CHAPTER 2

8085 Microprocessor Programming & Instruction

Sets
CONTENTS

 Introduction
 Instruction formats

 Addressing modes

 Instruction set

 Assembler directives

 Simple program examples

2
INTRODUCTION

 A microprocessor executes instructions given

by the user

 Instructions should be in a language known to

the microprocessor

 Microprocessor understands the language of 0’s

and 1’s only

 This language is called Machine Language

3
INTRODUCTION CONT..

 For e.g.
 0100 1111

 Is a valid machine language instruction of

8085

 It copies the contents of one of the internal

registers of 8085 to another

4
INTRODUCTION CONT..

 A Machine language program to add two

numbers

 0011 1110 ; Copy value 2H in register A

0000 0010
0000 0110 ; Copy value 4H in register B
0000 0100
1000 0000 ;A=A+B

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INTRODUCTION CONT..

 Assembly Language of 8085

 It uses English like words to convey the
action/meaning called as MNEMONICS

 For e.g.
 MOV to indicate data transfer

 ADD to add two values

 SUB to subtract two values

6
INTRODUCTION CONT..
 Assembly language program to add two numbers
MVI A, 2H ;Copy value 2H in register A
MVI B, 4H ;Copy value 4H in register B
ADD B ;A = A + B

 Note:
 Assembly language is specific to a given processor
 For e.g. assembly language of 8085 is different
than that of Motorola 6800 microprocessor
7
INTRODUCTION CONT..
 Microprocessor understands Machine Language
only!
 Microprocessor cannot understand a program
written in Assembly language
 A program known as Assembler is used to
convert a Assembly language program to
machine language

Assembly Machine
Assembler
Language Language
Program
Program Code

8
INSTRUCTION FORMATS

 8085 Instruction set can be classified according to

size (in bytes) as

 1-byte Instructions

 2-byte Instructions

 3-byte Instructions

9
INSTRUCTION FORMAT CONT..

 One-byte Instructions
 Includes Opcode and Operand in the same byte
• Examples

Opcode Operand Binary code Hex code

MOV C,A 0100 1111 4FH
ADD B 1000 0000 80H
HLT 0111 0110 76H

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INSTRUCTION FORMATS CONT..

 Two-byte Instructions
 First byte specifies Operation Code

 Second byte specifies Operand

 Examples

Opcode Operand Binary Hex Code

Code
MVI A, 32H 0011 1110 3EH
0011 0010 32H
MVI B, F2H 0000 0110 06H
1111 0010 F2H
11
INSTRUCTION & DATA FORMATS

 Three-byte Instructions
• First byte specifies Operation Code
• Second & Third byte specifies Operand
• Examples
Opcode Operand Binary Hex Code
Code
LXI H, 2050H 0010 0001 21H
0101 0000 50H
0010 0000 20H
LDA 3070H 0011 1010 3AH
0111 0000 70H 12
0011 0000 30H
ADDRESSING MODES
 Format of a typical Assembly language
instruction is given below
 [Label:] Mnemonic [Operands] [;comments]
 HLT
 MVI A, 20H
 MOV M, A ;Copy A to memory location
whose address is stored in
register pair HL
 LOAD: LDA 2050H ;Load A with contents of memory
location with address 2050H
 READ: IN 07H ;Read data from Input port
with address 07H 13
ADDRESSING MODES

 The various formats of specifying operands are

called addressing modes

 Addressing modes of 8085

1. Register Addressing
2. Immediate Addressing
3. Memory Addressing
4. Input/ Output Addressing
5. Implied addressing mode 14
ADDRESSING MODES

1. Register Addressing

 Operands are one of the internal registers of

8085
 A, B, C, D, E, H, L

 Examples
 MOV A, B

 ADD C

15
ADDRESSING MODES
2. Immediate Addressing
 Value of the operand is given in the instruction
itself
 Example
 MVI A, 20H
 LXI H, 2050H
 ADI 30H
 SUI 10H
16
ADDRESSING MODES

3. Memory Addressing

 One of the operands is a memory location

 Depending on how address of memory location

is specified, memory addressing is of two types
 Direct addressing

 Indirect addressing

17
ADDRESSING MODES

3.1 Direct Addressing

 16-bit Address of the memory location is specified in
the instruction directly

 Examples
 LDA 2050H ;load A with contents of memory
location with address 2050H

 STA 3050H ;store A with contents of memory

location with address 3050H

18
ADDRESSING MODES
3.2 Indirect Addressing
 A memory pointer register is used to store
the address of the memory location

 Example
 MOV M, A ;copy register A to memory location whose
address is stored in register pair HL

H L
20H 50H 2050H 30H
A 30H

19
ADDRESSING MODES

4. Input / Output Addressing

 8-bit address of the port is directly specified in
the instruction

 Examples
 IN 07H

 OUT 21H

20
ADDRESSING MODES

5. Implied addressing mode

 This mode doesn’t require any operand;

 The data is specified by the opcode itself.

 For example:
 CMP ; complement content of accumulator

 XCHG ; exchange values of HL to DE

21
INSTRUCTION SET
 Simple program to compute 2’s complement of a
number
 LDA 2345H ; A  [2345] =12H
 CMA ; A  ED
 INR A ; AEE
 STA 2345H ; 2345HEE
 HLT ; terminate program

22
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
 8085 is an 8-bit device
 it can have up to 28 =256 instructions.
 However, the 8085 only uses

 246 combinations that represent a total of 66

instructions.
 Most of the instructions have more than one
format.

23
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
 These instructions can be grouped into
Instruction group No of opcodes No of Instruction type

Data Transfer 83 13
Arithmetic Operation 62 14
Logical operation 43 15
Branch operation 36 8
Stack operation 15 9
I/O operation 2 2
Interrupt operation 5 5
Total 246 66
24
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Data Transfer Instructions
1. INSTRACTION TYPE MVI r,d8
 Move immediate value to register
 rd8
 d8  any 8 bit value
 r  register (A,B,C,D,E,H or L) 7 opcode

 Immediate addressing mode

 2 byte instruction
 1 byte for opcode and
 1 byte for operand

 Example:
 MVI B,45H ; B =45H; 25
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Data Transfer Instructions con..
2. INSTRACTION TYPE MOV r1,r2
 Move value from register r2 to r1
 r1,r2 = Register(A,B,C,D,E,H or L)
  7*7  49 opcode
 One byte Instruction
 Example:
 MOV B,C ; copy value from register C to B

26
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Data Transfer Instructions con..
3. INSTRACTION TYPE MOV r, M
 Move value from memory, M to register r
 r= Register(A,B,C,D,E,H or L)
 7 opcode
 Memory address from HL register

 One byte Instruction

 Example:
 MOV B,M ; copy value from memory to B

27
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Data Transfer Instructions con..
4. INSTRACTION TYPE MOV M, r
 Move value from register, r to memory, M
 r= Register(A,B,C,D,E,H or L)
 7 opcode
 Memory address from HL register

 One byte Instruction

 Example:
 MOV M,B ; copy value from B to memory, M

28
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Data Transfer Instructions con..
5. INSTRACTION TYPE LXI rp, d16
 Load extended register immediate value of 16
bit
 rp= Register pair(BC, DE or HL)
 3 opcode
 d16  any 16 bit value

 three byte Instruction

 Example:
 LXI B, 1234H ; BC1234H
 B  34, C12
29
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Data Transfer Instructions con..
6. INSTRACTION TYPE MVI M, d8
 Move 8 bit immediate value to memory, M
 d8 8 bit value
 Memory address from HL register

 two byte Instruction

 One for opcode
 One for value

 One opcode only

 Example:
 MVI M, 12H ; move value, 12H to memory located by 30
HL
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Data Transfer Instructions con..
7. INSTRACTION TYPE LDA d16
 Load Accumulator with 16 bit value
 Three byte Instruction
 One byte for opcode
 Two byte for operand

 One opcode only

 Example:
 LDA 1234H ; A1234

31
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Data Transfer Instructions con..
8. INSTRACTION TYPE STA a16
 Store accumulator value to memory address
a16
 Three byte Instruction
 One byte for opcode
 Two byte for operand

 One opcode only

 Example:
 STA 1234H ; [A]1234H
32
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Data Transfer Instructions con..
9. INSTRACTION TYPE XCHG
 Exchange value of HL and DE
 Implied addressing
 One byte Instruction
 One opcode only
 Example:
 XCHG ;DE HL and HLDE

33
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Data Transfer Instructions con..
10. INSTRACTION TYPE LAX rp
 Load accumulator from memory pointed by
extended register pair, rp
 rp can be BC or DE
 Indirect addressing
 One byte Instruction
 Two opcodes
 Example:
 LAX B; A values from memory pointed by BC
 LAX C; A values from memory pointed by DE 34
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Data Transfer Instructions con..
11. INSTRACTION TYPE STAX rp
 Store content of accumulator to memory pointed
by extended register rp
 rp can be BC or DE
 Indirect addressing
 One byte Instruction
 Two opcodes
 Example:
 STAX B; content of A copied to memory pointed by BC
 STAX C; content of A copied to memory pointed by DE 35
 INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Data Transfer Instructions con..
12. INSTRACTION TYPE LHLD a16
 Load HL register pair from direct memory
address a16
 a16 address value
 Absolute addressing
 Three byte Instruction
 One opcodes
 Example:
 LHLD 1234H; HL content of memory pointed by 1234H
36
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Data Transfer Instructions con..
13. INSTRACTION TYPE SHLD a16
 Store HL pair directly to memory address
starting at a16
 Absolute addressing
 Three byte Instruction
 One opcodes
 Example:
 SHLD 1234H; HL to memory pointed by 1234H

37
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
 These instructions can be grouped into
Instruction group No of opcodes No of Instruction type

Data Transfer 83 13
Arithmetic Operation 62 14
Logical operation 43 15
Branch operation 36 8
Stack operation 15 9
I/O operation 2 2
Interrupt operation 5 5
Total 246 66
38
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Arithmetic group of instructions
 Addition and Subtraction
 No multiplication or division
 14 instruction type
 62 instruction
 One of the operand must be Accumulator
 Others can be
 Content of 8 bit register
 Content of memory location pointed by HL pair
 8 bit immediate data
39
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Arithmetic group of instructions con..
1. INSTRACTION TYPE ADD R
 Add content of R to Accumulator
 R  A,B,C,D,E,H,L or M
 8 opcode
 Result stored on Accumulator
 One byte instruction
 Affect flags:
 Cy, P, AC, Z, S
 Example
 ADD E ; AA+E 40
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Arithmetic group of instructions con..
2. INSTRACTION TYPE ADI d8
 Add immediate value d8 to Accumulator
 one opcode
 Result stored on Accumulator
 two byte instruction
 Affect flags:
 Cy,P,AC,Z,S
 Example
 ADI B1H; AA+B1H
41
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Arithmetic group of instructions con..
3. INSTRACTION TYPE INR R
 Increment R, register
 R: A, B, C, D, E, H, L or M
 Eight opcode
 One byte instruction
 Affect flags:
 P, AC, Z, S
 Example
 INR A; AA+01h
42
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Arithmetic group of instructions con..
4. INSTRACTION TYPE ADC R
 Add content of R with carry to accumulator
 R: A, B, C, D, E, H, L or M
 Eight opcode
 One byte instruction
 Affect flags:
 Cy, P, AC, Z, S
 Example
 ADC B; AA+B

43
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Arithmetic group of instructions con..
5. INSTRACTION TYPE ACI d8
 Add immediate with carry to accumulator
 One opcode
 Two byte instruction
 Affect flags:
 Cy, P, AC, Z, S
 Example
 ADC B; AA+B

44
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Arithmetic group of instructions con..
6. INSTRACTION TYPE SUB R
 Subtract content of R from Accumulator
 R: A,B,C,D,E,H,L or M
 Eight opcode
 One byte instruction
 Affect flags:
 Cy, P, AC, Z, S
 Example
 SUB B; AA-B
45
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Arithmetic group of instructions con..
7. INSTRACTION TYPE SUI d8
 Subtract d8 from accumulator
 One opcode
 Two byte instruction
 Affect flags:
 Cy, P, AC, Z, S
 Example
 SUI 12H; AA-12H

46
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Arithmetic group of instructions con..
8. INSTRACTION TYPE DCR R
 Decrement register R
 R: A,B,C,D,E,H,L or M
 8 opcode
 One byte instruction
 Affect flags:
 P, AC, Z, S not Cy
 Example
 DCR B; BB-01H
47
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Arithmetic group of instructions con..
9. INSTRACTION TYPE SBB R
 Subtract R with borrow from accumulator
 R: A,B,C,D,E,H,L or M
 8 opcode
 One byte instruction
 Affect flags:
 P, AC, Z, S, Cy
 Example
 SBB B; AA-B
48
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Arithmetic group of instructions con..
10. INSTRACTION TYPE SBI d8
 Subtract immediate with borrow from
accumulator
 One opcode
 Two byte instruction
 Affect flags:
 P, AC, Z, S, Cy
 Example
 SBI F2h ; AA-d8
49
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Arithmetic group of instructions con..
11. INSTRACTION TYPE INX rp
 Increment extended register pair rp
 rp : BC, DE, HL
 Three opcode
 One byte instruction
 No flag affected
 Example
 INX B
 INX B = INX C???
50
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Arithmetic group of instructions con..
12. INSTRACTION TYPE DCX rp
 Decrement extended register pair rp
 rp : BC, DE, HL
 Three opcode
 One byte instruction
 No flag affected
 Example
 DCX B

51
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Arithmetic group of instructions con..
13. INSTRACTION TYPE DAD rp
 Double add
 Add content of rp to HL
 rp : BC, DE, HL
 Three opcode
 One byte instruction
 No flag affected except Cy
 Example
 DAD B
52
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
 These instructions can be grouped into
Instruction group No of opcodes No of Instruction type

Data Transfer 83 13
Arithmetic Operation 62 14
Logical operation 43 15
Branch operation 36 8
Stack operation 15 9
I/O operation 2 2
Interrupt operation 5 5
Total 246 66
53
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Logical group of instructions
 15 instruction type
 45 instructions
 Includes
 AND
 OR
 Exclusive OR
 Complement accumulator
 Complement carry flag
 Compare and rotate 54
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Logical group of instructions cont..
AND operation
 Operand
 Accumulator and
 8 bit immediate data, register or memory pointed by

HL
 Bitwise AND operation
 Flag
 S, P and Z based on result
 Cy reset

 Ac set
55
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Logical group of instructions cont..
1. INSTRACTION TYPE ANA R
 AND accumulator with register R
 R: A, B, C, D, E, H, L or MEMORY

 One byte instruction

 8 opcode
 Result on Accumulator
 Example :
56
 ANA B
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Logical group of instructions cont..
2. INSTRACTION TYPE ANI d8
 AND accumulator with immediate value
 Two byte instruction
 1 opcode
 Result on Accumulator
 Example :
 ANI 45h 57
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Logical group of instructions cont..

OR operation

 Operand
 Accumulator and

 8 bit immediate data, register or memory pointed by HL

 Bitwise OR operation

 Flag
 S, P and Z based on result
58
 Cy and Ac reset
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Logical group of instructions cont..
3. INSTRACTION TYPE ORA R
 OR accumulator with Register R
 R: A, B, C, D, E, H, L or MEMORY

 One byte instruction

 8 opcode
 Result on Accumulator
 Example :
59
 ORA B
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Logical group of instructions cont..
4. INSTRACTION TYPE ORI d8
 OR accumulator with immediate value
 Two byte instruction
 1 opcode
 Result on Accumulator
 Example :
 ORI 45h ; A A OR 45h 60
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Logical group of instructions cont..

Exclusive OR operation

 Operand
 Accumulator and

 8 bit immediate data, register or memory pointed by HL

 Bitwise Ex-OR operation

 Flag
 S, P and Z based on result
61
 Cy and Ac reset
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Logical group of instructions cont..
5. INSTRACTION TYPE XRA R
 Ex-OR accumulator with Register R
 R: A, B, C, D, E, H, L or MEMORY

 One byte instruction

 8 opcode
 Result on Accumulator
 Example :
62
 XRA B
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Logical group of instructions cont..
6. INSTRACTION TYPE XRI d8

 Ex-OR accumulator with immediate value

 Two byte instruction

 1 opcode

 Result on Accumulator

 Example :
 XRI 45h 63
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Logical group of instructions cont..
7. INSTRACTION TYPE CMA

 Complement Accumulator
 One byte instruction
 One opcode
 Result on Accumulator
 Example :
 CMA
64
 Affects no flag
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Logical group of instructions cont..
8. INSTRACTION TYPE CMC

 Complement CARRY FLAG

 One byte instruction

 One opcode

 Result on carry flag

 Example :
 CMC 65
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Logical group of instructions cont..
9. INSTRACTION TYPE STC

 Set carry flag

 One byte instruction
 One opcode
 Result on carry flag
 Example :
 STC 66
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Logical group of instructions cont..
10 INSTRACTION TYPE CMP R
 Compare accumulator with Register R
 R: A, B, C, D, E, H, L or MEMORY

 One byte instruction

 8 opcode
 Result on Temp register
 Affects all flags
 Example :
67
 CMP B
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Logical group of instructions cont..
11. INSTRACTION TYPE CPI d8
 Compare accumulator with immediate value
 Two byte instruction
 1 opcode
 Result on Temp register
 Affect all flags
 Example :
68
 CPI 45h
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Logical group of instructions cont..
12. INSTRACTION TYPE RLC

 Rotate accumulator left with out carry flag

 Affects Cy : MSB
 To check MSB
 To multiply by 2
 Example :
 RLC 69
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Logical group of instructions cont..
13. INSTRACTION TYPE RAL

 Rotate accumulator left with carry flag

 Affects Cy : MSB
 Application:
 To check MSB
 To multiply by 2

 Example :
70
 RAL
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Logical group of instructions cont..

14. INSTRACTION TYPE RRC

 Rotate accumulator right with out carry flag

 Affects Cy : LSB

 Application:
 To check LSB

 To divide by 2

 Example :
71
 RRC
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Logical group of instructions cont..

15. INSTRACTION TYPE RAR

 Rotate accumulator right with carry flag

 Affects Cy : MSB

 Application:
 To check MSB

 To multiply by 2

 Example :
72
 RAL
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
 These instructions can be grouped into
Instruction group No of opcodes No of Instruction type

Data Transfer 83 13
Arithmetic Operation 62 14
Logical operation 43 15
Branch operation 36 8
Stack operation 15 9
I/O operation 2 2
Interrupt operation 5 5
Total 246 66
73
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Stack group of instructions
 Stack
 Data structure implemented in a RAM
 LIFO (last in first out)
 Store data and address

 SP (stack pointer)
 16-bit special register
 Pointes to top of stack

 Stack operation instruction

 9- instruction type
 15 – instruction 74
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..

Stack group of instructions cont..

1. INSTRACTION TYPE POP rp

 Load register pair rp 2 byte from top of stack
 rp: BC, DE, HL, or PSW (accumulator + flag)

 Four opcode

 Example:
 POP B ; load BC from top of stack

 One byte instruction

75
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Stack group of instructions cont..
2. INSTRACTION TYPE PUSH rp

 Store content of rp to top of stack

 rp: BC, DE, HL, or PSW

 Four opcode

 One byte instruction

 Example:
 PUSH D ; store content of DE to top of stack

 PUSH PSW ; store content of PSW to top of stack 76

INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Stack group of instructions cont..
3. INSTRACTION TYPE LXI SP, d16

 Load extended immediate value to SP

 Load SP immediate value of 16-bit
 To change stack pointer address from top of stack to
other stack address
 One opcode
 Three byte instruction
 Example:
 LXI SP, 1234h; load SP with new address 1234h
77
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Stack group of instructions cont..
4. INSTRACTION TYPE SPHL

 Load SP with content of HL register pair

 One byte instruction

 One opcode

 Example:
 SPHL ; SP HL

78
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Stack group of instructions cont..
5. INSTRACTION TYPE XTHL

 Exchange top of stack with HL pair

 Not SP with HL

 One byte

 One opcode

 Example:
 XTHL

79
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Stack group of instructions cont..
6. INSTRACTION TYPE INX SP

 Increment SP by one

 One byte instruction

 One opcode only

 Example:
 INX SP

80
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Stack group of instructions cont..
7. INSTRACTION TYPE DCX SP

 Decrement SP by one

 One byte instruction

 One opcode only

 Example:
 DCX SP

81
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Stack group of instructions cont..
8. INSTRACTION TYPE DAD SP

 Add content of SP to HL

 One byte instruction

 One opcode

 Example:
 DAD SP

 Affects carry flag only

82
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Stack group of instructions cont..
9. INSTRACTION TYPE NOP

 No operation

 Do nothing

 Application :
 To generate small delay

 To delete/Insert few instruction in program

 One byte instruction
 One opcode
83
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
 These instructions can be grouped into
Instruction group No of opcodes No of Instruction type

Data Transfer 83 13
Arithmetic Operation 62 14
Logical operation 43 15
Branch operation 36 8
Stack operation 15 9
I/O operation 2 2
Interrupt operation 5 5
Total 246 66
84
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Branch group of instructions
 Eight Instruction Type
 36 instruction

 Unconditional/Conditional Branch instruction

 Unconditional / conditional call instruction

 Return from call instruction

85
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Unconditional Branch Instruction
1. INSTRACTION TYPE JMP a16

 Jump to memory address a16

 Direct memory addressing

 Three byte instruction

 Example:
 JMP 12EFh; PC 12EFh

86
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Unconditional Branch Instruction
2. INSTRACTION TYPE PCHL

 Load PC with content of HL

 Unconditional indirect jump

 One byte instruction

 Example:
 PCHL ; PC [HL]

87
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Conditional Branch instructions
3. INSTRACTION TYPE JNC a16

 Jump if not carry, cy =0 to memory address a16

 Three byte instruction
 Example: JNC 123Ah
4. INSTRACTION TYPE JC a16

 Jump if carry, cy =0 to memory address a16

 Three byte instruction
 Example: JC 123Ah
88
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Conditional Branch instructions cont..
5. INSTRACTION TYPE JNZ a16

 Jump if not zero, Z=0 to memory a16

 Three byte instruction

 Example: JNZ 1234h

6. INSTRACTION TYPE JZ a16

 Jump if zero, Z=1 to memory a16

 Three byte instruction

 Example: JZ 1234h 89
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Conditional Branch instructions cont..
7. INSTRACTION TYPE JPO a16

 Jump if parity odd, P=0

 Three Byte
 Example: JPO 1234h
8. INSTRACTION TYPE JPE a16

 Jump if parity even, P=1

 Three Byte
 Example: JPE 1234h
90
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Conditional Branch instructions cont..
9. INSTRACTION TYPE JP a16

 Jump if positive, S=0

 Three byte
 Example: JP 1234h
10. INSTRACTION TYPE JM a16

 Jump if Minus, S=1

 Three byte
 Example: JM 1234h
91
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Branch instructions cont..
11. INSTRACTION TYPE CALL , a16
 Call a subroutine at memory address a16
 PUSH next instruction on top of stack
 Three byte instruction
 Example: CALL 1234h ; PUSH (PC+3byte) and PC1234h
12. INSTRACTION TYPE RET
 Return from call
 New PC POP from stack top
 One byte instruction
92
 Example: RET; PC POP
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Branch instructions cont..
13.INSTRACTION TYPE CNC a16
 Call if not carry, cy =0 subroutine at a16
 Three byte instruction
 PUSH next instruction on top of stack
 Example: CNC 1234h ; PUSH [PC+3] and PC1234h
14. INSTRACTION TYPE CC a16
 Call if carry, cy =1 subroutine at a16
 Three byte instruction
 PUSH next instruction on top of stack
93
 Example: CC 1234h ; PUSH [PC+3] and PC1234h
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Branch instructions cont..
15. INSTRACTION TYPE CNZ a16
 Call if not zero, Z =0 subroutine at a16
 Three byte instruction
 PUSH next instruction on top of stack
 Example: CNZ 1234h ; PUSH [PC+3] and PC1234h
16. INSTRACTION TYPE CZ a16
 Call if zero, Z =1 subroutine at a16
 Three byte instruction
 PUSH next instruction on top of stack
94
 Example: CZ 1234h ; PUSH [PC+3] and PC1234h
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Branch instructions cont..
17. INSTRACTION TYPE CPO a16
 Call if parity odd, P =0 to subroutine at a16
 Three byte instruction
 PUSH next instruction on top of stack
 Example: CPO 1234h ; PUSH [PC+3] and PC1234h
18. INSTRACTION TYPE CPE a16
 Call if parity even, P =1 to subroutine at a16
 Three byte instruction
 PUSH next instruction on top of stack
95
 Example: CPE 1234h ; PUSH [PC+3] and PC1234h
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Branch instructions cont..
19. INSTRACTION TYPE CP a16
 Call if positive, S =0 to subroutine at a16
 Three byte instruction
 PUSH next instruction on top of stack
 Example: CP 1234h ; PUSH [PC+3] and PC1234h
20. INSTRACTION TYPE CM a16
 Call if minus, S =1 to subroutine at a16
 Three byte instruction
 PUSH next instruction on top of stack
96
 Example: CM 1234h ; PUSH [PC+3] and PC1234h
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Branch instructions cont..
21. INSTRACTION TYPE RNC
 Return if not carry, CY=0
 One byte instruction
 POP PC from top of stack
 Example: RNC ; POP PC
22. INSTRACTION TYPE RC a16
 Return if carry, CY=1
 One byte instruction
 POP PC from top of stack
97
 Example: RC ; POP PC
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Branch instructions cont..
23. INSTRACTION TYPE RNZ
 Return if not Zero, Z=0
 One byte instruction
 POP PC from top of stack
 Example: RNZ ; POP PC
24 INSTRACTION TYPE RZ a16
 Return if Zero, Z=1
 One byte instruction
 POP PC from top of stack
98
 Example: RZ ; POP PC
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Branch instructions cont..
25. INSTRACTION TYPE RPO
 Return if parity odd, P=0
 One byte instruction
 POP PC from top of stack
 Example: RPO ; POP PC
26. INSTRACTION TYPE RPE a16
 Return if parity even, P=1
 One byte instruction
 POP PC from top of stack
99
 Example: RPE ; POP PC
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Branch instructions cont..
27. INSTRACTION TYPE RP
 Return if positive, S=0
 One byte instruction
 POP PC from top of stack
 Example: RP ; POP PC
28. INSTRACTION TYPE RM a16
 Return if minus, S=1
 One byte instruction
 POP PC from top of stack
100
 Example: RM ; POP PC
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
Branch instructions cont..
29. INSTRACTION TYPE RST n

 Restart

 n: 0-7

 One byte instruction

 Example:
 RST 0 ; CALL 0*8= CALL 0000h

 RST 2; CALL 2*8 = CALL 0010h

101
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
 These instructions can be grouped into
Instruction group No of opcodes No of Instruction type

Data Transfer 83 13
Arithmetic Operation 62 14
Logical operation 43 15
Branch operation 36 8
Stack operation 15 9
I/O operation 2 2
Interrupt operation 5 5
Total 246 66
102
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
I/O instructions
1. INSTRACTION TYPE IN a8

 Input to accumulator from input port

 a8 address of the port

 Two byte

 One opcode

 Example:
 IN 0Fh ; A InPort[OFh]
103
INSTRUCTION SET CONT..
I/O instructions
2. INSTRACTION TYPE OUT a8

 Output content of accumulator to output port

 a8 address of output port

 Two byte

 One opcode

 Example:
 OUT FFh ; A Output Port[FFh]
104
CONTENTS

 Introduction
 Instruction formats

 Addressing modes

 Instruction set

 Assembler directives

 Simple program examples

105
ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES
 Definition:

 Are instructions used by assembler at the time of

assembling source code.

 Instruction to control assembler, nothing to do with

the microprocessor

 Also known as Pseudo-instructions or pseudo-opcode

106
ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES CONT..
 What they do:

 Show beginning and end of source code

 Provide storage locations to data

 To give value to variables

 To define start and end of segments

107
ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES CONT..
 ORG:
 Origin
 To assign starting/beginning address for module of
segment
 ORG 1000H
 Following instruction must be stored in memory location
starting at 1000H
 END:
 End program
 For program termination

108
ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES CONT..
 DB:
DATA 21H
 Define Byte
20H
 To allocate and initialize data byte
 DATA DB 20H,21H
 Memory named Data has 2 consecutive information 20H
and 21H on it
DATAWORD 40H
 DW:
22H
 Define Word
ACH
 To define and initialize 16-bit word
20H
 DATAWORD DW 20ACH, 2240H
 Memory named DATAWORD has 4 consecutive
byte with information40H, 22H, ACH and 20H 109
ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES CONT..
 EQU:
 Equate
 To assign value to variables
 X EQU A1H
 X A1H

 MACRO : beginning of macro

 ENDM: end of macro

 Exam MACRO
….
….
….
110
Exam ENDM
CONTENTS

 Introduction
 Instruction formats

 Addressing modes

 Instruction set

 Assembler directives

 Simple program examples

111
SIMPLE PROGRAM EXAMPLES
Write an assembly language program to transfer data from
register B to C.

MVI B, 4AH ; BAH

MOV C, B ;CB

HLT ; stop process and wait

112
SIMPLE PROGRAM EXAMPLES
 Write an assembly language program to store data from B

register into memory location 1050H.

MVI B, 1020H ; B 1020H

MOV A, B ; A B

STA 1050H ; M[1050H] A

HLT

113
SIMPLE PROGRAM EXAMPLES

 Write an assembly language program to exchange 8-bit

data stored in memory locations 2050H and 2051H

LDA 2050H ; A [2050h

MOV B, A ;B A

LDA 2051H ; A[2051H]

STA 2050H ; [2050]A

MOV A , B ;AB

STA 2051H ;[2051]A

HLT 114
SIMPLE PROGRAM EXAMPLES
Write an assembly language program to add two 8-bit numbers

stored in memory location 2050h and 2051h. Store result in location

2052h.
LXI H 2050H ; HL2050

MOV A, M ; AM[2050]

INX H ; HL2051

ADD H ; A A+M[HL=2051]

INX H ; HL2052

MOV M , A ; M[2052]A

HLT ; STOP PROGRAM 115

 SIMPLE PROGRAM EXAMPLES
Write an assembly language program to find 1’s complement of the
data stored in memory location 2500 H and the result is to be stored
in memory location 2501 H.

 LDA 2500H ; A[2500h]

 CMA ; complement [A]

 STA 2501H ; 2501[A]

 HLT ; end program

116
SIMPLE PROGRAM EXAMPLES

Write an assembly language program of 8085 to find

1’s complement of n (decimal number) bytes of data
stored in memory location starting at 2501 H. The
number n (decimal number) is stored in memory
location 2500 H. Store the result in memory locations
starting at 2601 H.

117
SIMPLE PROGRAM EXAMPLES
LXI D, 2601h ; DE first address 2601h

LXI H, 2500h ; HL second address 2500h

MOV C, M ; C [2500] counter register

INX H ; Increment H-L register pair.

LOOP: MOV A, M ; AM[H-L]

CMA ; complement content of Accumulator

STAX D ; M[DE]A.

INX D ; Increment D-E register pair.

INX H ; Increment H-L register pair.
DCR C ; Decrement the C-register data.
JNZ LOOP ; If data in C-reg. is not zero jump to LOOP
HLT ; Stop processing. 118
SIMPLE PROGRAM EXAMPLES
Write an Assembly program for 8085 to arrange a
series of N-numbers in descending order. The
number N is stored in memory location 2100 H. The
series is stored in memory location starting at 2101
H. The result is to be stored in memory locations
starting at 2201 H.

119
Main Program:
LXI SP, XXXX H ; Initialize stack pointer.
LXI D, 2201 H ; Get D-E pair with 2201 H.
LXI H, 2100 H ; Get H-L pair with 2100 H.
MOV B, M ; Store the count N in B-register.
START LXI H, 2100 H ; Get H-L pair with 2100 H.
MOV C, M ; Store the number N in C-register
INX H ; Increment the H-L pair.
MOV A, M ; AM[HL]
DCR C ; Decrement count.
LOOP INX H ; Increment the H-L pair.
CMP M ; Compare the second number with first number.
JNC NXT ; If the accumulator content is larger
; then jump to NXT.
MOV A, M ; Else move [M −LH ] to accumulator.

120
NXT DCR C ; Decrement count.
JNZ LOOP ; Jump to LOOP if not zero.
STAX D ; Store the largest number in memory location
; addressed by D-E register pair.
CALL SUBR ; Call the subroutine SUBR to put 00 H to the
; memory location where the largest number
; was found.
INX D ; Increment D-E register pair.
DCR B ; Decrement B.
JNZ START ; Jump to START if not zero.

HLT ; Stop processing.

121
Subroutine Program:

SUBR LXI H, 2100 H ; Get H-L pair with 2100 H.

MOV C, M ; Store the number N is C-register
AGAIN INX H ; Increment the H-L pair.
CMP M ; Compare the number with the largest
; number obtained in the main program.
JZ NXT ; If it is largest jump to NXT.
DCR C ; Decrement count.
JNZ AGAIN ; If counts not complete jump to AGAIN.
MVI A, 00 H ; Store 00 H to the accumulator.
MOV M, A ; Put 00 H to the location at which
; the largest number was found.
RET ; Go back to main program.

122