CEW541 - ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY

Week Without Wall: Chapter 4

(Week 6: 07/10/2019 – 13/10/2019)

Ir. NUR AZWA BINTI MUHAMAD BASHAR

KOMPLEKS PERDANA 6.12
04-3822801
 PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL
OUTCOMES (PEO)
Programme PEOs statement
Educational
Outcomes (PEOs)

PEO 1 Demonstrate high level of competency in civil and infrastructure engineering in line with
the needs of industrial requirements.

PEO 2 Effective communication and demonstrate good leadership quality in globalised

workplace.

PEO 3 Exhibit skills in solving complex civil engineering problems professionally with ethics.

PEO 4 Able to demonstrate entrepreneurship skills and recognise the need for lifelong
learning.
 PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (PO)

Programme
POs statement
Outcomes (POs)

Ability to acquire and apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering

PO1
fundamentals to the solution of complex civil engineering problems.

Ability to identify, formulate, research literature and analyse complex civil engineering
PO2 problems in reaching substantiated conclusions using principles of mathematics, sciences
and engineering knowledge.

Ability to design systems, components or processes for solving complex civil engineering
PO3 problems that meet specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health and
safety, cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
 COURSE OUTCOMES (CO) MAPPED
TO PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (PO)
Course Outcomes
PO1 PO2 PO3

1. Illustrate the concept of hydrological cycle, precipitation, losses,

stream flow measurement and calculation (C4)


2. Assess hydrological data using statistical and hydrologic routing

methods for design problem solving (C6)


3. Conduct urban stormwater design using Urban Storm Water

ManagementManual (MSMA, 2012) (C6) 
 CHAPTER 4

 CHAPTER 4 SURFACE RUNOFF & HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS

(CO2:PO2)

LEARNING OUTCOMES (LO):

1. Understand the rainfall-runoff relationship and components of

hydrograph (CO2-PO2)

2. Derive unit hydrograph from storm hydrograph using various

methods (Superposition and S-Hydrograph & Lagging Methods,
Synthetic Unit Hydrograph: Snyder Method and SCS method)
(CO2-PO2)
 CHAPTER 4 (KEY POINTS)

 SURFACE RUNOFF

4.1.1 : Rainfall-Runoff relationship

4.1.2 : Components of hydrograph
4.1.3 : Storm hydrograph and annual hydrograph
4.1.4 : Groundwater recession
4.1.5 : Separation techniques
 Surface Runoff

1. Direct Runoff (DR), Rainfall Excess (RE) or Effective Rainfall (ER).

2. 3 constituents: Direct precipitation over surface of the stream,

Surface runoff & Groundwater inflow or base flow.

3. Factors affecting runoff:

i. Climatic factors (Storm Characteristics, Initial Loss &
Evapotranspiration)
ii. Physiographic factors (Basin Characteristics, Infiltration
Characteristics & Channel Characteristics)

4. Runoff = Surface Runoff + Groundwater Inflow

 Components of Hydrograph

1. Rising Limb - Concentration Curve (represents increase in

discharge sue to gradual building up of storage in channels and
over catchment surface) (Qi , ti)

2. Crest Segment - Max. Flow / Peak Flow (Qpeak , tpeak)

3. Recession Limb
- From the point of inflection at the end of crest (Refer Point C,
Figure 6.1) to the commencement of natural Groundwater flow
(Refer Point D, Figure 6.1) represent the withdrawal of water
from the storage.
- The starting point of recession (point of inflection - represents the
condition of max. storage)
Components of Hydrograph
 Type of Hydrographs

1. Annual Hydrograph (3 type of different streams: Perennial,

Intermittent and Ephemeral)
2. Monthly Hydrograph
3. Seasonal Hydrograph
4. Flood or Storm Hydrograph
 Method for Base – Flow Separation

1. M1 >> Straight - Line Method **

2. M2 >> Intersection Method **
3. M3 >> Recession Curve Method **
4. M4 >> Constant Discharge Method
5. M5 >> Constant Slope Baseflow Separation Method
6. M6 >> Concave Baseflow Separation Method
7. M7 >> Master – Depletion – Curve Method

**Most commonly used methods

 CHAPTER 4 (KEY POINTS)

 HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS

4.2.1 : Unit hydrograph development

4.2.2 : Derivation of unit hydrograph
4.2.3 : Unit Hydrograph of different durations
4.2.3.1 : Superposition Method
4.2.3.2 : S-Hydrograph and Lagging methods
 Unit Hydrographs (UH) Development

Important Factors:
1. 1 cm depth of RAINFALL EXCESS over basin area.

2. Uniform distribution of rainfall over the watershed/catchment area.

3. A RAINFALL EXCESS rate is constant with time.

4. Specific duration of RAINFALL EXCESS.

Assumptions:
1. Time invariance

2. Linear Response
 Unit Hydrographs (UH) Development

Limitations:
1. Excess rain only occurs uniformly over entire basin.

2. Intensity should be constant during the entire duration.

3. Unreliable for basins exceeding about 5000 km2 or less than 2 km2.

4. Precipitation only considered from rainfall.

5. Catchment should not have unusual large storages - will affect the
linear relationship between storage and discharge.

6. UH will not give good result - if the precipitation is non-uniform.

 Commonly Used Method

1. Superposition Method
(from small to high duration: for ex.: 2 hr to 4 hr)

2. S-Hydrograph and Lagging methods

(from small to high duration: for ex.: 2 hr to 4 hr
OR from high to small duration: for ex.: 4 hr to 2 hr)
 Example (ER & DRH):
a. Textbook: K.Subramarya (4th Edition)
i. Example 6.2 (Effective Rainfall)
pg: 250 - 251

ii. Example 6.3 (Effective Rainfall)

pg: 250 – 252

iii. Example 6.4 (DRH)

pg: 254 – 255

iv. Example 6.4 (DRH)

pg: 254 – 255

v. Example 6.5 (DRH)

pg: 255 – 256

vi. Example 6.6 (DRH)

pg: 257 – 258

vii. Example 6.7 (DRH + BF estimation)

pg: 260 – 261
 Example (SUPERPOSITION):

a. Textbook: K.Subramarya (4th Edition)

i. Example 6.9 (Refer to Example 6.7)
pg: 263 - 264
and
pg: 260 - 261
 Example (S-CURVED):

a. Textbook: K.Subramarya (4th Edition)

i. Example 6.10
pg: 266 - 267

i. Example 6.11 (Solve Example 6.9 by the S-Curve Method)

pg: 268 - 269
 Exercise:

b. Final Exam Collections

Jun 2019 (Q2(b))
Dec 2018 (Q2(b))
Jun 2018 (Q2(b))
Jan 2018 (Q2(b))
Jun 2017 (Q2(b))
Jun 2016 (Q2(b))
Dec 2015 (Q2(b))