphocyte specific for diverse antigens enter lymphoid tissues. Antigen-specific
clones are activated by antigens. Antigen-specific immune response occurs.

Adaptive immune responses:

1. Humoral immunity: for extracellular pathogens. (performed by B cells)

2. CMI (Cell-mediated immunity): for intracellular pathogen. (performed by T cells)

Plasma-cells are B cells producing anti-body.

B lymphocytes subsets:

a. B 1 lymphocytes
i. B1a
ii. B1b
b. B 2 lymphocytes
i. MZ
ii. FO
c. Regulatory B lymphocytes

After phagocyting an infected cell, the macrophage represents T-cells with Antigen-MHC complexes.
Then, the T-cell will produce receptors, using them to detect the similar infected cells.

T lymphocytes:

a. TH cells (CD4+)
a. T H 1 => IFN γ
b. T H 2 => IL-4
c. T H 17 => IL-17
d. T H 9 => IL-10
e. T reg => IL-9
f. T f H => IL-21
b. TC cells (CD8+)

Lymphatic organs:

a. Primary
1. Bone marrow
2. Thymus
b. Secondary
1. Adenoids
2. Spleen
3. Mucous lymphatic tissue
4. Skin lymphatic tissue

Primary lymphatic organs don’t include antigens.

Failure of immune system:

a. Hypersensitivity
b. Immunodeficiency
c. autoimmunity