General Arthrology

Lab. ANATOMI-HISTOLOGY
Fak. Kedokteran Unibraw
 Bones Muscles + Nerves

Structural
Power
Framework

Joints Movement
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Definition- arthrology is the scientific
study of joints/articulations ~ where
rigid elements of the skeleton meet.

Classification of joints:
A) Classification based on function
B) Classification based on structure
 Classification based on function
• Focuses on the amount of movement allowed.
1. SYNARTHROSES ~ Immovable joints (e.g. sutures)
2. AMPHIARTHROSES ~ Slightly movable joints
(fibrous connection) (e.g. intervetebral discs)
3. DIARTHROSES ~ Freely movable joints (synovial)

• Synarthroses and amphiarthroses are largely

restricted to the axial skeleton
• Diarthroses predominate in the appendicular
skeleton
 Classification based on structure
• Focuses on the material that binds the joint
together.
• Based on the material that binds the bones
together, and on the presence or absence of joint
cavity.
1. Fibrous joints
2. Cartilaginous joints
3. Synovial joints
1. Fibrous joints
• Bones connected by fibrous tissue
• Sutures
• Syndesmoses ~ interosseous ligament/membane
• Gomphoses ~ periodontal ligament

2. Cartilaginous joints
• The bones are united by cartilage
• Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage unites the bones)
• Symphyses (fibrocartilage unites the bones)
Gomphosis
Anulus fibrosus Nucleus pulposus
3. Synovial joints
• Most movable joint
• There is a joint cavity (synovial cavity & fluid)
• The basic structure
• articular cartilage: hyaline; spongy cushions absorb
compression.
• articular capsule: encloses the joint cavity; 2 layered
(fibrous outside, continuous to the periosteum and
synovial membrane inside)
• Synovial membrane: produce the synovial fluid
(filtrate of blood; contains of glycoprotein)
• Reinforcing ligaments
• Neurovascular bundle
• The accessory structure
• Pad of cartilage of fat, e.g. meniscus,
articular disk, fat pad, articular labrum.
• Ligaments: extracapsular, intracapsular
ligaments.
• Tendons
• Bursae
• Based on the articulating surfaces:
• Simple joint (2 surfaces) and compound
joint (>2)
Synovial Joints

The essential struc. :

1. Cavum articulare
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2. Cartilago articulare
3. Capsula articulare
1 4. Membrana
4
2 synovialis 6
5. Ligamenta
5
6. Discus/Meniscus
articulare
3 7. Neurovascular
bundle
 TYPES OF MOVEMENTS

• Movement caused by muscular contraction.

• 3 Types of movements:
• Linear motion (gliding) ~ sliding of flat surfaces
across each other, rotation is usually prevented by the
capsule and ligaments; no change of angle of joint
• Angular motion ~ increase or decreases the angle
between the two bones, e.g. abduction, adduction,
flexion, extension.
• Rotation/circular – movement of bone around its long
axis, e.g. medial/lateral rotation.
• Special movements of hand, foot, and jaw:
• Pronation x supination
• Eversion x inversion
• Dorsiflexion x plantar flexion
• Lateral version
• Protraction x retraction
• Opposition x reposition
• Elevation x depression.
 Movements at Synovial Joints
• Angular movements
– increase or decrease in angle between articulating
bones
Flexion, Extension Abduction &
& Hyperextension Adduction
Flexion, Extension & Hyperextension

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Abduction and Adduction

Condyloid joints

Ball and Socket

joints
 Rotation

• Bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis

• medial rotation is turning of anterior surface in towards the midline
• lateral rotation is turning of anterior surface away from the midline

• At ball & socket and pivot type joints

 Circumduction

• Movement of a distal end of a body part in a circle

• Combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction
• Occurs at ball and socket, saddle and condyloid joints
 Special Movements of Mandible
• Elevation = upward
• Depression =
downward

• Protraction = forward • Retraction = backward

Special Hand & Foot Movements
• Inversion • Pronation
• Eversion • Supinatio
n

• Dorsiflexion
• Plantarflexion
Opposition & Reposition
• Opposition is movement of
the thumb to approach or
touch the fingertips
• Reposition is movement
back to the anatomical
position
• Important hand function
that enables the hand to
grasp objects
RANGE OF MOTION IN A SYNOVIAL JOINT

• Shape of articulating bones

• Tension & strength of joint ligaments
• Arrangement of muscles around joints
• Apposition (coming together) of soft parts
• Disuse
• decreased synovial fluid, decreased flexibility of
ligaments, reduced size of muscles

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 SYNOVIAL JOINTS ARE CLASSIFIED BY SHAPE
The shapes of the articulating surfaces determine the movement

1. Plane/planar/gliding – flat articular

surfaces. Short gliding movements
are allowed. May be nonaxial or
multiaxial.

2. Condylar/ellipsoidal – egg shaped

articular surface fits into the oval
concavity in another; biaxial joint.

3. Saddle Joint – has both convex and

concave areas; biaxial joint; angular
motion without rotation.
4. Hinge – cylindrical end of one bone
fits into the trough of another bone.
Angular movement is in one plane.
Monoaxial joint along one plane.
5. Pivot – rounded end of one fits into a ring formed by
another bone. Monoaxial which permit only rotation.

5. Ball and Socket – spherical head of one bone fits into a

round socket in another; triaxial joint.
• Artic. plana (Gliding Joints)

– articular surface in flat plane or slightly curved

– short gliding movement
– (eg)Artic. intertarsal or intercarpal,
Artic. interprocessus articularis vertebrae
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• Artic. condylaris / condyloidea / ellipsoidea
(Condyloid Joints)

– egg-shape articular surface + oval concavity

(depression)
– Biaxial joints (flex. – ext. & abd. – add.)
– Transversal & anteroposterior axis
– (eg) Art. Metacarpophalangea
(except the tumb)

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 • Artic. sellaris (Saddle Joints)

– articular surface both concave + convex area

(like a saddle)
– multiaxial
(Flex - Ext, Abd.- Add., Opposition – Reposisiton)
– (eg) : Artic. trapeziometacarpal

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 • Ginglymus (Hinge Joints)
– One bone with convex surface that
fits into a concave depression on
other bone
– Uniaxial joint along one plane
(like a door hinge)
– Strong collateral ligaments
– Movements produced :
 flexion
 extension
– (eg) Artic. interphalangea
Artic. Genu
Artic. Humero radio ulnae (cubiti)

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• Artic. trochoidea (Pivot Joints)

– round end fits into ring of bone +

ligament
– uniaxial
– rotation movement around the
central axis
– (eg) Artic. Atlanto-axialis

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 • Artic. Sphenoidalis / enarthrodialis
(Ball & Socket Joints)

– Smooth hemispherical head fits within a cuplike

depression (Ball fitting into a cuplike depression)
 head of humerus into glenoid cavity of scapula
 head of femur into acetabulum of hip bone
– spherical head + round socket
– multiaxial
(flex. – ext. & abd. – add. & rotation -
circumduction
– (eg) Artic. coxae & Artic. humeri

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Summary:
Structural Mobility
Characteristics Types (based on functional
Class class)

1. Suture 1. Immobile
Bones united by
Fibrous collagen fibers
2. Syndesmosis 2. Slightly moveable
3. Gomphosis 3. Immobile
1. Synchondrosis
Bone ends united by 1. Slightly moveable
Cartilagi- (hyaline)
plate of hyaline cartilage
nous 2. Symphysis 2. Immobile
& fibrocartilaginous disk
(fibrocartliage)
Bone ends covered with Freely moveable
1. Plane
articular cartilage and
2. Condyloid which depends on
enclosed within a
3. Saddle
Synovial capsule lined with a
4. Hinge
joint design
synovial membrane ( Complicated &
5. Pivot
(most of the permanent
6. Ball and socket Less Stable )
joint in the body)