2

Data

speed of light in free space, c = 3.00 × 10 8 m s –1

permeability of free space,
0 = 4 × 10 –7 H m–1

permittivity of free space, 0 = 8.85 × 10 –12 F m–1

elementary charge, e = 1.60 × 10 –19 C

the Planck constant, h = 6.63 × 10 –34 J s

unified atomic mass constant, u = 1.66 × 10 –27 kg

rest mass of electron, me = 9.11 × 10 –31 kg

rest mass of proton, mp = 1.67 × 10 –27 kg

molar gas constant, R = 8.31 J K –1 mol –1

the Avogadro constant, NA = 6.02 × 10 23 mol –1

the Boltzmann constant, k = 1.38 × 10 –23 J K –1

gravitational constant, G = 6.67 × 10 –11 N m 2 kg –2

acceleration of free fall, g = 9.81 m s –2

 3

Formulae

uniformly accelerated motion, s = ut +
 at 2

v 2 = u 2 + 2as

work done on/by a gas, W = pV

gravitational potential, φ = – Gm
r
simple harmonic motion, a = –
2x

velocity of particle in s.h.m., v = v0 cos
t

v = ±
√(x 20 – x 2)

resistors in series, R = R1 + R2 + . . .

resistors in parallel, 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + . . .

Q
electric potential, V =
40r
capacitors in series, 1/C = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + . . .

capacitors in parallel, C = C1 + C2 + . . .

energy of charged capacitor, W =
 QV

alternating current/voltage, x = x0 sin
t

hydrostatic pressure, p = qgh

Nm 2
pressure of an ideal gas, p =
 V
<c >

radioactive decay, x = x0 exp(– t )

decay constant,  = 0.693

t


3H02
critical density of matter in the Universe, q0 =
8G

equation of continuity, Av = constant

Bernoulli equation (simplified), p1 +
 qv12 = p2 +
 qv22

Stokes’ law, F = Ar v
qv r
Reynolds’ number, Re =

drag force in turbulent flow, F = Br 2qv 2
[Turn over
 4
For
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided. Examiner’s
Use

1 (a) Explain

(i) what is meant by a radian,

..................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) why one complete revolution is equivalent to an angular displacement of 2π rad.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) An elastic cord has an unextended length of 13.0 cm. One end of the cord is attached to
a fixed point C. A small mass of weight 5.0 N is hung from the free end of the cord. The
cord extends to a length of 14.8 cm, as shown in Fig. 1.1. C

14.8 cm

small
mass
Fig. 1.1
The cord and mass are now made to rotate at constant angular speed ω in a vertical
plane about point C. When the cord is vertical and above C, its length is the unextended
length of 13.0 cm, as shown in Fig. 1.2.

13.0 cm
L

Fig. 1.2 Fig. 1.3

i Show that the angular speed ω of the cord and mass is 8.7 rad s–1. [2]

ii The cord and mass rotate so that the cord is vertically below C, as shown in
Fig. 1.3.
Calculate the length L of the cord, assuming it obeys Hooke’s law.

L = ............................................ cm [4]
 5 For
Examiner’s
2 (a) State what is meant by nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. Use

nuclear fusion: ..........................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
nuclear fission: ..........................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) A nuclear reaction which may, in the future, be used for the generation of electrical energy is

2H + 3H 4 He + x .
1 1 2

(i) Name the particle x.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Data for the binding energy per nucleon EB of some nuclei are given in Fig. 2.1.

binding energy per nucleon

EB / 10–13 J

deuterium 2H
1
1.7813
tritium 3H
1
4.5285
helium 4 He
2
11.3290

Fig. 2.1

1. State the binding energy per nucleon of x.

binding energy per nucleon = ............................................................ J

2. Calculate the energy change that takes place in this reaction.

energy change = ............................................................ J

[3]
(iii) Use your answer in (ii) part 2 to determine the energy release when 2.0 g of deuterium ( 21
reacts with 3.0 g of tritium ( 31 H).

energy = ....................................................... J [1]

[Turn over
 6 For
Examiner’s
Use
3 A binary star consists of two stars that orbit about a fixed point C, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

R2
C
M1 M2

R1

Fig. 3.1

The star of mass M1 has a circular orbit of radius R1 and the star of mass M2 has a circular
orbit of radius R2. Both stars have the same angular speed ω, about C.

(a) State the formula, in terms of G, M1, M2, R1, R2 and ω for

(i) the gravitational force between the two stars,

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) the centripetal force on the star of mass M1.

...................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) The stars orbit each other in a time of 1.26 × 108 s (4.0 years). Calculate the angular
speed ω for each star.

angular speed = ................................... rad s–1 [2]

 7 For
Examiner’s
Use
(c) (i) Show that the ratio of the masses of the stars is given by the expression
M1 R
= 2.
M2 R1

[2]

M1
(ii) The ratio is equal to 3.0 and the separation of the stars is 3.2 × 1011 m.
M2
Calculate the radii R1 and R2.

R1 = ........................................ m

R2 = ........................................ m
[2]

(d) (i) By equating the expressions you have given in (a) and using the data calculated in
(b) and (c), determine the mass of one of the stars.

mass of star = ......................................... kg

(ii) State whether the answer in (i) is for the more massive or for the less massive star.

...................................................................................................................................
[4]

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