TYPE OF JOINTS

Group members
Fanny
Naga
Navleen
Molinah
Suganya
Sharumathi
Ameerah
WHAT IS JOINTS?
An articulation is a place of union or
junction between two or more bones,
regardless of the degree of movement
allowed by this union
The sutures between various bones of
the skull are considered as much a
part of the articular system as the knee
or elbow joint
Joints are classified according
i.) The type of material that hold the
bones of the joint together (Structure)
ii) The degree of movement (Functional
)
TYPE OF JOINTS STRUCTURE
• Joined by fibrous connective tissue and no
joint cavity present
Fibrous • The amount of movement allowed depends
Joints on the length of the connective tissue fibers
uniting the bones
• Sutures, syndamoses and gomphoses

• United by cartilage
Cartilaginous • Lack joint cavity and not highly movable
Joints • Synchondroses and symphyses

• Articulating bones are separated by a fluid

containing joint cavity
Synovial • Permits substantial freedom of movement
joints and all synovial joints are freely diarthroses
• Near all joints of the limbs fall into this class
 FUNTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
TYPES Description Examples
Synarthrosis Immovable Joints •Skull sutures
(Joints that are fused •Epiphyseal plates
together for strength) •Joint between first
rib and manubrium
of sternum
Amphiarthrosis Slightly Movable • Vertebral joints
joint •Joint of the
( Joints which bind symphysis pubis
bones together to
make up the
skeleton with limited
movement)
Diarthrosis Freely movable joint •Joints of the
( Joints which allow extremities
movement and also •Shoulder joints
1. TYPE OF FIBROUS JOINTS
Fibrous Joints
Sutures
1) An articulation in which
the bones are united by a
thin layer of fibrous tissue
e.g. suture joints of the
skull
2) Skull bones are formed
by intramembranous
ossification
Syndesmoses Gomphosis
1) Joints which the 1) Joints which a
bones are connected by conical process fits into
ligaments between the a socket and is held in
bones e.g. Radius place by ligaments e.g.
A tooth in its alveolus
articulates with the ulna
and fibula articulates (socket) held in place
with the tibia by the periodontal
ligament
2) TYPE OF CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
cartilaginous Joints
Synchondrosis
1) Joints which two bony
surfaces are connected by
hyaline cartilage
2) The cartilage is replaced by
permanent bone later in life
e.g. Epiphyseal plates in long
bones of children
Symphyses
1) Joints which bones are
connected by a disk of
fibrocartilage e.g. A symphysis
would be the pubis where the two
pelvic bones at the pubis are
joined
2) During delivery this joint allows
the pelvic bone slight movement to
increase the size of the birth canal
3) TYPE OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS FEATURES
Articular cartilage
• Glassy smooth hyaline cartilage covers the bone
surfaces
• Thin but spongy cushions absorb compression
placed on the joint and thereby keep the bone
ends from being crushed
Articular capsule
• Enclosed 2 layered articular capsule
• The external layer is a tough fibrous capsule
composed of dense irregular connective tissue,
that is continuous with the periosteum and its
strengthens the joints so that the bones are not
pulled apart
• The Inner layer of the joint capsule is a synovial
membrane composed of loose connective tissue
• Lining fibrous capsule internally covers all internal
joint surfaces that are not hyaline cartilage
Joint (Synovial) cavity
1) The joint cavity is a space that
contains a small amount of synovial fluid

Synovial Fluid
1) Small amount of slippery synovial
fluid occupies all the free spaces within
the joint capsule
2) Secreted in cell of the synovial
membranes
3)Found in the articular cartilages
provides a slippery weight bearing film
that reduces friction between the
cartilages (As a lubricant)
Reinforcing Ligaments
1)Synovial joints are reinforced and
strengthened by a number of bandlike
ligaments
2.)Most often, These are capsular or intrinsic,
ligaments which are thickened parts of the
fibrous capsule
3) In other cases, they remain distinct and are
found outside the capsule or deep into it
Nerves and blood vessels
1) Synovial joints are richly supplied with
sensory nerve fibers that innervate the capsule
2) Some of these fibers detect pain but most
monitor joint position and stretch, thus helping
to maintain muscle tone
3) Synovial joints are also richly supplied with
blood vessels, most of which supply the
synovial membrane
OTHER STUCTURE OF SYNOVIAL
JOINTS
 2.) Menisci
1) Fatty pads
Its improve the fit
e.g. Hip and knee between articulating
joints which have the bone ends , making
fatty pads between the joint more stable
the fibrous capsule and minimizing wear
and the synovial and tear on the joint
membrane or bone surfaces e.g knee and
jaw

3.) Bursae 4.) Tendon Sheath

Facilitates the gliding Is an essentially an
of either muscle over elongated bursa that
muscle or tendons wraps completely around
over bony a tendon subjected to
ligamentous surfaces friction
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS
1) Ball and socket
- Is a Multiaxial which allow bones to rotate
and move freely in all directions
- Provides wide range of motion especially the
shoulder. E.g. The head of the humerus fitting
into the glenoid fossa of the scapula
2.) Hinge Joint
- This type of joint motion is limited to flexion
and extension. E.g. The elbow and the knee
joint

3.) Pivot joint

- A ring of bone that fits over a bone protrusion,
around which it can rotate. These joint only can
allow rotation
- E.g. The joint between the atlas and axis in
the neck which allows you to shake your head
4.) Condyloid joint / Ellipsoidal joint
- The convex oval shaped projection of one
bone fits into the oval shaped depression of
another bone
- Provide biaxial movement ( flexion-
extension, abduction- adduction)
5.) Saddle joint
- This type of joint occurs when the touching
sufaces of two bones have both concave and
convex regions with the shapes of the two
bones complementing one other and
allowing a wide range of movement
- E.g. The thumb
6.) Gliding Joint
- Is a multiaxial joint
- -This type of joint is formed by either opposing
planes surfaces or slightly convex and concave
surfaces
- - This type of joint only allows gliding movement
- - E.g. Between the superior and inferior articular
processess of the vetebrae in spine
MAIN SYNOVIAL JOINTS OF THE LIMBS

 Shoulder Joint
- This ball and socket joint is formed by the glenoid
fossa of the scapula and the head of humerus
- Movements: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction,
circumduction, medial and lateral rotation

 Elbow joint
- This hinge joints is formed by the trochlear and
capitulum of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the
ulna and the head of the radius
- diarthrotic and uniaxial
- Movements: Flexion and extension of the forearm
 Proximal and distal radioulnar Joints
- Formed by the rim of the head of radius rotating in the radial
notch of the ulna
- diarthrotic and uniaxial
- Movements: Pronation and supination

 Wrist Joint
- Is a condyloid joint between the distal end of the radius and
the proximal ends of scaphoid, lunate and triquetral
- A white fibrocartilage disc seperates the ulna from the joint
cavity and articulates with the carpal bones
- Is diarthrotic and biaxial
- Movements: flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

 Joints of the hands and fingers

- There are synovial joints between the carpal, between the
carpal and metacarpal, between the metacarpal and proximal
phalanges and between the the phalanges
- There are diarthrotic
 Hip Joint
- This ball and socket joint is formed by the cup
shaped acetabulum of the innominate bone and the
head of the femur
- Is diarthrotic and multiaxial
- Movements: Flexion, extension, abduction and
adduction, rotation and circumduction

 Knee joint
- Largest and most complex joint
- It’s a hinge joint formed by the condyles of the femur,
the condyles of the tibia and the posterior surface of the
patella
- Is a diarthrotic and biaxial
- Movements: flexion and extension
 Ankle Joint
- The hinge joint is formed by the distal end of the tibia and
its malleolus, the distal end of the fibula and the talus
- Is diarthrotic and uniaxial
- Movements: flexion and extension

 Joints of the foot and toes

- There are a number of synovial joints between the tarsal
bones, between tarsal and metatarsal, between the
metatarsals and the proximal phalanges and between the
phalanges
- The tendons crossing the ankle joint are encased in
synovial sheaths
- The move smoothly within their sheats as the joints move
- Is diarthrotic and movements are depends on the part of
the joints
REFERENCES

 Medical Surgical Nursing Critical Thinking

in Patient care LeMone Burke Bauldoff (5th
Edition)
 https://www.arthritis-health.com/types/joint-
anatomy/what-cartilage
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synovial_joint

 https://www.pinterest.com/phylliskchan/joints-
of-the-upper-body/