Chapter 2 - Air Pollution

shafieza163@uitm.edu.
my
Course Outcome
• Distinguish and illustrate the source, impact and control
infrastructure related to air, noise, water pollution and
solid waste.
Learning Outcome
At the end of this lecture, student should be able to
discuss:
• To describe the types, sources and effect of air
pollution.
• To explain the impact of air pollutants on human &
environment.
• To determine the measurement tools of air pollutants.
• To discuss the limit of air pollutants exposure.
• To discuss the control infrastructure of air pollution.
shafieza163@uitm.edu.my
Outline
2.1 Types of air pollution (gases & particulates)
2.2 Sources of air pollution (indoor & outdoor air pollution)
2.3 Dispersion of air pollution
2.4 Effects of air pollution (human health, vegetation &
material)
2.5 Measurements of air pollution
(high volume sampler: particulate)
(glass bubbler/diffuser: gases)
2.6 Emission Standards and Air Quality Index
2.7 Control infrastructure
(particulate pollutants: centrifugal collector, bag
filter, settling chambers, electrostatic precipitators)
(gaseous pollutants: absorber, adsorber, incinerator,
condenser)
WHAT IS AIR POLLUTION?
• Is the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of
one or more air contaminants (dust, fumes, gas,
mist, odor, smoke, or vapor) in sufficient
quantities, of such characteristics, and of such
duration as to be or to threaten to be injurious to
human, plant or animal life or to property, or
which reasonably interferes with the
comfortable enjoyment of life or property.
Hi
everyone
AIR
POLLUTANTS
GASEOUS PARTICULATE
(GASEOUS & CHEMICAL
(SOLID & LIQUID STATE)
VAPOUR STATE)
SETTLEABLE
- larger particles
- 10µm diameter
SUSPENDABLE
- Smaller particles
GASEOUS
(GASEOUS & CHEMICAL VAPOUR STATE)
Gaseous pollutants such as SO2, Cl2, NOx, mercury or organic vapour are
miscible with air in all proportions.
• Some of the gaseous pollutants are generated during combustion and

others from process industries.
• Most of the gaseous pollutants containing sulphur, nitrogen and carbon.
Gaseous
Carbon Oxides
Pollutants
• Carbon Monoxide is a dangerous, poisonous
pollutant that harms our environment in many
ways. The major source of CO is incomplete
combustion of fossil fuels like coal, wood, charcoal
etc. Even exhaust from cars contains small amounts
of Carbon Monoxide.
• Carbon Dioxide is actually an essential element for
human survival because plants need it to perform
photosynthesis. However it is currently present in
our atmosphere and our surroundings, in extremely
large quantities, and this is harmful to humans.
Carbon Dioxide is mainly released due to the
burning of fossil fuels. From manufacturing
activities to running our cars to launching rockets
they all need to burn fossil fuels. This is why it is so
hard to control the emissions of CO2.
Gaseous
Carbon Oxides
Pollutants
SOURCE
Gaseous
Sulphur Oxides
Pollutants
• Major source for Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) is the
combustion of coal and petroleum products that
contain sulphur. One natural source of Sulphur
oxides is volcanic eruptions and hot springs. Other
sources are thermal power station, oil refineries
and copper industries.
• This may also get oxidized and turn to Sulphur
Trioxide (SO3). And then when reacted with
moisture or water it becomes Sulphuric Acid
(H2SO4) and precipitates on Earth as Acid Rain.
• Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) in particular is a nasty
pollutant that is very dangerous in high
concentration. In fact, these pollutants can cause
respiratory distress and lung diseases in humans.
Gaseous
Nitrous Oxides
Pollutants
• Nitrogen the most abundant gas in our atmosphere.
(78% composition in air). However, oxides of
nitrogen are a major pollutant of atmospheric
pollution. Nitrous oxides (N2O) are majorly released
by vehicle emissions. Other natural activity that
produces nitrogen oxides is lightning. When lightning
strikes dioxygen and dinitrogen combine at very high
temperatures. Common products containing oxides
of nitrogen include nitrate fertilisers. Cigarette smoke
and other fuel burning activities, such as wood
burning heaters, can be sources of oxides of
nitrogen.
• Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) is one of the most dangerous
pollutants there is. It has a red-brown color that one
often sees over traffic jams and in fumes coming out
of factories.
• To humans, it is particularly harmful as it directly
attacks our respiratory systems. It is toxic to plants
too and slows down their photosynthesis rate.
Gaseous
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Pollutants
• Organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure at
ordinary room temperature.
• VOCs include a variety of chemicals, some of which may
have short- and long-term adverse health effects.
• Concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher
indoors (up to ten times higher) than outdoors.
• VOCs are released from burning fuel such as gasoline,
wood, coal, or natural gas. They are also released from
many consumer products:
Paints and Hobby and

Cigarettes Solvents Adhesives
thinners craft supplies
Dry cleaning Wood Cleaners and Moth

Glues repellants
fluids preservatives disinfectants
Building Copy
Air fresheners materials and machines and Pesticide
furnishings printers
PARTICULATE
(SOLID & LIQUID STATE)
Particulate matter is the sum of all solid and liquid particles suspended in
air many of which are hazardous. This complex mixture includes both
organic and inorganic particles, such as dust, pollen, soot, smoke, and liquid
droplets.
These particles vary greatly in size, composition, and origin. Can only be
detected using an electron microscope.
Coarse particles
• The coarse fraction contains the larger
Particulate particles with a size ranging from 2.5 to 10 µm
Pollutants (PM10 - PM2.5).
• Produced by the mechanical break-up of larger
solid particles. The coarse fraction can include
dust from roads, agricultural processes,
uncovered soil or mining operations, as well as
non-combustible materials released when
burning fossil fuels.
Fine particles
• The fine fraction contains the smaller
ones with a size up to 2.5 µm (PM2.5).
The particles in the fine fraction which
are smaller than 0.1 µm are called
ultrafine particles.
• Ultrafine particles (up to 0.1 µm) are
formed by nucleation, which is the initial
stage in which gas becomes a particle.
These particles can grow up to a size of
1 µm either through condensation,
when additional gas condensates on
the particles, or through coagulation,
when two or more particles combine to
form a larger particle.
Particulate
Pollutants
CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTANT
air pollutant emitted directly

Primary pollutant
from a source.
forms when other pollutants

Secondary pollutant (primary pollutants) react in
the atmosphere.
Photochemical Smog Formation
Photochemical Smog Formation
• Primary pollutants
– The two major primary pollutants, nitrogen oxides and VOCs, combine
to change in sunlight in a series of chemical reactions, outlined below,
to create what are known as secondary pollutants.
• Secondary pollutants
– The secondary pollutant that causes the most concern is the ozone
that forms at ground level. While ozone is produced naturally in the
upper atmosphere, it is a dangerous substance when found at ground
level. Many other hazardous substances are also formed, such as
peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN).
• Major Sources of Photochemical Smog
– While nitrogen oxides and VOCs are produced biogenically (in nature),
there are also major anthropogenic (man-made) emissions of both.
Photochemical Smog
• Harmful Effects
– Photochemical smog can have an effect on the environment, on people’s
health and even on various materials. The main visible effect is the brown
haze that can be seen above many cities. The brown tinge is caused by very
small liquid and solid particles scattering the light.
• Plants
– Chemicals such as nitrogen oxides, ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) can
have harmful effects on plants. These substances can reduce or even stop
growth in plants by reducing photosynthesis. Ozone, even in small
quantities, can achieve this, but PAN is even more toxic to plants than ozone.
• Materials
– Ozone can damage various compounds. It can cause the cracking of rubber,
the reduction in tensile strength of textiles, fading of dyed fibres and
cracking of paint. Ozone’s potential to damage artworks and books is of
cultural importance, and some museums and libraries have taken steps to
minimize this effect.
Photochemical Smog
• Human Health
CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTANT
SOURCE OF AIR
POLLUTION
NATURAL ANTHROPOGENIC
Volcanic eruption
Mobile sources
Lightning
Forest fire - cars, buses, planes, trucks, and
Dust storm trains
Stationary sources
- power plants, oil refineries,
industrial facilities, and factories
Indoor air pollution, also known as household pollution, refers

to the chemical, biological, and physical contamination of
indoor air. It includes smoke generated from your stove, paint
smelling, pet dander and hair, secondhand smoke, dust and
fumes of Gasoline from your garage etc.
Indoor
Pollution
Indoor
Pollution
Here are some tips and best practices that you can implement to fix
indoor air pollution problem.
Air pollution dispersion – distribution of air pollution into the atmosphere.
Sunshine, rain, air temperature and wind can affect the amount of air pollution
present:
• Higher air temperatures - speed up chemical reactions in the air.
• Wind speed, atmospheric turbulence/stability, and mixing depth - affect the
dispersal and dilution of pollutants.
Dispersion refers to what happens to the pollution during and after its
introduction; understanding this may help in identifying and controlling it.
• Unstable conditions - level pollution is readily dispersed thereby reducing

ground level concentrations. Elevated emissions, however, such as those
released from a chimney, are returned more readily to ground level, leading to
higher ground level concentrations.
• Stable conditions - less atmospheric mixing and therefore higher

concentrations around ground level sources, but better dispersal rates, and
therefore lower ground level concentrations, for elevated plumes.
Factors Physical nature of effluents

that
determine Chemical nature of effluents
Dispersion
Meteorology
Location of the stack
Nature of terrain downwind from

the stack
Primary factors
affecting
transport and
dispersion of
pollutants
Atmospheric
Wind direction
stability
- the natural horizontal motion of the atmosphere

- caused by differences in pressure in the atmosphere - refers to the vertical motion of the
- air moves from high pressure areas to low pressure atmosphere
areas
- unstable atmospheric conditions result in a
- the higher the wind speed, the lower the pollutant
concentration
vertical mixing, thereby promoting dispersal
of polluted air
- wind dilutes pollutants and rapidly disperses them
throughout the immediate area
LAPSE RATES AND ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY
is the rate at which an atmospheric variable,
LAPSE RATE normally temperature in Earth's atmosphere,
changes with altitude.
• Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR)
LAPSE RATE TYPES • Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR)
• Saturated / Wet Adiabatic Lapse Rate (SALR)
Atmospheric stability determines whether or not air will rise and cause storms, sink
and cause clear skies, or essentially do nothing. Stability is dependent upon the Dry
and Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rates and the Environmental Lapse Rate.
STABILITY
• Tendency of an air parcel to move vertically following an initial dislocation (up or down).
• To determine stability, vertical motions of air parcels are assumed to be adiabatic processes.
• Rising parcels expand and cool, sinking parcels are compressed and warm.
• An Unsaturated (Dry) parcel will always rise and sink at 9.8˚C/km – known as Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate.
• When parcels rise and cool, they will become saturated (Wet). As they continue to rise, the water vapor
will condense into liquid water (cloud). So instead of cooling usually around 6˚C /km it is known as Wet
Adiabatic Lapse Rate.
• Ambient Or Environment Lapse Rate: The actual atmospheric temperature change with altitude; not only
does water content modify lapse rates, but wind, sunlight on the Earth’s surface, and geographical features
change actual lapse rates.
STABILITY
STABILITY
Superadiabatic: ELR > DALR. It indicates unstable atmosphere. Vertical motion and mixing
processes are enhanced. Dispersion of pollution plume is enhanced. Tending to rise.
Subadiabatic: ELR < DALR. It indicates stable atmosphere, vertical motion, and mixing are
suppressed. Dispersion is suppressed, and contamination is trapped. Tending to sink.
SUBADIABATIC: ELR < DALR

Stable atmosphere
Vertical motion, and mixing are
suppressed.
Dispersion is suppressed, and
contamination is trapped.
SUPER ADIABATIC: ELR > DALR

Unstable atmosphere.
Vertical motion and mixing
processes are enhanced.
Dispersion of pollution plume is
enhanced.
Air pollution emission plume:

• Flow of pollutant in the form of
vapor or smoke released into
the air.
• Plumes are of considerable
importance in the atmospheric
dispersion modelling of air
pollution.
Shapes of plumes depends upon atmospheric

stability conditions.
CHIMNEY PLUME DISPERSION
In the stable atmosphere case (producing a fanning plume), there is horizontal dispersion
at a right angle to the wind due to turbulence and diffusion. In the vertical, dispersion is
suppressed by the stability of the atmosphere, so pollution does not spread toward the
ground. This results in very low pollution concentrations at the ground.
In unstable air, the plume will whip up and down as the atmosphere mixes around
(whenever an air parcel goes up, there must be air going down someplace else to
maintain continuity, and the plume follows these air currents). This gives the plume the
appearance that it is looping around.
An inversion a loft will trap pollutants underneath it, since the stable inversion prevents
vertical dispersion. Pollution released underneath the inversion layer will fumigate the
mixed layer. Note that if the smokestack was high enough to release the pollution within
the inversion layer, the plume would fan because the plume occurs within stable air.
DISPERSION MODEL
What is an atmospheric dispersion model?
mathematical simulation of means of estimating

the physics and chemistry downwind air pollution
governing the transport, concentrations, given
dispersion and transformation information about the
of pollutants in the pollutant emissions and
atmosphere nature of the atmosphere.
DISPERSION MODEL
DISPERSION COEFFICIENT
PASQUILL STABILITY TYPES
EXAMPLE 1
S = 32
O + O = 16+16 = 32
SO2 = 32+32 = 64
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 1
At 3 km
EXAMPLE 1
75
EXAMPLE 1
STACK DESIGN
• Variations in stack height and pollutant exhaust velocity are considered to assess their influence
on the distribution of pollutant concentrations in the neighbourhood of the emitting building.
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 2
2.4 Effects of air pollution
GLOBAL ISSUES
• ozone
AGRICULTURAL &
depletion
ECOSYSTEM
• greenhouse
• crop losses
effect
• eutrophication
• biodiversity
• soil
• global
acidification
warming &
dimming
HEALTH
• respiratory system
• nervous system
• cardiovascular
• allergy
Global warming is a phenomenon of climate change characterized by

a general increase in average temperatures of the Earth, which
modifies the weather balances and ecosystems for a long time.
• Global dimming is defined as the decrease in the amounts of

solar radiation reaching the surface of the Earth. The by-
product of fossil fuels is tiny particles or pollutants which
absorb solar energy and reflect back sunlight into space.
Pollutants can affect cardiovascular health by hardening the arteries

and increase the risk of heart attack and strokes, and there is even
HUMAN HEALTH emerging evidence that air pollution may be linked to mental health
conditions and degenerative brain diseases such as Alzheimer's
disease, Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.
Acid rain is a major cause of damage to vegetation, air pollutants which

can also be harmful directly. These include sulphur dioxide and ozone.
VEGETATION Sulphur dioxide, one of the main components of acid rain, has direct
effects on vegetation.
MATERIAL The effect of air pollution on materials may be seen in terms of

discoloration, material loss, structural failing and soiling.
Units of measurement. Air quality measurement are commonly reported in terms of:
micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m³) or parts per million (ppm).
High Volume Air Samplers
High Volume Air Samplers
EXAMPLE
A clean filter is found to weigh 10.00g. After 24 hours in a hi-vol, the filter
plus dust weighs 10.10g. The air flow at the start and end of the test is 60 and
40 ft³/min, respectively. What is the particulate concentration?
EXAMPLE
Glass Bubbler
Gas is literally bubbled through the liquid, which either
reacts chemically with the gas of interest or into which the
gas is dissolved. Wet chemical techniques are then used to
measure the concentration of the gas.
Dark smoke is partially burned particles of fuel, the result of incomplete

combustion. It can be dangerous because small particles are absorbed into the
lungs. White smoke is mainly tiny water droplets, generated when vapour
released during combustion condenses in cool air. Generally, dark smoke is
clearly visible against a light sky but difficult to see at night or against a dark
background, white smoke is visible in darkness when illuminated but will be
more difficult to see against a light sky background.
Ringlemann scale
• The darker the smoke – the more pollution

• Not necessarily true – some regulations still written on the
basis of smoke density.
• Ringlemann scale – running from 0 for white or transparent
smoke to 5 for totally opaque smoke.
• The darker the smoke – the more pollution
• Not necessarily true – some regulations still written on the
basis of smoke density.
• Ringlemann scale – running from 0 for white or transparent
smoke to 5 for totally opaque smoke.
Air Quality Index

• An air quality index (AQI) is used by government agencies to communicate to
the public how polluted the air currently is or how polluted it is forecast to
become.
• As the AQI increases, an increasingly large percentage of the population is
likely to experience increasingly severe adverse health effects.
• The air quality in Malaysia is reported as the API (Air Pollutant Index)
• Four of the index's pollutant components
(i.e., carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide) are reported in
ppmv but PM10 particulate matter is reported in μg/m3.
Air Pollutant Index of Malaysia
Emission Standards
• Emission standards are the legal requirements governing air pollutants
released into the atmosphere.
• Emission standards set quantitative limits on the permissible amount of
specific air pollutants that may be released from specific sources over specific
timeframes.
• They are generally designed to achieve air quality standards and to protect
human life.
Emission Standards
Emission Standards
Emission Standards
The techniques employed to reduce or eliminate the emission into the atmosphere of
substances that can harm the environment or human health.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

SYSTEM
INDIVIDUAL AND PUBLIC

COMMITMENTS
AWARENESS PROGRAMS AND

CAMPAIGNS
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM
Particulate Pollutants Gaseous Pollutants
centrifugal
absorber
collector
bag filter adsorber
settling
incinerator
chambers
electrostatic
condenser
precipitators
Particulate Pollutants
centrifugal collector
• Cyclones are best at removing relatively coarse

particulates.
• They can routinely achieve efficiencies of 90
percent for particles larger than about 20
micrometres (μm; 20 millionths of a metre).
• By themselves, however, cyclones are not
sufficient to meet stringent air quality standards.
• They are typically used as pre-cleaners and are
followed by more efficient air-cleaning equipment
centrifugal collector
bag filter
• One of the most efficient devices for removing

suspended particulates is an assembly of fabric-
filter bags, commonly called a baghouse.
• A typical baghouse comprises an array of long,
narrow bags—each about 25 cm (10 inches) in
diameter—that are suspended upside down in a
large enclosure.
• A fabric-filter dust collector can remove very
nearly 100 percent of particles as small as 1 μm
and a significant fraction of particles as small as
0.01 μm. Fabric filters, however, offer relatively
high resistance to airflow, which leads to
substantial energy usage for the fan system.
bag filter
Operating Priciple:
• Bag filters use fabric bags to remove particles
from dust-laden gas.
• They can achieve high efficiencies for fine
particles because of the build-up of particles
on either the inside or outside surface of the
bag depending on the design.
• As dust builds up, the pressure across the bag
increases, so the filters need regular cleaning.
Usually bag filters work in tandem—one filter
is working while the other filter is being
cleaned.
• Mechanical shaking, using a reverse airflow or
a pulse of compressed air are used to dislodge
the dust from the fabric surface, which then
falls by gravity into a collection system.
settling chambers
• Simple particulate collection device using

the principle of gravity to settle the
particulate matter in a gas stream passing
through its long chamber.
• The primary requirement of such a device
would be a chamber in which the carrier gas
velocity is reduced so as to allow the
particulate matter to settle out of the
moving gas stream under the action of
gravity.
• This particulate matter is then collected at
the bottom of the chamber. The chamber is
cleaned manually to dispose the waste.
electrostatic
precipitators
• is a filtration device that removes fine

particles, like dust and smoke, from a flowing
gas using the force of an induced electrostatic
charge minimally impeding the flow of gases
through the unit.
• Electrostatic precipitators are important tools
in the process of cleaning up flue gases. They
are highly effective at reducing particle
pollution, including those particles whose
sizes approximate 1 micron (0.00004 inch) in
diameter, and some precipitators can remove
particles of 0.01 micron in diameter.
• In addition, they can handle large volumes of
gas at various temperatures and flow rates,
removing either solid particles or liquid
droplets.
Gaseous Pollutants
absorber
• Absorption involves the transfer of a

gaseous pollutant from the air into a
contacting liquid, such as water.
• The liquid must be able either to serve
as a solvent for the pollutant or to
capture it by means of a chemical
reaction.
• The absorption scrubbers are mostly
equipped with a packed bed section,
using different types of packing
materials for the transfer of the
gaseous components from the gaseous
phase into the liquid phase, or multiple
layer spraying sections using spray
nozzles for mass transfer.
Gaseous Pollutants
absorber
Gaseous Pollutants
adsorber
• Adsorption is a mass transfer process in which a

porous solid comes in contact with a liquid or
gaseous stream to selectively remove pollutants
or contaminates by depositing (adsorbing) them
onto the solid. The contaminates being removed
are referred to as the adsorbate, and the solid
doing the adsorbing is called the adsorbent.
• The most common adsorbents used in industry
are activated carbon, silica gel, activated alumina
(alumina oxide), and zeolite.
• Gas adsorption methods are used for odour
control at various types of chemical-
manufacturing and food-processing facilities, in
the recovery of a number of volatile solvents
(e.g., benzene), and in the control of VOCs at
industrial facilities.
Gaseous Pollutants
adsorber
Operating Priciple:
• Adsorption systems are configured either
as stationary bed units or as moving bed
units. In stationary bed adsorbers, the
polluted airstream enters from the top,
passes through a layer, or bed, of
activated carbon, and exits at the bottom.
In moving bed adsorbers, the activated
carbon moves slowly down through
channels by gravity as the air to be
cleaned passes through in a cross-flow
current.
Gaseous Pollutants
incinerator
• The process called incineration or combustion—

chemically, rapid oxidation—can be used to
convert VOCs and other gaseous hydrocarbon
pollutants to carbon dioxide and water.
• Incineration of VOCs and hydrocarbon fumes
usually is accomplished in a special incinerator
called an afterburner. To achieve complete
combustion, the afterburner must provide the
proper amount of turbulence and burning time,
and it must maintain a sufficiently high
temperature.
• Sufficient turbulence, or mixing, is a key factor in
combustion because it reduces the required
burning time and temperature.
• A process called direct flame incineration can be
used when the waste gas is itself a combustible
mixture and does not need the addition of air or
fuel.
Gaseous Pollutants
condenser
• Is a process used heavily throughout industry to convert a gas or vapor to liquid. Any
gas can be reduced to a liquid by sufficiently lowering the temperature (or increasing
the pressure).
• Common examples can include distillation of various hydrocarbons in refining
operations and drying of air.
• Condensation can be used to remove a pollutant from a gas stream if the dew point of
the pollutant is higher than the carrier gas (or non-pollutant gas).
Gaseous Pollutants
condenser
• Condensers work when the warmer vapor stream contacts a cooling medium. The heat
from the warm gases is transferred to the cooler medium. Then, as the warm gas
stream begins to cool, the kinetic energy of the gas is reduced. Condensation occurs
because the pollutant molecules are slowed and crowded so close together that the
attractive forces between the molecules cause them to condense into a liquid. This
phenomenon is known as the van der Waals forces.

Chapter 2 - Air Pollution

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 2 - Air Pollution

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

shafieza163@uitm.edu.

• Some of the gaseous pollutants are generated during combustion and

• Most of the gaseous pollutants containing sulphur, nitrogen and carbon.

Paints and Hobby and

Dry cleaning Wood Cleaners and Moth

CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTANT

air pollutant emitted directly

forms when other pollutants

Indoor air pollution, also known as household pollution, refers

Air pollution dispersion – distribution of air pollution into the atmosphere.

• Unstable conditions - level pollution is readily dispersed thereby reducing

• Stable conditions - less atmospheric mixing and therefore higher

Factors Physical nature of effluents

Location of the stack

Nature of terrain downwind from

- the natural horizontal motion of the atmosphere

SUBADIABATIC: ELR < DALR

SUPER ADIABATIC: ELR > DALR

Air pollution emission plume:

Shapes of plumes depends upon atmospheric

CHIMNEY PLUME DISPERSION

CHIMNEY PLUME DISPERSION

CHIMNEY PLUME DISPERSION

CHIMNEY PLUME DISPERSION

mathematical simulation of means of estimating

PASQUILL STABILITY TYPES

Global warming is a phenomenon of climate change characterized by

• Global dimming is defined as the decrease in the amounts of

Pollutants can affect cardiovascular health by hardening the arteries

Acid rain is a major cause of damage to vegetation, air pollutants which

MATERIAL The effect of air pollution on materials may be seen in terms of

High Volume Air Samplers

High Volume Air Samplers

Dark smoke is partially burned particles of fuel, the result of incomplete

• The darker the smoke – the more pollution

Air Quality Index

Air Pollutant Index of Malaysia

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

INDIVIDUAL AND PUBLIC

AWARENESS PROGRAMS AND

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM

Particulate Pollutants Gaseous Pollutants

bag filter adsorber

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM

• Cyclones are best at removing relatively coarse

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM

• One of the most efficient devices for removing

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM

• Simple particulate collection device using

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM

• is a filtration device that removes fine

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM

• Absorption involves the transfer of a

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM

• Adsorption is a mass transfer process in which a

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM

• The process called incineration or combustion—

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM