Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Government of Nepal
Central Level Project Implementation Unit (Building)
National Reconstruction Authority
Babar Mahal, Kathmandu, NEPAL
2076
Preface
The attempt for development of any code for seismic design in Nepal started in
Nineties following the Udayapur earthquake of 1988. Consequently the Nepal
National Building Code NBC 105 Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal was
published in 1994. Since then the seismic code has not been reviewed and updated
till the moment. In view of the development in research and technology and new
knowledge learnt from various large earthquakes in the region and other parts of the
world in last 25 years, the need for updating of the document was tremendously felt.
The Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC),
Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) had initiated the preparation for the updating
of the NBC 105: 1994 Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal, however, the process
was formally started only after the Gorkha Earthquake of 2015 April 25 and the
following aftershocks. The process of updating the NBC 105: 1994 Seismic Design
of Buildings in Nepal was started under the initiative of the Central Level Project
Implementation Unit (CLPIU) of the ADB financed Earthquake Emergency
Assistance Project (EEAP) under the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD). The
revision of the NBC 105: 1994 as the major code guiding seismic design of buildings
in Nepal is one of the important activity to be implemented under the EEAP.
This Standard is the first revision of the Nepal National Building Code 105: 1994
Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal, prepared by the Working Group of Consultants
formed by the Central Level Project Implementation Unit (CLPIU) of the Earthquake
Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) under the Ministry of Urban Development
(MoUD) and later transferred to the National Reconstruction Authority (NRA), the
Government of Nepal. This standard after due approval will supersede the earlier
1994 edition of the NBC 105 Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal.
The objective of this Standard is to provide designers with general procedures and
criteria for the structural design of buildings prevalent in the Federal Republic of
Nepal considering the seismicity in the parts of the country. This document outlines
analysis and design methodology that is applied in accordance with the established
engineering principles.
The principal modifications from the earlier version in the present revision are as
follows:
i) The performance requirements are defined precisely in terms of collapse
prevention and damage limitation; there is a further recommendation to
verify the performance requirements checking the ultimate limit state and
serviceability limit state.
ii) Non-linear methods of analysis have been introduced retaining the linear
analyses as in the earlier version.
iii) The load combinations for parallel systems and for non-parallel systems
have been revised with changes in load factors.
iv) This earthquake levels considered in this code are according to two
earthquake levels: Earthquake Level (E1) corresponding to 475 years of
return period and Earthquake Level (E2) corresponding to 2475 years of
return period.
v) The spectral shape factor for the Equivalent Static Method and for the
Modal Response Spectrum Method are different and the response spectra
are specified for four types of soil types, namely Soil Type A – stiff and
i
hard soil, Soil Type B –medium soil, Soil Type C - soft soil and Soil Type D
– very soft soil.
vi) The seismic zone map of Nepal has been revised based on the recently
carried out Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis. Accordingly, the zone
factors for major cities and municipalities have been changed; these
values present the realistic values of effective peak ground acceleration
(PGA) in each region considered.
vii) The importance classes and importance factors have been revised.
viii) The empirical formulae for determination of fundamental translation period
have been revised.
ix) The horizontal base shear coefficient will be determined separately for
ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state. These coefficients are
expressed in terms of ductility factor and over strength factor, replacing the
performance factor K in the earlier version.
x) The horizontal design spectrum for the modal response spectrum method
has been given different for ultimate limit state and for serviceability limit
state.
xi) The clauses on the parts and components of the building have been
revised.
The intent and purpose of this code is to design safe buildings so that they will suffer
no structural damage during earthquakes of moderate intensities, and without total
collapse during heavy intensities of earthquakes. This standard is basically for
seismic design of low, moderate and high rise buildings prevalent in Nepal.
The following publications related with the codes on seismic design have been
extensively referred during the drafting of this revised edition of NBC 105:
(i) IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2016 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures Part 1 General Provisions and Buildings (Sixth Revision), BIS,
Bahadur Shah Jaffar Marg, New Delhi, India 2016.
(ii) BNBC 2014 Bangladesh National Building Code
(iii) NZS 1170.5:2004 New Zealand Standard Part 5: Earthquake Actions – New
Zealand
(iv) Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (2010) Ministry of Housing and
Urban-Rural Construction of the People's Republic of China
(v) Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance – Part 1:
General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings
(vi) Building Code of Pakistan Seismic Provisions (2008) Government of
Pakistan Ministry of Housing and Works
(vii) IBC 2015 International Building Code 2015
(viii) ASCE-7-10. Minimum Design Loads for buildings and Other Structures,
American Society of Civil Engineers, USA, 2010.
The standard has been developed in a new format considering the recent
development in the research and technology as well as learning from the lessons
from the recent earthquakes. The whole document has been spread over 10
sections with 2 ANNEXES separately for ductile detailing of structural concrete and
structural steel.
ii
Building Code Revision Advisory Committee (BCRAC)
Working Committee
Prof. Dr. Prem Nath Maskey, Senior Structural Engineer (Team Leader) Member
iii
Dr. Indra Prasad Acharya , Geotechnical Engineer Member
Working Group
Prof. Dr. Prem Nath Maskey, Senior Structural Engineer (Team Leader)
International Expert
iv
Contents
1 Title, Scope, Definitions and Notations ........................................................... 1
1.1 Title.......................................................................................................... 1
v
2.5 BASIC ASSUMPTIONS ......................................................................... 14
vi
5.1.3 Amplification of Approximate Period...................................................... 27
vii
7.4 COMBINATION OF MODAL EFFECTS ................................................ 37
viii
ANNEX A: DESIGN AND DETAILING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES FOR EARTHQUAKE LOADS ........................................................ 49
1 General ............................................................................................................. 49
2 Materials ........................................................................................................... 53
ix
5 SHEAR WALLS ................................................................................................ 71
1 General ............................................................................................................. 76
2 Materials ........................................................................................................... 81
3 Connections ..................................................................................................... 82
x
5.2 Columns ................................................................................................ 85
xi
PART 1 SCOPE AND DEFINITIONS
1.1 TITLE
Nepal National Building Code NBC 105: Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal is the
title of this document. The document is the outcome of the revision of the earlier
version of NBC 105: 1994 Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal.
1.2 SCOPE
This code covers the requirements for seismic analysis and design of various
building structures to be constructed in the territory of the Federal Republic of Nepal.
This code is applicable to all buildings, low to high rise buildings, in general.
Requirements of the provisions of this standard shall be applicable to buildings made
of reinforced concrete, structural steel, steel concrete composite, timber and
masonry.
For Base-isolated buildings as well as for buildings equipped and treated with
structural control can be designed in reference with specialist literatures.
1.3 DEFINITIONS
BASE: The level at which the inertia forces developed in the building structure are
accumulated before being transferred to the ground through the foundation. It is
considered to be at the bottommost level of basement, or at the top of pile cap, or at
the top of raft, or at the top of the footing.
1
BASE SHEAR: Total design lateral force or shear force due to earthquake at the
base of a structure.
CENTER OF MASS (CM): The point in a floor through which the resultant of the
mass passes.
CRITICAL DAMPING: The damping beyond which the free vibration motion will not
be oscillatory.
DEAD LOAD: The weight of all permanent components of a building including walls,
partitions, columns, beams, floors, roofs, finishes and fixed plant and fittings that are
integral parts of the structure.
2
DIAPHRAGM: A horizontal or nearly horizontal system of structures acting to
transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements. The term "diaphragm"
includes reinforced concrete floor slabs as well as horizontal bracing systems.
ECCENTRICITY: The distance between the center of mass and center of stiffness.
EPICENTRE: The geographical point on the surface of earth vertically above the
point of origin (focus) of the earthquake.
LIVE LOAD: The load assumed or known to result from the occupancy or use of a
building and includes the loads on floors, loads on roofs other than wind, loads on
3
balustrades, and loads from movable goods, machinery, and plants that are not
integral parts of the building.
MODAL MASS: Part of the total seismic mass of the structure that is effective in a
specific mode of vibration.
SHEAR WALL: A wall designed to resist lateral forces acting in its own plane.
SOFT STORY: Story in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 per cent of the
stiffness of the story above or less than 80 percent of the average lateral stiffness of
the three stories above.
4
1.4 NOTATIONS
The following symbols and notation shall apply to the provisions of this section:
Aw Area of Web
5
ed Design eccentricity of the seismic force at a particular level
H Height from the base to the top of the main portion of the building or the
eaves of the building (m)
RC Reinforced Concrete
6
RS Ductility Factor for Serviceability Limit State
Wp Component weight
7
1.5 UNITS
Unless otherwise noted, this code uses SI units of kilograms, metres, seconds,
Pascals and Newtons (kg, m, s, Pa, N).
8
2 General Principles
The design seismic force is expressed in terms of 475 years return period
(reference return period) and the importance factor.
2.1.3 VERIFICATION:
For the verification of the performance requirements of clause, following limit
states shall be checked:
9
2.1.3.1 Ultimate Limit State Verification:
Ultimate limit states are associated with collapse or with other forms of
structural failure which might endanger the safety of people. Design for
ultimate limit state represents a procedure that ensures the probability of
collapse of a structure is at an acceptable level.
The ultimate limit state performance requirements are met when the structure
satisfies the following:
1. The structural system has the required resistance and energy dissipation
capacity;
4. Both the foundation elements and the foundation soil are able to resist the
forces resulting from the response of the superstructure without substantial
permanent deformations;
5. Non-structural systems which are essential for safe evacuation from the
structure shall continue to function;
6. The nonstructural elements do not present risks to people and does not
have a detrimental effect on the response of the structural elements.
The serviceability limit state performance requirements are met when the
structure satisfies the following:
10
2. In structures important for civil protection, the structure shall have sufficient
resistance and stiffness to remain operational so that it can perform its
function of the vital services in the event of an earthquake.
11
2.2.3 Adequate resistance and stiffness
A. In buildings, floors (including the roof) play a very important role in the
overall seismic behavior of the structure. They act as horizontal diaphragms
that collect and transmit the inertia forces to the vertical structural systems
and ensure that those systems act together in resisting the horizontal seismic
action. The action of floors as diaphragms is especially relevant in cases of
complex and non-uniform layouts of the vertical structural systems, or where
systems with different horizontal deformability characteristics are used
together (e.g. in dual or mixed systems).
B. Floor systems and the roof should be provided with in-plane stiffness and
resistance and with effective connection to the vertical structural systems.
Particular care should be taken in cases of non-compact or very elongated in-
plan shapes and in cases of large floor openings, especially if the latter are
located in the vicinity of the main vertical structural elements, thus hindering
such effective connection between the vertical and horizontal elements.
12
changes in stiffness or offsets of vertical elements above and below the
diaphragm.
D. The diaphragm may be taken as being rigid, if, when it is modeled with its
actual in-plane flexibility, its horizontal displacements nowhere exceed those
resulting from the rigid diaphragm assumption by more than 10% of the
corresponding absolute horizontal displacements under seismic forces.
A. With regard to the seismic action, the design and construction of the
foundations and their connection to the superstructure shall ensure that the
whole building is subjected to a uniform seismic excitation.
B. For buildings with individual foundation elements (footings or piles), the use
of a foundation slab or tie-beams between these elements in both main
directions is recommended.
13
2.3.3 Soil-structure Interaction
14
live loads resulting into the largest effect in the building is taken into
consideration.
(b) The modulus of elasticity of the materials of construction, when required in
the design, will be taken as that for static analysis, unless more definite
dynamic values are available.
15
PART 2 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
3 Scope of Analysis
The structural analysis for design seismic actions shall be carried out using
any one of the following methods:
c) Non-linear Methods
For ultimate limit state (ULS), the Equivalent Static Method may be used when
at least one of the following criteria is satisfied:
ii. The natural time period of the structure is less than 0.5 secs.
iii. The structure is not categorized as irregular as per 5.5 and the height is
less than 40 m.
The Modal Response Spectrum Method may be used for all types of
structures and the structures where Equivalent Static Method is not applicable.
A three dimensional analysis shall be performed for torsionally sensitive
structures.
16
3.2.3 Elastic Time History Analysis
The elastic time history analysis may be used for all types of structures to
verify that the specific response parameters are within the limits of
acceptability assumed during design. A three dimensional analysis shall be
performed for torsionally sensitive structures.
17
Table 3-1 Effective stiffness of different components
S No. Component Flexural Stiffness Shear Stiffness
1 Beam 0.35 Ec Ig 0.40 Ec Aw
2 Columns 0.70 Ec Ig 0.40 Ec Aw
3 Wall—cracked 0.50 Ec Ig 0.40 Ec Aw
4 Wall—uncracked 0.80 Ec Ig 0.40 Ec Aw
For steel structures, the gross stiffness values shall be used.
Where seismic load effect is combined with other load effects, the following
load combination shall be adopted.
1.2DL + 1.5LL
DL + λLL + E ……………………………….……………………. (3.6.1)
Where, λ = 0.6 for storage facilities
= 0.3 for other usage
1.2DL + 1.5LL
DL + λLL + (Ex + 0.3Ey)
DL + λLL + (0.3Ex + Ey) ……………………………………….. (3.6.2)
Where, λ = 0.6 for storage facilities
= 0.3 for other usage
18
4 Seismic Hazard
Where,
The Spectral Shape Factor, Ch(T) for the relevant soil type shall be obtained
either from Figure 4-1 and Figure 4-2, or calculated by equation 4.1(2) using
the parameters specified in Table 4.1. The spectral shape factor functions
given in Figure 4-1(a) shall be used for Equivalent Static Method and those in
Figure 4-1(b) shall be used for Modal Response Spectrum Method and
Nonlinear Time History Analysis.
⎧ 1 + ( − 1) × <
⎪
( )= ≤ ≤ …4.1(2)
⎨
⎪ + (1 − ) ≤ ≤6
⎩
Where,
α - peak spectral acceleration normalized by PGA
Ta and Tc - the lower and upper periods of the flat part of the spectrum
K – Coefficient that controls the descending branch of the spectrum
20
4.1.3 Site Subsoil Category
The site subsoil class shall be determined as one of the Soil Types from
4.1.3.1 to 4.1.3.4:
Such sites will have typically a low amplitude natural period less than
0.2 s.
Sites where the depth of soil does not exceed those stipulated in Table
4-2 and Table 4-3.
Such sites will have typically a low amplitude natural period less than
0.6 s.
21
Table 4-2: Cohesive Soils
Soft 12.5 - 25 20
Firm 25 - 50 25
Stiff 50 - 100 40
Loose 4 - 10 40
Medium Dense 10 - 30 45
Dense 30 - 50 55
Such sites will have typically a low amplitude natural period greater
than 1.0 sec.
Sites located inside Kathmandu valley shall be obtained from Table 4-4.
22
Table 4-4: Type D Soil sites
S. No. Municipalities
1 Kathmandu
2 Lalitpur
3 Bhaktapur
4 Madhyapur Thimi
5 Kageshori Manohara
6 Tokha
Table 4-5: Seismic Zoning factors for selected cities and municipalities
Cities/Municipalities PGA Cities/Municipalities PGA
Baglung 0.3 Janakpur 0.3
Beni 0.3 Jomsom 0.25
Besishar 0.3 Jumla 0.3
Bharatpur 0.4 Kalaiya 0.3
Bhimdatta 0.3 Kamalamai 0.4
Bhimeshwar 0.3 Kapilbastu 0.3
Bhojpur 0.35 Kathmandu 0.35
Bidur 0.3 Khalanga 0.3
Biratnagar 0.3 Khandbari 0.3
Birendranagar 0.35 Kusma 0.3
Birgunj 0.3 Lahan 0.3
Butwal 0.3 Libang 0.35
Chainpur 0.3 Malangwa 0.3
Chame 0.25 Mangalsen 0.35
Chautara 0.3 Manma 0.3
Dadheldhura 0.35 Manthali 0.3
Dailekh 0.35 Martadi 0.3
Damak 0.3 Musikot 0.3
Damauli 0.35 Myanglung 0.35
Darchula 0.3 Nepalgunj 0.4
Dasharathchand 0.35 Okhaldhunga 0.35
Dhading 0.3 Phidim 0.35
23
Dhangadhi 0.4 Pokhara 0.3
Dhankuta 0.4 Pyuthan 0.35
Dharan 0.3 Rajbiraj 0.3
Dhulikhel 0.35 Ramgram 0.4
Dhunche 0.3 Salleri 0.3
Diktel 0.35 Salyan 0.35
Dipayal 0.35 Sandhikharka 0.35
Dunai 0.25 Simikot 0.25
Gamgadhi 0.25 Tamghas 0.35
Gaur 0.3 Tansen 0.35
Gorkha 0.3 Taplejung 0.3
Gulariya 0.4 Triyuga 0.4
Hetauda 0.4 Tulsipur 0.4
Ilam 0.4 Waling 0.35
Jaleshwor 0.3
24
Figure 4-3: Seismic Zoning Map of Nepal
23
4.1.5 Importance Classes and Importance Factor (I)
Structures are categorized into three Importance classes depending on the
consequences of their loss of function. The importance classes are
characterized by an important factor, I.
24
4.3 ELASTIC SITE SPECTRA FOR VERTICAL LOADING
The elastic site spectra for vertical loading Cv(Tv) shall be given by:
Cv(Tv) = 2/3 Z……………………………………………………………..4.3(1)
e) In Base-Isolated Structures.
25
5 Dynamic Characteristics of Structures
2. Empirical Equations
∑
=2 ∑ ( )
………………………………………………5.1(1)
Where
di = elastic horizontal displacement of center of mass at level i,
ignoring the effects of torsion.
Fi = lateral force acting at level i
g= acceleration due to gravity
i= level under consideration
n= number of levels in the structure
Wi = seismic weight at level i
26
T1 = kt H ¾ ………………………………………………………………….5.1(2)
Where, kt
Where,
The seismic weight at each level, Wi, shall be taken as the sum of the dead
loads and the factored seismic live loads between the mid-heights of adjacent
stories.
Storage 0.60
Roof Nil
27
5.3 DUCTILITY FACTOR
28
Dual Systems
14 Steel Eccentrically Braced Frame 4 1.5 1.25
15 Steel + RC Composite Eccentrically Braced Frame 4 1.5 1.25
16 Steel Concentric Braced Frame 3.5 1.4 1.2
17 Steel + RC Composite Concentric Braced Frame 3.5 1.4 1.2
18 Steel Buckling Restraint Braces 4 1.5 1.25
19 RC Shear wall 3.5 1.4 1.2
20 Steel + RC Composite Shear Wall 3.5 1.4 1.2
21 Reinforced Masonry Shear wall 2.5 1.2 1.1
Structures with simple and regular configurations suffer much less damage
during a large earthquake. Irregular structures on the other hand suffer heavy
damage during a large earthquake. Therefore, efforts shall be made to make
the structure as regular as possible. Any structure is considered irregular if
any of the clauses. 5.5.1 to 5.5.2 are applicable.
29
5.5.1.4 In-Plane Discontinuity in Vertical Lateral Force Resisting Element
Irregularity
It shall be considered to exist where there is an in-plane offset of a vertical
seismic force-resisting element resulting in overturning demands on
supporting structural elements (Figure 5-1).
30
Figure 5-2: Torsion Irregularity
31
Figure 5-4: Diaphragm Discontinuity
32
5.6.1.2 Serviceability limit state
The design horizontal deflection for serviceability limit state shall be taken as
equal to the horizontal deflections calculated either by Equivalent Static
Method or Modal Response Spectrum Methods.
33
6 Equivalent Static Method
Where,
C (T1) = Elastic Site Spectra as per 4.1.1
Rµ = Ductility Factor as per 5.3
u = Over strength Factor for ULS as per 5.4
( )
C ( )= …………………………………………………..6.1(2)
Where,
Cs(T1) = Elastic Site Spectra determined for Serviceability Limit State as per
4.2
V = Cd (T1) W ……………………………………………………………….6.2(1)
Where,
34
6.3 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SEISMIC FORCES
The lateral seismic force (Fi) induced at each level ‘i’ shall be calculated as:
F =∑ x V ……………………………………………….……6.3(1)
Where,
for structure having period between 0.5 sec and 2.5 sec, k shall
be determined by linear interpolation between 1 and 2.
35
7 Modal Response Spectrum Method
For the ultimate limit state, the horizontal base shear co-efficient for each
mode, Cd(Ti), shall as given by:
( )
C ( )= ………………………………………………………7.1(1)
µ
Where,
∑ ∅
=
∑ ∅
where,
wj = portion of gravity load at story level j
ji = mode shape coefficient at floor j in mode i
36
7.3 NUMBER OF MODES TO BE CONSIDERED
A sufficient number of modes shall be included in the analysis to include at least
90% of the total seismic mass in the direction under consideration.
All modes that are not part of the horizontal load resisting systems shall be
ignored in modal combination
The modal combination shall be carried out only for modes with natural frequency
less than 33 Hz; the effect of modes with natural frequencies more than 33 Hz
shall be included by the missing mass correction procedure following established
principles of structural dynamics.
37
8 Elastic Time History Analysis
8.1.1.1 Modeling
Three dimensional models of the structure shall be required for carrying out
the analysis. The analysis consists of an analysis of a linear mathematical
model of the structure to obtain various response quantities employing the
methods of numerical integration based on ground motion acceleration
histories compatible with the design response spectrum for the site.
8.1.1.4 Torsion
Inherent eccentricity arising due to offset in center of mass from the center of
rigidity at each level shall be included in the analysis.
8.1.1.5 Damping
Linear viscous damping shall not exceed 5%.
38
considered number of ground motions shall be used for evaluation of
response quantities.
39
9 Non-linear Static and Dynamic Analysis
9.1 GENERAL
A Non-linear analysis shall consist of an analysis of a mathematical model of the
structure that accounts for the strength of the materials and their post-elastic
behavior.
40
terms of the displacement of an equivalent single degree of freedom system.
Target displacement can be determined using N2 Method or any other
method established in literature.
9.3.1.1 Modeling
Three dimensional models of the structure shall be required for carrying out
the analysis. The structural model shall include the post elastic hysteretic
behavior of elements and shall account for all the significant yield, strength
degradation, stiffness degradation and hysteretic pinching.
9.3.1.4 Torsion
Inherent eccentricity arising due to offset in center of mass from the center of
rigidity at each level shall be included in the analysis.
9.3.1.5 Damping
Hysteretic energy dissipation of structural elements shall be included in the
analysis as well.
41
9.3.1.6 Below grade Structure elements
For structures having structures below grade such as basements, the
structural model shall extend to the foundation level and ground motions shall
be applied at the foundation level.
a) The elastic site spectra C(T) given in clause 4.2.1 divided by the ULS
Overstrength factor (u) shall be used as the target spectrum for
scaling the ground motions.
b) The selected ground motions shall be scaled to match the target
spectrum between periods Tn and √RµxT1, where T1 is the
fundamental period of vibration of the structure, Tn is the period of the
highest vibration mode to ensure 90% mass participation and Rµ is the
ULS ductility factor as per 5.3.1.
c) The Scaling factor for all ground motions shall be between 0.33 and 3.
Where a selected ground motion does not match this criteria, it shall be
discarded and a new ground motion shall be selected.
d) For 3D analyses, scaling factor for both orthogonal motions shall be
determined and the lower value shall be used to scale both
42
components of the ground motion pair. Obviously, only one of the two
scaled motions will match the target spectra and the other will be
smaller.
b) For 3D analyses, the two ground motion components of each pair shall be
applied in orthogonal directions along the principal axes of the building
structure.
a) Shall not be greater than the step at which the records are digitized
b) Shall be less than or equal to:
T1/100
Tn
0.01s
Where
T1 = the fundamental translational period in the direction under
consideration
43
9.3.3.1 Inter story drifts
The inter-story drift shall not exceed the limits given in clause 5.6.
44
10 Parts and Components
10.1 GENERAL
This section specifies the minimum design requirements for non-structural
components of architectural, mechanical and electrical systems, their support
and connections.
All elements, components or equipment shall be positively connected to the
structure to resist the specified seismic loads. Where friction due to gravity is
used to provide the required resistance to horizontal seismic forces, a friction
reduction factor of 0.5 shall be used in calculating the frictional resistance.
If the weight of the non-structural component is more than 25% of the seismic
weight of the building, provisions of this section shall not be used.
F =Z 1+ I W ……………………………………..10.3(1)
Where,
45
Wp = Component weight
hp = height of attachment of the component
H = Total height of structure
46
10.3.3 Component Importance Factor
All parts and components shall be assigned to appropriate importance class
as stipulated in Table 10-3:
c) The seismic weight of containers and the like shall include the weight of
the contents.
47
f) The non-structural component that significantly affects the structural
response of the building should be treated as structural and relevant
provisions for design of the structure should be applied.
48
ANNEX A: DESIGN AND DETAILING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES FOR EARTHQUAKE LOADS
1 General
This section covers the requirements for designing and detailing of members of
reinforced concrete (RC) structures designed to resist lateral effects of earthquake
shaking, so as to give them adequate stiffness, strength and ductility to resist severe
earthquake shaking without collapse. This standard addresses lateral load resisting
structural systems of RC structures composed of,
1.1 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply.
Beams: These are members (generally horizontal) of moment resisting frames
which are subjected to flexural and shear actions.
Boundary Elements: These are portions along the ends of a structural wall that are
strengthened and confined by longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. They may
have the same thickness as that of the wall web.
Columns: These are members (generally vertical) of moment resisting frames which
are subjected to a combination of axial, flexural and shear actions.
Concrete Cover: It is the concrete around the perimeter of the cross-section which
is not confined by transverse reinforcement.
49
Transverse Reinforcement: It is a continuous bar profile bent in square,
rectangular, triangular or trapezoidal shape, which may also include straight cross
ties. It ends with a 135° hook with an extension of 6 times diameter (but not < 65
mm) at one end and a hook not less than 90° with an extension of 6 times diameter
(but not < 65 mm) at the other end. The hooks shall engage a number of peripheral
longitudinal bars. In general, the 90° hooks of two successive crossties engaging the
same longitudinal bars shall be alternated end for end. Transverse reinforcement is
also called hoops and/or stirrups.
Gravity Columns in Buildings: It is a column, which is not part of the lateral load
resisting system and designed only for actions (i.e., axial force, shear force and
bending moments) due to gravity loads. But, it should be able to resist the gravity
loads at lateral displacement imposed by the earthquake forces.
Lateral Force Resisting System: It is that part of the structural system which
participates in resisting forces induced by earthquake.
1.2 NOTATIONS
For the purpose of this standard, the following letter notations shall have the
meaning indicated against each; where other notations are used, they are explained
at the appropriate place.
Ae Effective cross sectional area of a joint
Aej Effective shear area of a joint
Ag Gross cross-sectional area of column, wall
Ah Horizontal shear reinforcement in walls
Acc Area of concrete core of column
Asd Reinforcement along each diagonal of coupling beam
Ash Area of cross section of bar forming spiral or link
Atr Area of transverse reinforcement
Av Vertical reinforcement in a joint
bb Width of beam
Bc, bc Width of column
bj Effective width of a joint
D Overall depth of beam
Dk Diameter of column core measured to the outside of transverse
50
reinforcement
d Effective depth of member
db Diameter of longitudinal bar
dw Effective depth of wall section
Es Elastic modulus of steel
fck Characteristic compressive strength of concrete cube
fy Yield stress of steel reinforcing bars, or 0.2 percent proof strength of
reinforcing steel whose yield point is not obvious
h Longer dimension of rectangular confining link measured to its outer face
hc Depth of column
hj Effective depth of a joint
hst Clear story height
hw Overall height of RC structural wall
LAB Clear span of beam
Ld Development length of bar in tension
lo Length of member over which special confining reinforcement is to be
provided
Lw Horizontal length of wall/longer cross- section dimension of wall
Ls Clear span of couplings beam
Mu Design moment of resistance of entire RC beam, column or wall section
Mct Design moment of resistance of top column at a joint
Mcb Design moment of resistance of bottom column at a joint
Mbl Design moment of resistance of left beam at a joint
Mbr Design moment of resistance of right beam at a joint
MuAh Hogging (negative) design moment of resistance of beam AB at end A
MuAs Sagging (positive) design moment of resistance of beam AB at end A
MuBh Hogging (negative) design moment of resistance of beam AB at end B
MuBs Sagging (positive) design moment of resistance of beam AB at end B
MuBL Design moment of resistance of beam framing into column from left
MuBR Design moment of resistance of beam framing into column from right
Muw Design moment of resistance of web of RC structural wall alone
Pu Factored axial load
sv Spacing of transverse reinforcement along the length of a beam or column
tw Thickness of the web of RC structural wall
Vu,aD+L Factored shear force demand at end A of beam AB due to dead and live
loads
51
Vu,bD+L Factored shear force demand at end B of beam AB due to dead and live
loads
Vj Design shear resistance of a joint
Vu Factored shear force
Vus Design shear resistance offered at a section by transverse reinforcement
α Inclination of diagonal reinforcement in coupling beam
ρ Area of longitudinal reinforcement as a fraction of effective area of cross-
section in a RC beam, column or structural wall
ρc Area of longitudinal reinforcement on the compression face of a beam as a
fraction of effective area of cross-section
ρmax Maximum area of longitudinal reinforcement permitted on the tension face of
a beam as a fraction of effective area of cross-section
ρmin Minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement permitted on the tension face of
a beam as a fraction of effective area of cross-section
τc Design shear strength of concrete
c, max Maximum nominal shear stress permitted at a section of RC beam, column
or structural wall
v Nominal shear stress at a section of RC beam, column or structural wall
1.3 UNITS
All dimensions are in millimeter, loads in Newton and stresses in MPa, unless
otherwise specified.
52
2 Materials
53
3 Location of Plastic Hinges
In moment resisting frames, the plastic hinges shall be normally located at the ends
of the beam member. Such reversing plastic hinges yield in both sagging in hogging
actions. In frames where gravity actions are significant in comparison to the seismic
actions, unidirectional plastic hinges in beams may also form away from the column
faces.
In shear wall structures, the plastic hinges shall be primarily located at the base of
the wall.
54
4 Moment Resisting Frames
4.1 BEAMS
Requirements of this section shall apply to beams resisting earthquake-induced
effects, in which the factored axial compressive stress does not exceed 0.08fck.
Beams, in which the factored axial compressive stress exceeds 0.08fck, shall be
designed as per requirements of 4.2.
c) Maximum longitudinal steel ratio ρmax provided on any face at any section is
0.025.
d) Longitudinal steel on bottom face of a beam framing into a column (at the face
of the column) shall be at least half the steel on its top face at the same
section. At exterior joints, the anchorage length calculation shall consider this
bottom steel to be tension steel.
e) Longitudinal steel in beams at any section on top or bottom face shall be at
least 1/4th of longitudinal steel provided at the top face of the beam at the
face of the column; when the top longitudinal steel in the beam at the two
supporting column faces is different, the larger of the two shall be considered.
56
( )
V , =V , − 1.4 ……………………………4.1.3.1
( )
V , =V , + 1.4 …………………….………4.1.3.2
( )
V , =V , − 1.4 ……………………………4.1.3.3
( )
V , =V , + 1.4 ……………………………4.1.3.4
Where MuAs, MuAh, MuBs & MuBh are sagging and hogging moments of
resistance of the beam section at ends A and B, respectively. LAB is clear
span of the beam. Vu,aD+L and Vu,bD+L are the factored shear forces at ends A
and B respectively, due to vertical loads acting on the span with load
combination factors of 1 for dead load and 0.5 for live load . The beam shall
be considered to be simply supported for this derivation.
The design shear force demand at end A of the beam shall be the larger of
the two values of Vu,a computed above. Similarly, the design shear force
demand at end B shall be the larger of the two values of Vu,b computed above.
f) Closely spaced links shall be provided over a length equal to 2d on either side
of a section where flexural yielding may occur under earthquake effects. Over
the remaining length of the beam, vertical links shall be provided at a spacing
not exceeding d/2.
g) Spacing of links over a length of 2d at either end of a beam shall not exceed
the minimum of (d/4; 8db; 100 mm); however, it need not be less than 100mm.
57
Figure 4-2 Calculation of Shear force demand in beams
h) The first link shall be at a distance not exceeding 50 mm from the joint face.
4.2 COLUMNS
Requirements of this section shall apply to columns resisting earthquake-induced
effects, in which the factored axial compressive stress due to gravity and earthquake
effects exceeds 0.08fck.
58
4.2.1 Dimensional Limits
a) The minimum dimension of a column shall not be less than 20 db, where db is
diameter of the largest diameter of longitudinal reinforcement bar in the beam
passing through or anchoring into the column at the joint.
b) The minimum dimension of column shall be 300 mm.
60
Figure 4-5 Details of transverse reinforcement arrangement in columns
. ( )
V = ……………………….………………4.2.3.1
. ( )
V = ……………………….………………4.2.3.1
61
Where MuAs, MuAh , MuBs and MuBh are design sagging and hogging
moments of resistance of beams framing into the column on opposite
faces A and B, respectively, with one hogging moment and the other
sagging (see Fig. 4-6); and hst the story height.
a) The special confining reinforcement shall be provided over a length lo from the
face of the joint towards mid heights of columns on either side of the joint or at
section where flexural yielding is likely to occur. The required length lo
calculated as follows:
= ; 6 ; 450 ………………………………………4.3.1
Where,
= 1 ;6 ; 100
4
Where,
62
Bc = Smallest cross sectional dimension of column
c) The area, Ash, of cross section of the bar forming links/hoops or spiral shall be
at least:
i. For circular links/hoops or spirals:
0.09 −1
= …………………………..4.3.2
0.024
Where
0.18 ℎ −1
= …………………………..4.3.3
0.05 ℎ
Where,
63
h = longer dimension of rectangular link/hoop measured to its outer
face, which does not exceed 300 mm (see Fig 4-5), and
64
Figure 4-8 Confining reinforcement requirement in foundation
1.5
= 1.2 ℎ …4.4.1.1
1.0 ℎ
where
The effective width of joint bj (see Fig. 4-9) shall be obtained from following:
( ; )
65
Where
bb = width of beam
bc = width of column
Where,
66
4.4.1.3 Transverse Reinforcement in Joints
a) When Vjc > Vjh
= ……………………..…………………..……….4.4.1.3
= ……………………..…………………..……….4.4.2(a)
.
but ,
≮ − ….…..………………..…..…….4.4.2(b)
Where
If the requirements for ldh cannot be satisfied in the exterior beam-column joint, the
beam can be extended horizontally in the form of exterior stubs (see figure 4-11)
68
Table 4.3: /∅ values for fully stressed bars in tension
∑
∑
> 1.2 ……………………………………………………4.4.4
Where,
69
b) Lap splices shall be provided only in the central half of clear column height
c) Not more than 50 percent of area of steel bars shall be spliced at any one
section.
d) Closed links/stirrups/hoops shall be provided over the entire length of the
beam/column over which the longitudinal bars are spliced.
e) The lap length shall not be less than the development length of the largest
longitudinal reinforcement bar in tension.
g) The required area of transverse reinforcement Atr within the lap zone of the
longitudinal reinforcement of columns as well as beams spliced at the same
location shall be calculated as follows:
= ……………………………………………4.5.1
where
Atr = area of one leg of the transverse reinforcement
dbl = diameter of the spliced bar
s = Spacing of the transverse reinforcement
fyl = yield strength of the longitudinal reinforcement;
fyw = yield strength of the transverse reinforcement
70
5 SHEAR WALLS
= ………………………………………………………….……………5.2.1
Where
71
tw = thickness of the web,
. ( . )
= ………………………………………………..5.2.2
Where,
.
= . , Whichever is greater
1
pt = percentage of vertical reinforcement
, = 0.62 …………………………………………………………..5.2.3
4. If τv > τc,max the wall section shall be re-designed. If τv < τc,max, horizontal shear
reinforcement shall be provided, whose area Ah is given by:
= ……………………………………………………….………..5.2.4
.
However, the calculated reinforcement shall not be less than the minimum
area specified in clause 5.1 (4).
Boundary elements are portions along the wall edges that are strengthened
by longitudinal and transverse reinforcement even if they have the same
thickness as that of the wall web.
1. Boundary elements shall be provided in two opposite sides of walls, when the
extreme fiber compressive stress in the wall occurs.
72
2. The length of boundary zone in each side shall be the maximum of 2 times
the wall thickness and 0.2 times the wall length.
3. A boundary element shall have adequate axial load carrying capacity,
assuming short column action, so as to enable it to carry axial compression
arising from factored gravity load and lateral seismic shaking effects. The
axial compression arising from lateral seismic effects may be calculated as:
……….…………………………………………………….………..5.3.3
Where,
4. The vertical reinforcement in the boundary elements shall not be less than 0.8
percent and not greater than 6 percent; the practical upper limit would be 4
percent to avoid congestion.
5. Boundary elements, where required shall be provided with special confining
reinforcement as per clause 4.3.
73
The entire earthquake-induced shear, bending moment and axial compression
shall be resisted by diagonal reinforcement alone. Here,
D = overall depth
= ………………………………………………….5.5.2(b)
.
Where Vu is factored shear force on the coupling beam and α is the angle
made by diagonal reinforcement with the horizontal.
3. The diagonal of a coupling beam shall be anchored in the adjacent walls with
an anchorage length of 1.5 times the development length in tension (see Fig.
5-1).
a) The area of these vertical and horizontal steel should be equal to that of the
respective interrupted bars, provided half on either side of the wall in each
direction.
b) These vertical bars should extend for full height of the story in which this
opening is present.
74
Figure 5-1 Coupling beams with diagonal reinforcement
.
≥ − ……………………………………………………5.7
Where
75
ANNEX B: DESIGN AND DETAILING OF STEEL STRUCTURES FOR
EARTHQUAKE LOADS
1 General
This section covers the requirements for design and detailing of steel structures
designed to resist the effects of earthquake forces so as to give them adequate
strength, stability and ductility to resist severe earthquakes without collapse.
Structures, which form a part of the gravity load resisting system but are not intended
to resist the lateral earthquake loads, need not satisfy the requirements of this
section, provided they can accommodate the resulting deformation without
premature failure.
The provisions of this section are applicable to buildings in general. The provisions
are applicable to following structural systems only:
1.1 DEFINITIONS
Action Effect or Load Effect: The internal force, axial, shear, bending or twisting
moment, due to external actions and temperature loads.
Action: The primary cause for stress or deformations in a structure such as dead,
live, wind, seismic or temperature loads.
76
Buckling Strength or Resistance: Force or moment, which a member can
withstand without buckling.
Compact Section: A cross-section, which can develop plastic moment, but has
inadequate plastic rotation capacity needed for formation of a plastic collapse
mechanism of the member or structure.
Gusset Plate: The plate to which the members intersecting at a joint are connected.
Main Member: A structural member, which is primarily responsible for carrying and
distributing the applied load or action.
Plastic Hinge: A yielding zone with significant inelastic rotation, which forms in a
member, when the plastic moment is reached at a section.
77
Plastic Moment: Moment capacity of a cross-section when the entire cross-section
has yielded due to bending moment.
Plastic Section: Cross-section, which can develop a plastic hinge and sustain
plastic moment over sufficient plastic rotation required for formation of plastic failure
mechanism of the member or structure.
Rotation: The change in angle at a joint between the original orientation of two
linear member and their final position under loading.
Secondary Member: Member which is provided for overall stability and/or for
restraining the main members from buckling or similar modes of failure.
Semi-compact Section: Cross-section, which can attain the yield moment, but not
the plastic moment before failure by plate buckling.
Shear Stress: The stress component acting parallel to a face, plane or cross-section.
Slenderness Ratio: The ratio of the effective length of a member to the radius of
gyration of the cross-section about the axis under consideration.
Stress: The internal force per unit area of the original cross-section,
78
Yield Stress: The characteristic stress of the material in tension before the elastic
limit of the material is exceeded.
1.2 NOTATIONS
Following symbols and notations shall apply to the provisions of this section.
d Depth of an I section
L Length of beam
r Radius of gyration
79
Rd Resistance of connection
tf Thickness of flange
tw Thickness of web
1.3 UNITS
Unless otherwise noted, this code uses SI units of kilograms, metres, seconds,
Pascals and Newtons (kg, m, s, Pa, N).
80
2 Materials
The expected yield stress can be determined from actual measurements. In absence
of any measurements, the material over-strength factor can be taken as 1.25.
81
3 Connections
≥ 1.1 ……………………………………………………………3.1
Where,
Rd = resistance of connection
d) Bolts and welds shall not be designed to share force in a joint or the same
force component in a connection.
b) Splices shall be either bolted or welded or welded to one column and bolted to
the other.
c) Splice Plates or Channels used for making web splice shall be placed on both
sides of the column web.
d) When partial-joint penetration groove weld is used, the design strength of the
joints shall be at least 200% of the required strength.
e) For welded-butt joint splices made with groove welds, weld tabs shall be
removed. Steel backing of groove welds need not be removed.
82
3.3 COLUMN BASES
a) Axial Strength
Column Bases shall be designed for column axial load calculated using the
design overstrength factor.
b) Shear Strength
(i) For diagonal braces, required shear strength shall be equal to the horizontal
component of the brace strength.
b) 1.1ϒovVp………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………3.3.1
b) 1.1ϒovMp……………………………………………………………………………….…………………………3.3.2
83
4 Location of Plastic Hinges
a) In moment resisting frames, the plastic hinges shall be primarily located at the
ends of the beam member. It is permitted to locate plastic hinges in columns
at the following locations:
iii. at the base of the frame
iv. at the top of the columns in upper story of multi-story buildings
b) In frames with concentric braces, plastic hinge shall be primarily located in the
tension diagonals. In case of V-bracings, plastic hinges are permitted to be
located in both tension and compression diagonals.
c) In frames with eccentric braces, plastic hinges shall be located in the links. It
shall be ensured that plastic hinges shall be formed in all the links
simultaneously.
84
5 Moment Resisting Frames
5.1 BEAMS
Beams shall have sufficient resistance against lateral and torsional buckling. Abrupt
changes in the beam flange area are prohibited in plastic hinge regions.
5.2 COLUMNS
Columns shall be checked for the most unfavorable combination of axial force, shear
force and bending moments. The column shall be checked for the following load
combinations:
= + 1.1 …………….……………………………….5.2.1
= + 1.1 …………….……………...……………….5.2.2
= + 1.1 …………….…………………………….5.2.3
Where,
Where,
ov = 1.25
d) The connection shall be designed for a shear force resulting from the
following load combination:
= + ……………………………………………….5.3.2
Where,
L = Length of beam
e) In column strong axis connections (beam and column web in the same plane),
the panel zone shall be checked for shear buckling. Column web doubler
plates or diagonal stiffeners may be used to strengthen the web against shear
buckling. The individual thickness of the column webs and doubler plates,
shall satisfy the following:
≥ ……………………………….………………………….5.3.3
Where,
∑
∑
≥ 1.2………………………………………………………………….5.4
Where,
87
6 Frames with Concentric Braces
4 < ≤6 …………………………………………………...6.1.1
= + 1.1 …………….……………….………………..6.2.1
= + 1.1 ……………………………………………6.2.2
Where,
89
7 Frames with Eccentric Braces
Frames with eccentric braces shall be designed in such a manner that the specific
“seismic links” are able to dissipate energy by formation of plastic bending and shear
mechanisms. Seismic Links may be horizontal or vertical.
For I sections, the following equations are used to calculate the design resistances
and limits of categories:
, = − …………….…………………………..……….7.1.1
, =
√
− …………….……………………………..…….7.1.2
Where,
If Pd/Pc 0.15, the design resistance of the link should satisfy the following
relationships at both ends of the link:
Vd Vp,link……………….……………………………………………….7.1.3
90
Md Mp,link…………………………………………………...……….....7.1.4
Where, Pd, Md, Vd are the design action effects, respectively the design axial force,
design bending moment and design shear, at both ends of the link.
If Pd/Pc > 0.15, the following reduced values of Vp,link,r and Mp,link, shall be used
instead of Vp,link and Mp,link
.
, , = , 1− …………….………………………..…….7.1.5
, , = , 1− …………….……………………………….……….7.1.6
,
≤ 1.6 , when R < 0.3 …………….……………………………….7.1.7
,
or
,
≤ (1.15 − 0.5 )1.6 , when R≥ 0.3………………………………….7.1.8
,
Where
= ( )
…………….……………………………………….7.1.9
Short Links:
,
≤ 1.6 …………….…………………………………………..…..7.1.10
,
Long Links:
,
≥3 …………….…………………………………………….….7.1.11
,
Intermediate Links:
91
, ,
1.6 < <3 …………….………………………………….…7.1.12
, ,
Short Links:
,
≤ 0.8 (1 + ) …………….…………………………………..….7.1.13
,
Long Links:
,
≥ 1.5 (1 + ) …………….………………………………….….7.1.14
,
Intermediate Links:
, ,
0.8 (1 + ) < 1.5 (1 + ) ………………...……………….7.1.15
, ,
Where,
a= ratio of the smaller bending moment at one end to the greater bending
moment at the other end.
92
Links should be provided with intermediate web stiffeners as follows:
b) Long links should be provided with one intermediate web stiffener placed at
a distance of 1.5 times bf from each end of the link;
d) Intermediate web stiffeners are not required in links of length greater than 5
Mp/Vp;
e) Intermediate web stiffeners should be full depth. For links that are less than
600 mm in depth, stiffeners are required on only one side of the link web. The
thickness of one-sided stiffeners should be not less than tw or 10 mm,
whichever is larger, and the width should be not less than (bf/2) – tw. For links
that are 600 mm in depth or greater, similar intermediate stiffeners should be
provided on both sides of the web.
Fillet welds connecting a link stiffener to the link web should have a design strength
adequate to resist a force of ovfyAst, where Ast is the area of the stiffener. The design
strength of the fillet welds fastening the stiffener to the flanges should be adequate to
resist a force of ovAstfy/4.
Lateral supports should be provided at both the top and bottom link flanges at the
ends of the link. End lateral supports of the links should have a design axial
resistance sufficient to provide lateral support for forces equal to 6% of the expected
nominal axial strength of the link flange computed as fy btf.
93
7.2 BEAMS, COLUMNS AND DIAGONAL MEMBERS
Members not containing seismic links shall be designed for axial load from the
following load combinations:
= + 1.1 …………………………………………………….7.2.1
Where,
In case of horizontal seismic links, columns and diagonal members shall be checked
for such load combination. In case of vertical seismic links, columns, beams and
diagonal members shall be checked for such load combination.
≥ 1.1 …………….……………………………………….7.3.1
94