INVS 211 Fundamentals of Investigation Fundamentals of Investigation Vision

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTITUTE OF INVS 211
INVESTIGATION CRIMINAL JUSTICE
EDUCATION
FUNDAMENTALS OF INVESTIGATION
Vision:
MVGFCI is the only professional institution in the region committed to uphold the vision of its
founder to achieve a better life by providing full opportunities where every graduate and
member of the MVGFCI community are transformed into competent and morally upright
professionals dedicated towards the development of a better society.
Mission:
:
In pursuit of its vision, MVGFCI shall provide full opportunities and support to ensure and
sustain quality instruction, research, community extension, student affairs and support
services.
Desired Students’ Learning Outcomes
The Graduates Manifest the Attributes of A “Gallegan” Which Are as Follows:

1. Professionally Competent
2. Effective Communicator
3. Critical Thinker
4. Strong Interpersonal and Collaborative Skills
5. Responsible and Accountable
6. Ethical
7. Lifelong Learner Course
COURSE OUTLINE
Title: FUNDAMENTALS OF INVESTIGATION

Course Code: INVS 211
Pre-requisite: None
Credit: 4 Units
Instructor: Col. Epiatacio D. Domingo
Contact Info: 09954150536/ efrensbd@gmail.com
Course Description:
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence is a one semester course intended to
give students of the BS Criminology program of MVGFCI with a solid foundation and
understanding of the basic principles on relevant laws, Constitutional rights, New Rules on
Evidence and Criminal Procedure in relation to criminal investigation. It includes the entire
perspective of Intelligence operations and organization and the different methods of gathering
and collecting information. The different methods of extracting information, the different
instrument to aid the investigation, Crime scene processing, Arrest, Search and Seizure,
Cyber warrant, Wiretapping, the making of investigation reports, Case build up and
preparation of evidence for court presentation will be the main focus of the course.
To further develop and build the student’s 21st century skills and in line with the desired
learning outcomes of MVGFCI and BS criminology program, activities to hone the students
technical and professional skills and life values will be integrated in all the lessons.
Prepared by: Col.Epitacio D. Domingo Page 1 of 36

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
EDUCATION
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of the course, the students are expected to:
1. Explain the aim of criminal investigation and its importance in law enforcement.
2. Apply how the basic principles on relevant laws (RA 7438) and Criminal Procedures in
relation to criminal investigation can be applied in the actual professional practice.
3. Show when and how to apply the basic rules and principles in preparing evidence to
support the Constitutional rights and New Rules on Evidence.
4. Manifest ethical and professional ability and competence to demonstrate the proper
procedures in handling different crime scenes.
Course Content:
No. of Module Title Sub-Topics
Meeting
s
Six (6) Module 1
Virtual Part 1 Orientation  Getting to know
Meetings  Leveling of expectations
via Zoom  Brief journey to the:
 VMG of MVGFCI
 VMG of the ICJE Program
 Understanding the Policies,
Guidelines and Requirements
of the Course (to include the
Grading Systems and House
rules during the on-line
meetings)
Part 2 The concept and

 Phases/stages of criminal
principles of criminal
investigation
investigation
 Six cardinal points of
investigation
Module 2 3 “I”s of Investigation  Information
 Interview and Interrogation
 Instrumentation
 Surveillance
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Two (2) Module 3 Crime scene processing  Crime scene investigation
Virtual  Crime scene search
Meetings
via Zoom
MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Eight (8) Module 4 Case Build up and  Crime scene reconstruction
Virtual Preparation of Evidence  Chain of custody
Meetings  Presentation of evidence

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
via Zoom EDUCATION
FINAL EXAMINATION
ASSESSMENT:
• Guide questions and assignments in each module to test the student’s preparedness
for and understanding of the lessons covered in this course.
• Interactive discussion and self-directed learning through synchronous and
asynchronous learning approach.
• Field work – this is one semester activity for students will have to demonstrate the
different skills. They will be exposed to different case scenarios under the close
guidance of the faculty in-charge of the course and proper briefing and debriefing and
with the approval of the concerned local official of the community.
• Graded recitation
• Long exam (Prelim, Midterm, Exam)
• Field report to be submitted as a final paper.
ACTIVITIES:
• Lecture
• Video clips review and analysis
• Police report available in the news
• Interview
• Actual Demonstrations
Expectations from Students

Students are held responsible for meeting the standards of performance established for the
course by the faculty. Their performance and compliance with the course requirements are the
bases for passing or failing in each course, subject to the rules of the MVGFCI. The students
are expected to take all examinations on the date scheduled, read the assigned topics prior to
class, submit and comply with all the requirements of the subject as scheduled, attend each
class on time and participate actively in the discussions.
Furthermore, assignments such as reports, reaction papers and the like shall be submitted on
the set deadline as scheduled by the faculty via email. Extension of submission is approved
for students with valid reasons like death in the family, hospitalization, and other unforeseen
events. Hence, certificates are needed for official documentation. Likewise, special major
examination is given to students with the same reasons above. Attendance shall be checked
every Class meeting will be done face to face and on-line to be advised by the faculty in
charge.
In the case of face to face meeting, students are expected to strictly follow the health
protocols issued by the IATF/Department of Health. For the online meeting using the facilities
of MVGFCI, strict observance of the safety and security protocols of MVGFCI IS HIGHLY
EXPECTED. Students shall be expected to be punctual in their virtual and face to face
classes. Observance of classroom decorum is required as prescribed by latest MVGFCI
Student Handbook.
General Rule:
The following are the general rules for this course:

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
1. Assignment and reports will be given EDUCATION
throughout the semester. Such requirement will be
announced a week before the scheduled virtual meeting.
2. Academic honesty should always be practiced. Any evidence of copying or plagiarism in
any course work will result in a failing grade for all parties involved
3. Reporter should be ready to orally present their assignments’ on scheduled date of
presentation. No show or no report means a grade of 5.0 in that area.
4. Withdrawal and dropping of subject should be done in accordance with existing MVGFCI
policies and guidelines.
5. As student, everyone is expected to be resourceful enough in looking for additional
reading materials and references to be able to come up with scholarly assignments’ and
papers.
6. Students are expected to attend 90% of the virtual class meeting and should be able to
complete the whole session the following house rules for virtual class meeting.
Observance of Academic Honesty and Professionalism

It is the mission of MVGFCI to train its students in the highest levels of professionalism and
moral value. In support of this, academic integrity is highly valued, and violations are
considered serious offenses. Examples of violations of academic integrity include, but are not
limited to the following:
1. Plagiarism – using ideas, data, or language of another without specific or proper

acknowledgment. Example: Copying text from the Web site without quoting or properly citing
the page URL, using crib sheet during examination. For a clear description of what constitutes
plagiarism as well as strategies for avoiding it, students may refer to the Writing Tutorial
Services web site at Indiana University using the following link:
http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamhlets.shtml. For citation styles, students may refer to
http://www.uwsp.edu/psych/apa4b.htm.
2. Cheating – using or attempting to use unauthorized assistance, materials, or study aids

during examination or other academic work. Examples: using a cheat sheet in a quiz or exam,
altering a grade exam, and resubmitting it for a better grade.
3. Fabrication – submitting contrived or improperly altered information in any academic

requirements. Examples: making up data for a research project, changing data to bias its
interpretation, citing non-existent articles, contriving sources. (Reference: Code of Academic
Integrity and Charter of the Student Disciplinary System of the University of Pennsylvania at
http://www.vpul.upenn.edu/osl/acadint.html).
Policy on Absences
1. A student who incurs two (2) unexcused absences in any scheduled meetings shall be
given a mark of “FA” or “failure due to absences” as his/her final rating for the semester,
regardless of his performance in the class. Students are expected to be present during the
entire duration of the virtual class or present at least 75% of the virtual class time, otherwise
he/she will be marked absent for that class meeting.
2. Attendance is counted from the first official day of regular classes regardless of the date of
enrolment. Students who miss a test or assignment for reasons entirely beyond their control
(e.g. illness) may submit a request for special consideration. Provided that notification and

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
EDUCATION
documentation are provided in a timely manner, and that the request is subsequently
approved, no academic penalty will be applied.
3. In such cases, students who miss a test or assignment for reasons entirely beyond their
control (e.g. illness) may submit a request for special consideration. Provided that notification
and documentation are provided in a timely manner, and that the request is subsequently
approved, no academic penalty will be applied in such cases.
Required Readings
The main readings are the guide questions and suggested references indicated in the different
modules. Lecture notes, short cases, and power point presentations may be provided by the
faculty in charge However, as college students, they are expected to be resourceful enough to
look for additional related materials to guide them in their assignments and research works.
Journals and most recent reading materials are suggested. News clippings and video clips
may also be considered. Getting references from internet may also be done PROVIDED
students get their references from RELIABLE sources only and article and photos/ clipart’s
copied MUST be properly cited including the date when the material was accessed.
Evaluation and Grades

Performance of students will be assessed based on how well he or she has good
understanding and application of the course materials.
1. Class participation/ recitation (no separate grade for attendance as active class
participation already means your attendance)
20%
2. Average short quizzes 20%
3. Individual research paper 20%
4. Average Long Exams (prelim, midterm, and finals 40%
100%
HOUSE RULES DURING THE ONLINE CLASS MEETINGS

1. Be prepared
Check your internet connection, your audio and video 30 minutes before the start of the
class.
Run the zoom test: https://zoom.us/test to check that your system is set up adequately for
participating in the event.
Have your course design and module and other related materials for the class within your
reach.
Check your area in a room almost similar to a classroom, with enough ventilation and light,
free from any form of disturbance during the entire class session.
Wear decent tops (like when you go to school. If you used to go to school in uniform- then
wear your uniform with your ID. Remember this is a class meeting
Have proper lighting so that your face is recognizable and can be seen clearly.
Microphones must be turned on during the entire class.
There should be no profanity or anything of the sort displayed in the background.
2. Be punctual.
The class will start on time. Log in at least 20 minutes before the time. The faculty in charge
will start admitting students 15 minutes before the time.

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
EDUCATION
3. Be an active participant in class activities.
Provide inputs and reactions and express your views during the discussion.
4. Be respectful.
Respect by listening to the discussion. If you want to share your thoughts or ask question or
engage in the discussion, use the chatbox or raise your hands by putting on the video. Wait
for the teacher in charge to acknowledge you.
5. Be interested in the class.

Your punctual and complete attendance is one good indication of your interest in the class.
Don’t leave the meeting room unless with permission from the faculty in charge or unless
he/she advised you to leave as classes has already ended.
Class photo will be taken as indication of your attendance. Take interest by participating in
this.
Rubrics for Grading the Written Works (Assignments and Written Papers)
Scoring Guide:
4 = Excellent 3 = Very Good2 = Good 1 = Needs Improvement
Criteria Score Weight Equivalent Grade

QUALITY OF WRITING
- Brief but clear, logical, and
coherent presentation of
ideas/opinions, well-organized and
written answer and reflects college
level quality of written work.
QUALITY OF DISCUSSION
- Contents is comprehensive
showing full understanding of the
issues and lessons learned the
subject; scholarly written; application
and integration of principles, concepts
learned from the course with
references from authoritative sources
and properly cited.
COMPLETENESS OF ANSWERS
- All parts of the questions/issues
needed to be answered or resolved
are thoroughly answered/addressed.
More focused and direct to the point
answer/discussion.
Total Maximum Score
Highest Equivalent Rate
Transmutation Table
Score from the Grade Equivalent Score from the Grade Equivalent
written paper from the score written paper from the score
1 53 11 78

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
2 55 EDUCATION12 80
3 58 13 83
4 60 14 85
5 63 15 88
6 65 16 90
7 68 17 93
8 70 18 95
9 73 19 98
10 75 20 100
MODULE 1: ORIENTATION AND THE CONCEPT AND PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
PART I. ORIENTATION
This part discuss the vision, mission and desired students learning outcome of MVGFCI.
A. Vision
MVGFCI is the only professional institution in the region committed to uphold the vision of its
founder to achieve a better life by providing full opportunities where every graduate and
member of the MVGFCI community are transformed into competent and morally upright
professionals dedicated towards the development of a better society.
B. Mission
In pursuit of its vision, MVGFCI shall provide full opportunities and support to ensure and
sustain quality instruction, research, community extension, student affairs and support
services.
C. Desired Students’ Learning Outcomes

The Graduates Manifest the Attributes of A “Gallegan” Which Are as Follows:
1. Professionally Competent
2. Effective Communicator
3. Critical Thinker
4. Strong Interpersonal and Collaborative Skills
5. Responsible and Accountable
6. Ethical
7. Lifelong Learner Course
PART II. THE CONCEPT AND PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
INTRODUCTION
Module 1 is about the basic concept and principles of criminal investigation. This module will
focus in the three (3) aim fold purpose of criminal investigation which is identification, location
and apprehension, and provide evidence. The six cardinal points will also cover in this
module. Topic and sub-topics are designed to equipped the student with knowledge in
phases of criminal investigation.

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
EDUCATION
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES:
• Explain how the three (3) aim fold purpose of criminal investigation:
 identification
 location and apprehension
 provide evidence
• Explain how the six cardinal points of investigation affects the success of criminal
investigation
CONTENT:
A. Important terms
Criminal Investigation – is an art which deals with the identity and location of the offender and
provides evidence of guilt through criminal proceedings.
Investigation Defined: The collection of facts to accomplish a three-fold aim:

a. to identify the guilty party;
b. to locate the guilty party; and
c. to provide evidence of his guilt.
Primary Job of an Investigator

The primary job of the investigator is to discover whether or not an offense has been
committed under the law, after determining what specific offense has been committed, he
must discover how it was committed, by whom, where it was committed, when and why it was
committed.
B. Six Cardinal Points of Investigation
WHAT specific offense has been committed? Nature of crime

WHERE crime was committed? Place or location
WHEN it was committed? Time and date
WHOM it was committed? Persons/s involved
WHY it was committed? Reason or motive of Committing the crime
HOW it was committed? Manner, method or modus operandi
Qualities of a Good Investigator

1. Perseverance
2. Intelligence
3. Honest
4. Understanding of the people and environment
5. Keen power of observation
Training
Training, as one of the foundations of investigation, is concededly a vital ingredient in the
creation of a total investigator. Experience alone does not make one good investigator. Many

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
EDUCATION
who had been hostage to this notion often ended in jeopardy. The ideal conjugal partnership
is training and experience. The fusion of the best training and vast experience is a formidable
force that can threat even the most sophisticated technology and syndicated crimes. The
necessity of training as a purveyor of change builds the investigator’s confidence. It widens
his vision for professional growth and strengthens his will to survive and prevail over crises.
The National Forensic Science Training Institute (NFSTI) under the Philippine Public Safety
College is the institution that trains uniformed personnel of the Philippine National Police to
become a certified investigator.
C. Phases/Stages Of Criminal Investigation

1. Identification of criminals
2. Tracing and locating the criminal
3. Gathering of evidence to prove the guilt of the criminal
1. Identification of Criminals
Methods of Identifying Criminals
a. By confession or admission of the criminal himself
b. Identification by accounts or testimonies of eyewitnesses
c. Identification by circumstantial evidence
d. Identification by associative evidence
e. Identification by the Method of Operation (Modus Operandi)
A. Confession– is the direct acknowledgement of guilt arising from the commission of a

crime.
Types of Confession
a. Extra-Judicial Confession – those made by the suspect during custodial investigation.
b. Judicial Confession– those made by the accused in open court. The plea of guilt may be
during arraignment or in any stage of the proceedings where the accused changes his
plea of not guilty to guilty.
A.1 Admission– is a self-incriminatory statement by the subject falling short of an

acknowledgement of guilt. It is an acknowledgement of a fact or circumstances from
which guilt maybe inferred. It implicates but does not incriminate. It is also an
acknowledgement that a fact, action or circumstances are true which strongly infer or
directly admit guilt but lacks the detail of the elements of the crime.
Rules To Be Observed In Taking Confession Or Admission

1. Confession or admission must be taken preferably in writing and under oath
2. It must be written in the language known and understood by the accused, if not it must be
clearly translated
3. It must be freely and voluntary given by the accused
4. Under the New Constitution, it must be taken in the presence of competent and
independent counsel chosen by the accused
B. Kinds of Criminals Identified By Witnesses

a. Known criminals
b. Unknown criminals

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
EDUCATION
Methods of Identification by witness
a. Verbal description
b. Photographic files (Rogues Gallery)
c.General Photograph
d. Artist sketch (Composite Criminal Illustration)
The value of identification by eyewitness depends on:

a. The ability to observe and remember distinct appearance of suspect;
b. Prevailing condition of visibility;
c. The lapse of time.
What are the procedures of identification by eyewitness?

a. Physical line-up – is a means of selecting a suspect from a group of innocent persons
usually composed of seven to ten persons. The purpose of line-up is to eliminate the
power of suggestion.
b. Physical show-up – only one person is shown to the witness usually at the scene of the
crime and made immediately after the arrest of the suspect.
C. Circumstantial Evidence - facts or circumstances from which, either alone or in connection

with other facts, the identity of the person can be inferred.
What must be inferred to prove identity by circumstantial evidence?

a. Motive – is what induces the criminal to act
b. Intent –is the result or accomplishment of the act
c. Opportunity –is the physical possibility that the suspect could have committed the
crime.
It could be inferred from the following:
 The suspect could have been in the vicinity of the crime scene at the time
it was committed.
 Knowledge of the criminal objective.
 Absence of an alibi on the part of the criminal.
D. Physical Evidence to Identify Criminals
1. CORPUS DELICTI– is the body of the crime or fact of specific loss or injury sustained.
It constitutes the essential parts or elements in the commission of the crime.
2. ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE – these are the pieces of evidence that will link the suspect
to the crime scene. The suspect may leave some clues at the scene such as
weapons, tools, garments or prints.
3. TRACING EVIDENCE – articles which assist the investigator in locating the criminal.
Stolen goods in the possession of the suspect in an example of tracing evidence.
E. Modus Operandi – is the method of operation by a specific criminal or criminal syndicate. It

is a distinct pattern of how a crime is committed and is established by a series of crimes
under one classification. The modus operandi of one criminal is distinct and different from the
other. It is a criminal trademark, logo or brandname.
2. Tracing and Locating The Criminals

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
EDUCATION
Informant – is a person who gives information to the police relevant to a criminal case about
the activities of criminals or syndicates.
Types of Informants
a. Anonymous informant – do not wish to be identified.
b. Rival elimination informant – to eliminate competition.
c. False informant – reveals information of no consequence or value.
d. Frightened informant – motivated by anxiety.
e. Self-aggrandizing – hangs about the fringes of the criminals.
f. Mercenary informant – gives information for a price.
g. Double crosser informant – to get more information from the police.
h. Woman informant – female associate of the criminals.
i. Legitimate informant – operators of legitimate business establishments.
Motives Of Informants
a. Vanity
b. Civic-mindedness
c. Fear
d. Repentance
e. Avoidance of punishment
f. Competition
g. Revenge
h. Jealousy
i. Remuneration
Surveillance – is the secret observation of persons, places,and vehicles for the purpose of
obtaining information concerning the identities or activities of the subject.
a. Surveillance of Place (fixed/ stake-out)
b. Shadowing
c. Roping
Surveillant – is the person who maintains the surveillance or performs the observation.
Subject – the person or place being watched or surveyed.
KINDS OF SURVEILLANCE
1. Surveillance of places
2. Tailing or shadowing
3. Undercover investigation or roping
How to conduct surveillance of place?

A careful survey of the surrounding area should be made. The character of the
neighborhood, residents and transient should be noted. The observation point should be
selected properly. When observation is conducted from a ‘plant’, surveillance agents must be
extremely careful not to reveal their true activity. Observation maybe made through a window
or other aperture so as to be unnoticed from the outside. Venetian blinds afford the best
coverage, but may appear to be out of place of some buildings. An alternative is to lower the
roller of draw shades another inch from the window. Binoculars are generally essentially

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
EDUCATION
equipment of the plants, as they facilitate positive identification of person entering or leaving
the place under and observation. A still or video camera with telephoto lens can also be used
effectively. Agents should take careful notes of what they observe and should record detailed
descriptions of all individuals entering the target. A chronological log is usually the best of
recording pertinent occurrences.
TAILING OR SHADOWING – is the act of following a person, depends on the number of

surveillant available, volume of pedestrian traffic and importance of concealing the
surveillance.
METHODS OF SHADOWING
a. One man –extremely difficult and should be avoided, if unavoidable keep subject in
view at all times.
b. Two man – two agents are employed to follow the subject.
c. ABC method – reduces the risk of losing the subject, affords greater security agents
detection.
d. Progressive/Leap from method – poor chances of obtaining good results, agents are
stations at a fixed point assuming that subject followed the same general route each
day.
e. Combined foot-auto surveillance – employment of surveillants on foot and agents in
an automobile.
What are the things that should be avoided during shadowing?

a. Don’t meet the eye of the subject
b. Don’t adopt a slinking, sleuthing, creeping manner
c. Don’t wear story book disguises
d. Don’t carry noticeable items
e. Don’t greet fellow agents
f. Don’t make notations ostensibly
Automobile Surveillance
The methods of auto surveillance to be used depends upon the numbers and type of
surveillance vehicles available, the volume of vehicular traffic in the area, the importance of
concealing the surveillance from the subject, and the subject’s estimated ability to detect and
elude surveillance. At all times each vehicle should be occupied by at least two agents; one
to concentrate on driving, and the other to observe, take notes, operate radio equipment, or
to dismount and continue the surveillance on foot.
Undercover Investigation – is a form of investigation in which the investigator assumes a

different and unofficial identity in order to obtain information.
Definitions
a. Undercover- an investigative technique in which the Agent’s/Investigator’s official
identity is concealed to accomplish an investigative mission.
b. Natural cover- using the individual’s true identity, occupation or profession.
c. Artificial cover- the manufacture of documents, false documents, passports, or
forged documents.
3. Gathering Evidence

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
EDUCATION
Crime Scene Investigation
It is the conduct of processes, more particularly, the recognition, search, collection, handling,
preservation and documentation of physical evidence to include the identification and
interview of witnesses and the arrest of suspect/s at the crime scene.
SOCO (Scene of the Crime Operation) – Republic Act6975 as Amended by Republic Act
8551 (PNP Law). The former law placed the Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory as
an Operational Support Unit. The Crime Laboratory established the so-called Scene of the
Crime Operation (SOCO) which is field operation. This is now an innovation because the
SOCO now gathers all evidence at the crime scene and takes custody of them, marking and
tagging them which otherwise the duty of the criminal investigator before.
What Constitute a Crime Scene?

a. Crime scene can be understood to include all areas in which the criminal, any possible
victim and any eyewitness move during the time the crime was committed.
b. The boundaries must be established so that the entire crime scene can be effectively
preserved.
c. In some crimes, however, the crime scene may actually comprise several different
sites.
ASSESSMENT
Assessment no. 1 “ Case Analysis”
Instruction
1. Read the case entitled Conviction Through Enhanced Fingerprint Identification
2. Answer the following questions:
• Based on the ‘Case” how did the investigation become successful?
• How the suspect did was identified? In your own understanding are there other ways of
identifying the criminal?
• Can you cite some evidence that were identified in the case?
Assessment no 2.
Instruction:
1. Create a 5 W’s and 1 H of crime which is killing
2. Submit it to my face book messenger ot email address
ACTIVITIES
To address the above intended learning outcomes the following activities will be done by you.
1. Lecture Discussion via ZOOM
2. Video clip review
3. Case reading
REFERENCES:
Galero-Muftuoglu, Emma, Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation, 2017
Hess, Kären Matison, Criminal investigation. 11th ed., 2017
Vicente, Jezreel B, Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation, 2016

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
EDUCATION
MODULE 2: THREE I’S OF INVESTIGATION
INTRODUCTION
This module is about the information, interrogation and instrumentation. This will also cover
the surveillance.

• Explain the purpose of three I’s of investigation in:
 Information
 Interrogation/Interview
 Instrumentation
•Apply the concept of surveillance in gathering information.
CONTENT:
A. Information
- It is the knowledge/data which an investigator acquired from other persons and records.
Classes of Information
a. Regular Sources – records, files from government and non-government agencies,
news items.
b.Cultivated Sources – information gathered upon initiative of the investigator from
informants, vendors, taxicab driver, GRO, and others.
c.Grapevine Sources – these are information coming from the underworld characters
such as prisoners and ex-convicts.

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
EDUCATION
B. Interview and Interrogation
a) Interview – Is a conversation with a purpose, motivated by a desire to obtain certain
information from the person being interviewed as to what was done, seen, felt, heard, tasted,
smell or known.
This is the questioning of a person believed to possess knowledge that is in official interest to
the investigator.
Basic Assumptions
Nobody has to talk to law enforcers. No law compels a person to talk to the police if he
does not want to. Therefore, people will have to be persuaded, always within legal and ethical
limits, to talk to law enforcers. This makes interviewing an art.
I.R.O.N.I.C. Format
The interview of a witness can be described by its acronym ‘IRONIC’ which stands for
Identity, Rapport, Opening Statement, Narration, Inquiry, and conclusion.
Identity – prior to the commencement of an interview, the investigator should identify himself
to the subject by name, rank and agency. Except, when there is no need to know the
officer’s identity.
Rapport – it is good to get the positive feeling of the subject towards the investigators, such
friendly atmosphere is a vital for both the subject and the investigator t have a better
interaction.
Opening Statement – the investigator must have to indicate why the subject is being
contracted.
Narration – the witness should be allowed to tell all he knows with little interruptions from the
investigator.
Inquiry – after all information have been given by the subject, that is the time for the
investigator to as question to clarify him about the case under investigation.
Conclusions – after the interview, it is but proper to close the interview with outmost courtesy
and thanking the subject for his cooperation.
Rules To Be Observed In Questioning

a. One question at a time
b. Avoiding implied answer
c. Simplicity of the questions
d. Saving faces
e. Avoid close ended questions (yes or no)
b) Interrogation –is a questioning of a person suspected of having committed an offense or a

person who is reluctant to make full disclosure of information in his possession which is
pertinent to the investigation.
What are the purposes of Interrogation?

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
EDUCATION
a. To obtain confession to the crime
b. To induce the suspect to make admission
c. To learn the facts of the crime
d. To learn the identity of the accomplice
e. To develop information which will lead to the recovery of the fruits of the crime
f. To discover the details of other crimes participated by the suspect
Interrogation Techniques
a. Emotional Appeal
Place the subject in the proper frame of mind. The investigator should provide emotional
stimuli that will prompt the subject to unburden himself by confiding. Analyze the subject’s
personality and decide what motivation would prompt him to tell the truth, and then provide
those motives through appropriate emotional appeals.
b. Sympathetic appeal
The suspect may feel the need for sympathy or friendship when he is apparently in trouble.
Gestures of friendship may win his cooperation.
c. Kindness
The simplest technique is to assume that the suspect will confess if he is treated in a kind
and friendly manner.
d. Extenuation
The investigator indicates he does not consider his subject’s indiscretion a grave offense.
e. Shifting the blame
The interrogator makes clear his belief that the subject is obviously not the sort of person who
usually gets mixed up in a crime like this. The interrogator could tell from the start that he was
not dealing with a fellow who is a criminal by nature and choice.
f. Mutt and Jeff
Two (2) Agents are employed.
- Mutt, the relentless investigator, who is not going to waste any time because he knows that
the subject is guilty.
- Jeff, on the other hand, is obviously a kind-hearted man.
g. Bluff on a Split Pair
This is applicable when there is more than one suspect. The suspects are separated and one
is informed that other has talked.
h. Pretense of Physical Evidence
The investigator may pretend that certain physical evidence has found by laboratory experts
against him.
i. Jolting
May be applied to calm and nervous subjects by constantly observing the suspects, the
investigator chooses a propitious moment to shout a pertinent question and appear as though
he is beside himself with rage. The subject may be unnerved to the extent of confessing:

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
Custodial Interrogation/Investigation –EDUCATION
is the questioning of a law enforcement officer on a
person under custody and otherwise deprived of his freedom or liberty. This is the stage in
investigation where there is strict observance of the Miranda Doctrine.
Miranda Doctrine – this case which entitled Miranda vs. Arizona, is a US Supreme Court
Jurisprudence which laid down the constitutional rights of the accused during custodial
investigation. It was incorporated in our 1973 Constitution and later in the 1987 Constitution
of the Philippines.
C. Instrumentation
It is the application of instruments and methods of physical science to the detection of crimes.
In cases where there are no significant physical evidence to be found, then the use of
instrumentation is relatively unimportant.
Phases/Stages of Criminal Investigation

1. Identification of criminals
2. Tracing and locating the criminal
3. Gathering of evidence to prove the guilt of the criminal
1. Identification of Criminals
Methods of Identifying Criminals

a. By confession or admission of the criminal himself
b. Identification by accounts or testimonies of eyewitnesses
c.Identification by circumstantial evidence
d. Identification by associative evidence
e. Identification by the Method of Operation (Modus Operandi)
Confession
– is the direct acknowledgement of guilt arising from the commission of a crime.
Types of Confession
a. Extra-Judicial Confession – those made by the suspect during custodial investigation.
b. Judicial Confession– those made by the accused in open court. The plea of guilt may be
during arraignment or in any stage of the proceedings where the accused changes his plea of
not guilty to guilty.
Admission
– is a self-incriminatory statement by the subject falling short of an acknowledgement of guilt.
It is an acknowledgement of a fact or circumstances from which guilt maybe inferred. It
implicates but does not incriminate. It is also an acknowledgement that a fact, action or
circumstances are true which strongly infer or directly admit guilt but lacks the detail of the
elements of the crime.

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
EDUCATION
RULES TO BE OBSERVED IN TAKING CONFESSION OR ADMISSION
1. Confession or admission must be taken preferably in writing and under oath
2. It must be written in the language known and understood by the accused, if not it must be
clearly translated
3. It must be freely and voluntary given by the accused
4. Under the New Constitution, it must be taken in the presence of competent and
independent counsel chosen by the accused
Kinds of Criminals Identified By Witnesses

a. Known criminals
b. Unknown criminals
Methods of Identification by witness

a. Verbal description
b. Photographic files (Rogues Gallery)
c. General Photograph
d. Artist sketch (Composite Criminal Illustration)
The value of identification by eyewitness depends on:

a. The ability to observe and remember distinct appearance of suspect;
b. Prevailing condition of visibility;
c. The lapse of time.
What are the procedures of identification by eyewitness?
a. Physical line-up – is a means of selecting a suspect from a group of innocent
persons usually composed of seven to ten persons. The purpose of line-up is to
eliminate the power of suggestion.
b. Physical show-up – only one person is shown to the witness usually at the scene of
the crime and made immediately after the arrest of the suspect.
Circumstantial Evidence
- facts or circumstances from which, either alone or in connection with other facts, the
identity of the person can be inferred.
What must be inferred to prove identity by circumstantial evidence?

a. Motive – is what induces the criminal to act
b. Intent –is the result or accomplishment of the act
c.Opportunity –is the physical possibility that the suspect could have committed the
crime.
It could be inferred from the following:
 The suspect could have been in the vicinity of the crime scene at the time it
was committed.
 Knowledge of the criminal objective.

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
EDUCATION
 Absence of an alibi on the part of the criminal.
Physical Evidence To Identify Criminals

1. CORPUS DELICTI– is the body of the crime or fact of specific loss or injury sustained. It
constitutes the essential parts or elements in the commission of the crime.
2. ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE – these are the pieces of evidence that will link the suspect to
the crime scene. The suspect may leave some clues at the scene such as weapons, tools,
garments or prints.
3. TRACING EVIDENCE – articles which assist the investigator in locating the criminal.
Stolen goods in the possession of the suspect in an example of tracing evidence.
MODUS OPERANDI – is the method of operation by a specific criminal or criminal syndicate.
It is a distinct pattern of how a crime is committed and is established by a series of crimes
under one classification. The modus operandi of one criminal is distinct and different from the
other. It is a criminal trademark, logo or brandname.
2. Tracing and Locating The Criminals
Informant
– is a person who gives information to the police relevant to a criminal case about the
activities of criminals or syndicates.
Types of Informants
a. Anonymous informant – do not wish to be identified.
b. Rival elimination informant – to eliminate competition.
c. False informant – reveals information of no consequence or value.
d. Frightened informant – motivated by anxiety.
e. Self-aggrandizing – hangs about the fringes of the criminals.
f. Mercenary informant – gives information for a price.
g. Double crosser informant – to get more information from the police.
h.Woman informant – female associate of the criminals.
i. Legitimate informant – operators of legitimate business establishments.
Motives of Informants
a. Vanity
b. Civic-mindedness
c. Fear
d. Repentance
e. Avoidance of punishment
f. Competition
g. Revenge
h. Jealousy
i. Remuneration
3. Gathering Evidence

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION EDUCATION
It is the conduct of processes, more particularly, the recognition, search, collection, handling,
preservation and documentation of physical evidence to include the identification and
interview of witnesses and the arrest of suspect/s at the crime scene.

a. Crime scene can be understood to include all areas in which the criminal, any
possible victim and any eyewitness move during the time the crime was committed.
b. The boundaries must be established so that the entire crime scene can be
effectively preserved.
c. In some crimes, however, the crime scene may actually comprise several different
sites.
D. Surveillance
- consist of keeping persons, place or other targets under physical observation
Definitions of Terms
a. Pre-surveillance Conference is a conference held before a surveillance is conducted.

b. Stake-out is the observation of places or areas from a fixed point.
c.Tailing or Shadowing is the observation of a person’s movement.
d. Undercover man is a person trained to observe and penetrate certain organization
suspected of illegal activities
e. Liaison Program is the assignment of trained intelligence personnel to other agencies in
order to obtain information
f. Safe house is a place, building, enclosed mobile, or an apartment, where police undercover
men meet his action agent.
g. Drop is a convenient, secured, and unsuspecting place where agents can leave notes,
small package or envelope.
h. Convoy is an accomplice or associate of the subject.
i. Decoy any person almost similar to the subject used to avoid or elude surveillance.
j. Contact refers to any person whom the subject picks or deals with while he is under
surveillance.
k.Made occurs the operation was compromised.
l. Lost happens when the agent do not know the whereabouts of their subject.
m. Rabbit (Hare) is a term referring to the subject of shadowing and tailing.
n.Test for tailing is the common trick of the subject when he becomes conscious that he is
being tailed.

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
Types of Surveillance EDUCATION
a. According to Intensity and Sensitivity
 Discreet
 Close
 Loose
b. According to Methods
 Stationary
 Moving
 Technical
 Shadowing, Tailing or Roping
Shadowing or tailing - act of the surveillant of following his subject to detect criminal activities.
Roping - surveillant assumes different roles and identity in order to obtain information.
Procedures in Fixed Surveillance

a. Using a room in a nearby house or building
b. The use of listening devices and to record them.
c.Other surveillant may remain outdoor
Tools Used in Fixed Surveillance

a. Binocular or telescopes
b. Movie Cameras with telephoto lens
c.Wire tapping device with tape recording apparatus.
d. Other listening devices
e. In case there is difficulty in wire tapping device, an expert in lip reading must be employed.
The Methods of Foot Surveillance

a. One Man Shadow
b. Two-Man Shadow
c.Three-Man Shadow or ABC Shadow
Observation and Description

a. Observation is the complete and accurate awareness by an individual of his surroundings.
b. Description is the factual reporting of what is observed.
c. Psychological Processes for Accurate Observation
 Attention
 Perception
 Reporting
d. Types of Attention
 Involuntary
 Voluntary
 Habitual
e. Factors Governing Report

 Vocabulary
 Time log
 Recurrence of similar incidents

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
EDUCATION
Clandestine Operation – Covert/Discreet
- A secret action undertaken in behalf of the government or other friendly forces.
Basic Organizational Elements

a. Sponsor
b. Target or rabbit
c. Agent or asset
Classification of Clandestine Agent

a. Principal Agent
b. Action Agent
 Spy is the primary and the most important human collector
 Propagandist mold the attitudes, opinions and actions of an individual group
 Saboteur undertake positive actions against unfriendly power resulting in the loss of
an article, material or facility.
 Guerilla is a member of paramilitary group organized to grass the enemy.
 Strongman is an agent available to provide special protection.
 Provocateur induces an opponent to act to his own detriment.
 Cover Action exert influence from foreign government upon discretion of the sponsor.
c.Support Agent
Cover and Undercover

a. Cover – any device utilized conceals the true nature of its acts and/or existence from the
observer.
Essential Types of Cover

 Natural cover
 Artificial
 Cover within a cover
 Multiple cover
Hazards to Cover
 Static or document opposition (ordinary citizen)
 Unhostile active opposition (police, security agencies)
 Hostile active opposition (enemy intelligence operatives)
b.Cover Story – a biographical data which will portray the personality of the agent he
assumed.
c.Cover Support –assigned in target areas with the primary mission of supporting the cover
story.
d. Organizational Cover – any account consisting of biographical data which when adopted
by an individual will assume the personality he wants to adopt.
Undercover Assignment
- An investigation technique in which an agent conceals his official identity to obtain
information.

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
EDUCATION
Uses of Undercover
 Used independently to get first-hand information about the subject of investigation.
 Supplement other investigative techniques like:
Types of Undercover Assignment

 Dwelling
 Work
 Social
 Jurisdictional Assignment
 Combination assignment
 Rope job – striking up friendship with the subject.
Undercover agent
Special Qualification
 Knowledge of the language

 Background regarding events
 Knowledge about the customs and habits
 Physical appearance
 An artist or an actor
Factors to consider in the Selection of Action (Undercover) Agents

a. Placement
b. Access
 Primary Access
 Secondary Access
 Outside Access
General Nature of Agent Handling

 Sharing secret purpose.
 Agent controls the agent operationally and administratively.
 Rapport with each other.
 Respect with each other.
Basic Agent Management

 Agent handler must be in charge of the operation.
 The act insure the agent adherence.
 Good rapport must be established between the agent handler and the agent.
 The agent handler must constantly reinforce the agent motivation.
Key Element of Agent Management

 Direction and control
a. Leadership b. Action c. Personal example
 Natural Weaknesses
 Agent training
 Agent testing

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
 Agent examination EDUCATION
ASSESSMENT:
Assessment No. 1
Situational Analysis
1. Agent Cortez agreed to converge at 9:00 p.m. everyday to consolidate information
received in an abandoned building outskirt of Baguio City. Such abandoned building is called
what? Justify your answer in not less than 50 words.
2. While tailing the subject, Agent Domingo noticed that the subject suddenly turned and
moved towards his direction. What should the agent do? Explain your answer in not less than
30 words.
Assessment No. 2
1. In not less than 70 words, explain the importance of three I’s of investigation in law
enforcement context.
To address the above intended leanring outcomes the follpwing activities will be done by you.
1. Lecture Discussion via ZOOM
2. Video clip review
3. Case reading
REFERENCES:
Bermas, D.S. (2004). Handbook on criminal investigation in the
Philippines
Dempsey, J.S. (2003). Introduction to investigtions. Belmont, CA: Warsdworth/Thomson Learning
Soriano, W.J. (2008). Fundamentals of criminal investigation: principles and
procedures. QC: Great Books Publication
Tradio, C.M. (2003). Handbook of criminal investigation with criminal evidence.
Manila: Central Professional Books.
MODULE 3: CRIME SCENE PROCESSING
INTRODUCTION
This module is about the crime scene process. Specifically, the crime scene investigation and
crime scene search. This will also cover the crime scene sketch that will be used as
reference for court presentation.

The students are expected to:
• Demonstrate the proper procedures in handling different crime scenes.
• Create an example of crime scene sketch.
CONTENT:
A. Crime Scene Investigation

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
EDUCATION
 It is the conduct of processes, more particularly, the recognition, search, collection,
handling, preservation and documentation of physical evidence to include the identification
and interview of witnesses and the arrest of suspect/s at the crime scene.

Crime scene can be understood to include all areas in which the criminal, any possible victim
and any eyewitness move during the time the crime was committed.
The boundaries must be established so that the entire crime scene can be effectively
preserved.
In some crimes, however, the crime scene may actually comprise several different sites.
Golden Rule At Crime Scene Investigation

Never touch, move, or alter any object at the crime scene unless it has been photographed,
measured, and sketched from any conceivable angle.
Upon Receipt Of The Crime Incident

The Desk Officer shall:
 Record the date and time the report/complaint was made, the identity of the person
who made the report, place of the incident and a synopsis of the incident.
 Inform his superior officer or the duty officer regarding the report.
The First Responder shall:

 Cordon off the crime scene with whatever available materials like ropes, straws,
human barricade, police line, etc.;
 Evacuate injured persons to the nearest hospital;
 Prepare to take the “dying declaration” of severely injured person, if any;
 Prevent entry/exit of persons within the cordoned area; and
 Prepare to brief the investigator of the situation upon their arrival.
Crime Scene Investigation Proper

A. Receipt of Briefing and Designation of Command Post
Command Post – an area which, is ideally located adjacent to the Crime Scene where the
CSI Evidence Custodian stays and receives the pieces of evidence turned over to him for
safekeeping by the other evidence collectors.
B. Initiation of Preliminary Survey (Team Leader of CSI or SOCO)

 Makes a general assessment of the scene;
 Takes a cautious walk- through of the crime scene;
 Takes down extensive note to document important factors;
 Establishes the evidence most likely to be encountered;
 Defines the extent of the search area;

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
 Determines the personnel andEDUCATION
equipment needed and makes specific assignments;
and
 From his assessments, he develops a general theory of the crime scene.
C. Preparation of Narrative Report

The Team leader uses the systematic approach in making a narrative report.
D. Documentation of the Crime Scene

The photographer begins taking photographs as soon as possible. The evidence collectors
do not touch or moved any evidence once it is located until it has been identified, measured
and recorded.
E. Photographing The Crime Scene

The main objective crime scene photography is to create an accurate objective visual record
of the crime scene before any item ismoved as possible physical evidence.
Major Types Of Pictorial Views

 General View or Long-Range – photograph of the over-all scene.
 Distance: From the doorway to the room and other corners of the room
 Mid-Range View
 Distance: Eight or ten feet from the victim
 Close-up View – every physical evidence must be photographed in close-up view and
for different angles.
Crime Scene Sketches

A rough sketch is prepared indicating the actual measurement of things with scale and
proportion observed and oriented to the North Pole. All necessary information is placed in
the sketch.
Elements of Sketch
Measurement
 Compass direction
 Essential items
 Scale and proportion
 Legend
 Title
Specific Kinds of Sketches

 Sketch of Locality- give picture of the scene, the crime and its environs, including
neighboring buildings, roads, etc.
 Sketch of the Ground- picture of the scene of the crime with its nearest physical
surrounding.
 Sketch in Details – the immediate scene only.
 Exploded/ cross projection – gives the clear impression of the scene in cases where
blood stains or bullet holes are found.
Sketching Methods
 Neighborhood sketch
 Elevation Sketch

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
 Floor Plan Sketch EDUCATION
 Detailed Sketch
TYPES OF MEASUREMENTS
 Rectangular coordinates method – a sketching method that involves measuring the
distance of an object from two fixed lines at right angles to each other.
 Triangulation method – a sketching method that requires measuring the distance of
an object along a straight line from two widely separated fixed reference points.
 Baseline method– a sketching method that makes measurements along from a single
reference line, called a baseline, which can be established by using a length of string,
chalk line, or some other convenient means.
 Compass point method– a sketching method that requires a protractor or some
method of measuring angles between two lines. One point is selected as the origin
and a line extending from the origin becomes an axis from which the angles can be
measured.
 Cross projection method – a sketching method in which the ceiling appears to open
up like a lid of a hinged box, with the four walls opening outward. Measurements are
then indicated from a point on the floor to the wall.
F. Collection of Physical Evidence

The competence to recognize and properly collect physical evidence is critical to both solving
and prosecuting crimes.
The team leader is always informed of significant evidence located. The evidence
collectors shall put his initial, location and date of collection on the item and turn it over to the
evidence custodian for documentation and safekeeping.
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE – these are the articles and materials which are found in connection
with the investigation and which aid in establishing the identity of the perpetrator or the
circumstances under which the crime was committed or which, in general assist in the
prosecution of criminal. It embraces any object, living or inanimate, solid, liquid, or gas state.
What are the procedures needed for the care of physical evidence?
In order to introduce physical evidence in court, three important factors must be considered:
The article must be properly identified
Chain of custody must be proved
The evidence must be material and relevant
CHAIN OF CUSTODY
It is the number of persons who handled and possessed the pieces of evidence the
moment they were collected, marked and tagged, up to the time of the final disposition of the
case.
G. Conduct of Final Survey

The team leader makes a final review on the crime scene to determine whether or not the
processing has been completed.
H. Release of the Crime Scene

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
The release of the crime scene isEDUCATION
done if the investigator is satisfied that all pieces of
evidence have been recovered. Thus, the investigator must evaluate the items recovered
from the results of the interrogations of the suspect/s and the interview of the witnesses. He
must bear in mind that upon the formal release of the crime scene to the proper authority, the
warrant is already required for his re-entry to the crime scene.
B. Crime Scene Search

A crime scene search could only be started after it has been photograph and sketched to
systematically look for physical evidence that may prove useful in establishing that a crime
has been committed and to determine what method of operation the perpetrator may have
used.
Methods of Search
 Strip or Line Search Method – the searchers will proceed at the same pace along the
path parallel to one side of the rectangle.
 Double Strip or Grid Method – is a combination of the strip search and is useful for
large crime scene.
 Spiral or Circular Method – the searchers will follow each other in the path of a spiral,
beginning in the outside and spiraling towards the center or vice versa in a clockwise
or counter clock-wise direction.
 Quadrant of Zone Method – the area to be searched is divided into four quadrants
and each searcher is assigned to one quadrant.
 Wheel, Radial or Spoke Method – is applicable for area which is considered to be
approximately circular or oval. The area is then divided into six quadrants in a pie-like
fashion.
Notes Taking
 Note taking must be a constant activity throughout the processing of the crime
scene.Notes must include:
 Detailed written description of the Crime Scene with locations of recovered physical
evidence;
 The time when the physical evidence was discovered;
 The person who discovered and collected the physical evidence;
 The time when evidence was packaged and marked; and
 The disposition of the item when it was collected.
ASSESSMENT:
Instruction:
1. Create an example of crime scene sketch of shooting incident using the elements of
sketch.
Activity
1. Create individual video presentation that will demonstrate the procedures in crime scene
investigation
Parameters:
You can choose your own crime scene( shooting,murder, rape or etc.)
3-minute video presentation that will see the procedures in crime scene investigation.
Editing is allowed.

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
EDUCATION
Here is the pattern:
Start your video presentation by stating your name and section followed by the first step of
crime scene investigation procedure up to the last step.
2. Lecture discussion via ZOOM
REFERENCES:
Philippines
Dempsey, J.S. (2003). Introduction to investigtions. Belmont, CA: Warsdworth/Thomson
Learning
MODULE 4: CASE BUILD UP AND PREPARATION OF EVIDENCE
INTRODUCTION
This module is about the crime scene reconstruction that will be used as reference for court
presentation. The proper handling of evidence and the preparation of evidence in court.

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
The students are expected to: EDUCATION
 Discuss the procedure in chain of custody and its importance to law enforcement
service
 Apply the crime scene reconstruction for court presentation.
 Show when and how to apply the basic rules and principles in preparing evidence.
CONTENT:
A. Crime Scene Reconstruction

 is a method of solving a crime that starts with the creation of a theory of how it
occurred. Deductive reasoning is then used to clarify and test that theory. Deductive
reasoning is also called top-down logic, and it goes from the general to the specific.
Two type of Crime scene Reconstruction

1. Physical reconstruction
 appearance of the crime scene is reconstructed from the description of the witnesses
and the indication of physical evidence
2. Mental Reconstruction
 Crime scene is reconstructed based on the consistency of the accounts of various
witnesses. No assumptions should be made concerning actions which are not
supported by pieces of evidence.
B. Chain of Custody
 is the most critical process of evidence documentation. It is a must to assure the court
of law that the evidence is authentic, i.e., it is the same evidence seized at the crime
scene and that it was, at all times, in the custody of a person designated to handle it
and for which it was never unaccounted. Although it is a lengthy process, it is required
for evidence to be relevant in the court. The continuity of possession of evidence or
custody of evidence and its movement and location from the point of discovery and
recovery (at the scene of crime or from a person), to its transport to the laboratory for
examination and until the time it is allowed and admitted in the court, is known as the
chain of custody or chain of evidence
EVIDENCE COLLECTION, HANDLING AND TRANSPORTATION

In the conduct of crime scene investigation for crimes of violence and other crimes, the crime
scene processing or the evidence collection, handling and transportation shall primarily be
conducted by the SOCO specialists of Crime Laboratory. However, in some instances the
First Responder or the Investigator-oncase may have to collect evidence that might otherwise
be destroyed or contaminated if uncollected. In such cases, the collection should be properly
handled and documented. The following procedures are set as guide not only for the SOCO
team but may also apply to any crime scene investigator in the collection and handling of
evidence. The collection and submission of standard samples for comparison, however, must
be done by the Crime Laboratory.
General Rules for the Collection and Preservation of Biological Materials

a. Use protective gloves.

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
EDUCATION
1) If possible, avoid touching individual smears/traces. Remember that gloves can entail a
risk of contamination.
2) Change gloves after handling each kind of material and otherwise as necessary.
3) Use disposable equipment for preliminary tests and collection of trace evidence.
4) Cover surfaces where materials are to be placed with protective paper.
a. Keep victims‟ and suspects‟ clothes separate.
b. Avoid coughing or sneezing on evidence/materials.
c. Packaging of biological materials.
1) Use paper packaging for all biological materials or materials that are soiled with
biological matter. Although plastic bags are useful in many cases, they cannot be
recommended for routine use on account of residual moisture.
2) Separate outer packages are to be used for trace evidence and for clothes from persons
involved.
3) Do not mix materials/samples from different people, for example clothes, in the same
parcel.
4) Fold the opening of the bag twice and seal with tape. Envelopes should also be sealed
with tape.
d. Special precautions
1) Make an explicit note if a person from whom material has been collected is suspected of
having an infectious disease.
2) Prevent contamination by avoiding all contact between collected evidence and clothes
seized from people.
3) Packages containing collected materials must not be opened until the examination in the
laboratory is to commence. The only exception is when moist or wet material must be dried
out under normal room conditions.
Marking a Pistol

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
EDUCATION
Marking of Revolver

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
EDUCATION
Tagging of evidence
Procedure for Submitting Evidence To The Crime Laboratory

There are situations where the Investigator-on-Case or even the First Responder may have
to collect evidence such as under tactical situations or those which otherwise would be
contaminated or destroyed if it remains uncollected. In such cases, all evidence collected
under similar circumstances shall be turned-over to the investigatoron-case with the proper
documentation and description on how it was collected. The investigator-on-case shall then
determine which evidence will need further laboratory examination. The Investigator shall
observe the following procedures for the proper submission of evidence to the Crime
Laboratory. (A standard sample shall be collected by the Crime Laboratory as necessary for
comparison.)
General Information
a. Should there be any query pertaining to the laboratory services in your area, prior
coordination with Crime Laboratory Office shall be made before submission of your evidence.
This can often be cumbersome but can expedite the evidence reception process.
b. Submit only items that need analysis.
c. Be cognizant of the cross contamination with regard to your packaging. Placing multiple
unsealed items in one bag may lead to the eventual elimination of that evidence.
d. All potential Bio-Hazard items must be plainly marked with Bio Hazard stickers which are
available from supply companies. If evidence is suspected of being contaminated with
Hepatitis B, HIV, or other contagious viruses, it must be noted on the Request for
Examination of Evidence‟.
e. The laboratory will not re-analyze evidence previously analyzed by an outside laboratory
for the same type of examination.
Paperwork
a. Evidence submitted must be accompanied by three “Request for Examination of Evidence”
forms consisting of one original and two photocopies. Another copy will be presented by the
police.
b. In addition, all Bio/Chem or DNA evidence requires a completed “Bio-Chem” form. Relative
to this, refer to the DNA submission section for information relating specifically to the
submission of DNA cases.

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
c. Ballistics Cases must be accompaniedEDUCATION
by an additional “Request for Examination of
Evidence” form when submitted in conjunction with other examinations.
d. The original and all copies of the „ Request for Examination of Evidence‟ forms will be
individually signed by the person delivering the evidence.
Evidence Packaging/Marking and Sealing

a. Acceptable packaging containers (depending on the type of evidence) include:
1) Paper bags
2) Plastic bags (clear plastic is preferred for drug cases)
3) Boxes - sturdy cardboard
4) Manila envelopes
5) Small glass vials (typically arson and liquid drugs)
6) Metal cans (typically arson)
b. Acceptable seals
1) Tamper-proof evidence tape
2) Reinforced packaging tape
3) Heat seal
A package is considered as sealed if the contents are properly secured in place and the
seal/container is not tampered.
Manila Envelope Clasps, Ziplock Bags And Staples Do Not Constitute An Acceptable Seal.
The person sealing the evidence shall place his initial or individual identifier across the seal
or tape on the package.
c. Information on each package should minimally include:
1) Name of the Agency
2) Agency case number
3) Item number
4) Date
5) The investigator‟s identifier
d. Additionally, packaging of evidence should include:
1) Where the item was found
2) By whom
3) Date & time found
4) Description of item
Sample Technical Report for Court Presentation

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
EDUCATION
ASSESSMENT:

MANUEL V GALLEGO
FOUNDATION
COLLEGES, INC.
Instruction: EDUCATION
1. Create a flow chart that will see the chain of custody and explain the importance of each
custody.
Activity
1. Crime Scene Reconstruction that will be done face to face.
2. Lecture discussion via ZOOM
Note: Prepare for Final Examination
REFERENCES:
Philippines
Dempsey, J.S. (2003). Introduction to investigtions. Belmont, CA: Warsdworth/Thomson
Learning

INVS 211 Fundamentals of Investigation Fundamentals of Investigation Vision

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

INVS 211 Fundamentals of Investigation Fundamentals of Investigation Vision

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MANUEL V GALLEGO

Desired Students’ Learning Outcomes

The Graduates Manifest the Attributes of A “Gallegan” Which Are as Follows:

Title: FUNDAMENTALS OF INVESTIGATION

Prepared by: Col.Epitacio D. Domingo Page 1 of 36

Part 2 The concept and

Prepared by: Col.Epitacio D. Domingo Page 2 of 36

Expectations from Students

Prepared by: Col.Epitacio D. Domingo Page 3 of 36

Observance of Academic Honesty and Professionalism

1. Plagiarism – using ideas, data, or language of another without specific or proper

2. Cheating – using or attempting to use unauthorized assistance, materials, or study aids

3. Fabrication – submitting contrived or improperly altered information in any academic

Prepared by: Col.Epitacio D. Domingo Page 4 of 36

Evaluation and Grades

HOUSE RULES DURING THE ONLINE CLASS MEETINGS

Prepared by: Col.Epitacio D. Domingo Page 5 of 36

5. Be interested in the class.

Criteria Score Weight Equivalent Grade

Prepared by: Col.Epitacio D. Domingo Page 6 of 36

MODULE 1: ORIENTATION AND THE CONCEPT AND PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

C. Desired Students’ Learning Outcomes

PART II. THE CONCEPT AND PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

Prepared by: Col.Epitacio D. Domingo Page 7 of 36

Investigation Defined: The collection of facts to accomplish a three-fold aim:

Primary Job of an Investigator

B. Six Cardinal Points of Investigation

WHAT specific offense has been committed? Nature of crime

Qualities of a Good Investigator

Prepared by: Col.Epitacio D. Domingo Page 8 of 36

C. Phases/Stages Of Criminal Investigation

A. Confession– is the direct acknowledgement of guilt arising from the commission of a

A.1 Admission– is a self-incriminatory statement by the subject falling short of an

Rules To Be Observed In Taking Confession Or Admission

B. Kinds of Criminals Identified By Witnesses

Prepared by: Col.Epitacio D. Domingo Page 9 of 36

The value of identification by eyewitness depends on:

What are the procedures of identification by eyewitness?

C. Circumstantial Evidence - facts or circumstances from which, either alone or in connection

What must be inferred to prove identity by circumstantial evidence?

D. Physical Evidence to Identify Criminals

E. Modus Operandi – is the method of operation by a specific criminal or criminal syndicate. It

2. Tracing and Locating The Criminals

Prepared by: Col.Epitacio D. Domingo Page 10 of 36

Subject – the person or place being watched or surveyed.

How to conduct surveillance of place?

Prepared by: Col.Epitacio D. Domingo Page 11 of 36

TAILING OR SHADOWING – is the act of following a person, depends on the number of

What are the things that should be avoided during shadowing?

Undercover Investigation – is a form of investigation in which the investigator assumes a

Prepared by: Col.Epitacio D. Domingo Page 12 of 36

What Constitute a Crime Scene?

Prepared by: Col.Epitacio D. Domingo Page 13 of 36

MODULE 2: THREE I’S OF INVESTIGATION

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Prepared by: Col.Epitacio D. Domingo Page 14 of 36

Rules To Be Observed In Questioning

b) Interrogation –is a questioning of a person suspected of having committed an offense or a

What are the purposes of Interrogation?

Prepared by: Col.Epitacio D. Domingo Page 15 of 36

Prepared by: Col.Epitacio D. Domingo Page 16 of 36

Phases/Stages of Criminal Investigation

Methods of Identifying Criminals