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Tehran University of Medical Sciences
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1
Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
2
Ibn-e-Sina Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
3
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
4
Students Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Abstract
Hospitalization and medical experiences can be confusing and stressful for children, teens and
their families. It is very common for young people and their families to have many questions when
they are scheduled for surgery or hospitalization. When children are given opportunities to cope
successfully with medical experiences, they may see themselves as more capable, more in control, and
more reassured. This success often leads to a more positive sense of self, as well as a healthier regard
for medical procedures in general. Also, previous medical experiences can affect how the child will
react to hospitalization. It is important to maintain a normal routine and activities, such as playing and
schooling. Family and friend’s child should be encouraged to visit the child patient. The best way to
prepare the child for hospitalization is to prepare ourselves by understanding what will occur.
*Couresponding Author:
Masumeh Saeidi, Department of Pediatrics, Mashhad University of Medical sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Email: Masumeh_Saeedi@yahoo.com
Received date Feb 2, 2015 ; Accepted date: Feb 22, 2015
not allow all the things in a hospital room. expect ahead of time may help parents and
Making your child a part of the discussions children to feel less anxious.
related to procedures can also make him or One of the best ways for parents to prepare
her feel relaxed. Also, encourage your their child is to prepare themselves. They
child to inquire about his health and can gather information from their child’s
recovery status from the staff. A child surgeon, nurses, anesthesiologist, child life
always feels great while he is among his or specialist, and the Family Resource
her friends. Thus, calling your child’s Library.
friends to meet him or her in the hospital is
a good idea. Being hospitalized is always
scary, and children are obviously more Preparing Yourself
apprehensive about this. By your little Your child needs elective surgery and a
effort and proper planning you can surely date has been scheduled. Unlike
help your child to get rid of this emergency surgery, an elective procedure
apprehension and make his stay less isn't done as an immediate matter of life
stressful (1-11). and death. Having an elective procedure
gives you the time to prepare your child
Materials and Methods for the hospital and the surgery. Good
preparation can help kids feel less anxious
These recommendations are based on about the anesthesia and surgery and get
comprehensive review of research through the recovery period faster. But,
literature by a panel of experts, with like parents everywhere, you're probably
additional review of the proposed uncertain about the best way to prepare
guidelines by expert consultants your child. The key is to provide
representing child psychiatry, pediatrics, information at your child's level of
and parents. Key words used in the data understanding, correct any
search were "Children", "Surgery", misunderstandings, and get rid of fears and
"Hospitalization", "Prepare", and feelings of guilt. Help your child
"Parents". understand why the surgery is needed and
Reference lists and bibliographies from to become familiar with the hospital and
review articles were the source for some of the procedures he or she will
additional references. To evaluate the undergo.
electronic databases the following Kids of all ages cope much better if they
websites were searched: Google, Ministry have an idea of what's going to happen and
of Healthcare, Google Scholar, Scopus why it's necessary. To do that, prepare
and PubMed. Also, library search was yourself first and correct any
performed by referring to the journal misconceptions of your own. If a parent is
archives of libraries, and evaluating the anxious and nervous, a child will often
available Persian and English references, reflect these feelings and behaviors. So
and also articles of research-scientific educate yourself, feel comfortable with the
journals, and articles of the annual seminar process, and make sure all your questions
of Pediatrics, Psycology and Public health. are answered (9, 11, 12).
Hospitals have changed greatly and are that many kids have this problem and must
more family-friendly and patient-centered. get it fixed at the hospital. Although they
For example, many surgeries are now seldom express it, kids may fear that their
"same-day" procedures requiring no parents aren't telling them everything that
overnight or prolonged stays; most kids are their health problem is worse than they've
back home, in their own beds, the same been led to believe. To build trust, don't
night. And most hospitals permit at least mislead your child tell as much of the truth
one parent to stay with the child at all as your child can understand (11, 15, 16).
times except during the operation. After
the surgery, you may return to your child Handle Fears
in the recovery room. As your child
awakens, he or she will not even realize Many kids fear that an operation will be
you left. painful. It can help to explain that a special
Ask the doctors, nurses, or staff for the doctor, called an anesthesiologist, gives
information you need about what will take medicine to make patients sleep very
place so that you can prepare your child deeply so they won't feel anything during
and deal with your own fears or concerns. the operation and once it's finished, they'll
To parents, one of the most fearful aspects wake up. (Older kids, in particular, need
of surgery is anesthesia. Anesthesia is special assurances that they will wake up).
much safer today than in the past, but still Again, avoid frightening language, don't
carries some risk. You should discuss any say, "You'll be given gas" or "You'll be put
concerns you have in advance with the to sleep." Young kids may confuse "gas"
anesthesiologist. When hospitalization is with the fuel that can poison or kill and
needed overnight or longer, most hospitals "put to sleep" with what can happen to sick
avoid separation anxiety by permitting at pets. Explain that you'll be there when
least one parent to stay with the child day your child wakes up, and a favorite toy can
and night. Check with the hospital about come along, too. Tell your child that if
its rules regarding parents staying over and anything feels sore right after the
when other close family members can operation, a doctor or nurse can give
visit. As soon as your child is able, he or medicine that will make it feel better.
she may be playing with other children, Common surgery-related fears of young
toys, and games in a children's recreation children are the possibility of separation
room — even if that involves taking along from (or abandonment by) parents and the
an Intravenous (IV) bag on a rolling possibility of pain. School-age kids also
support (8, 13, 14). fear needles, knives, and damage to their
bodies. Give a child this age clear, rational
Explain the Problem information as well as assurances that the
surgery is to fix an existing problem, not
Now that you're more at ease, start create a new one. The fears of teens go
preparing your child. Begin by explaining well beyond those of younger kids.
the reason for the surgery in simple, Besides pain or change of appearance, a
calming words. Explain at your child's teen might be afraid of losing control,
level of understanding about the medical missing out on events, being embarrassed
problem and why surgery is necessary. or humiliated in public, and sounding
Don't use alarming language like "the childish by expressing fear, anxiety, or
doctor will cut you," "open you up," or pain. A teen also may be afraid of waking
"sew you with a needle." Say that the up during the operation or not waking up
doctor will fix the problem, and explain afterward. Anticipate these fears, then
emphasize that expressing fear, anxiety, caused by an accident that could have been
and response to pain is quite normal (and avoided by obeying safety rules, make sure
OK) at any age, even adulthood. Correct your child understands the reason for the
any misconceptions about disfigurement or rules and will follow them in the future (1,
injury. And explain that anesthesia is very 4, 9).
safe today and that patients do not wake up
during operations but will certainly wake Explaining What Will Happen
up afterward.
Find books, appropriate to your child's
Encourage your teen to read up on the level of understanding, about what to
medical condition and share the expect at the hospital. Reading together
information with the family. Reading and and discussing the surgery will make the
sharing information is an excellent coping hospital seem less threatening. Discuss
mechanism. One further fear that affects each idea and encourage your child's
kids of all ages is being seen naked and questions.
having their "private parts" touched. If the
operation involves the genital or anal area, As you discuss the hospital and surgery,
your child will cope better if you explain remember that in addition to your words,
in advance that although it might be your nonverbal cues convey assurance:
embarrassing, doctors and nurses will need your tone of voice, facial expressions,
to examine these private areas, especially gestures, and body language send powerful
to check if they're healing after the messages. If you appear fearful, your child
operation. Explain that doctors, nurses, and is likely to feel fearful regardless of the
parents are the only exceptions to the rules words you use.
about privacy.
On the Day of Surgery
Encourage your child's questions about the
health problem and hospital experience, so When you arrive on the day of surgery,
that other fears and anxieties can be your young child can play with toys and
expressed. Take all questions seriously and books you bring from home or sit on your
answer them to the best of your ability. If lap and be cuddled during the waiting
you don't know an answer, tell your child time. You won't be allowed to stay in the
that you'll find it out, and explain that the operating room during the surgery, but
doctors and nurses are happy to answer afterward, you'll be escorted to the
questions, too (10, 16-18). recovery room to be with your child as he
or she awakens. Upon discharge, you'll be
Relieve Guilt given instructions for further care at home
and for a follow-up visit to the surgeon.
Children often believe that their medical During recovery, there may be times of
problem and operation are really discomfort for your child. So explain that
punishments for "being bad." They might even if this happens, your child will get
not say so, but they may feel guilty and better.
believe that they've brought events on Distracting your child, whether with a new
themselves. Explain that the medical book or a visit from a relative or friend,
problem is not the result of anything your also can make recovery more pleasant. Just
child may have done or failed to do, and make sure your child gets plenty of time to
that the operation is not a punishment, but rest and recuperate (1, 6, 7, 11-18).
simply the way to "fix" the problem. On
the other hand, if the medical problem was
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