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n.O.D.E. Lecture3 PDF
n.O.D.E. Lecture3 PDF
Lecture (3)
Where
where u and v are new dependent variables, will reduce a homogeneous equation to a separable
first-order differential equation.
Solution:
= 𝜆2 (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝜆2 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)
(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑣𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑣 = 0
1 1
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑥 1+𝑣 2
1 1
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1+𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑦
ln(𝑥) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑐 which is the general solution of given differential equation.
𝑥
Solution:
= 𝜆2 (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = 𝜆2 𝑁
solve
𝑢2 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢3 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑢𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑢2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑢𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑢2 + 1 1
∫ 𝑢3 +𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Noting that
𝑢2 + 1 𝑢2 + 1 𝐶 𝐴 𝐵
= = + +
𝑢2 +𝑢3 𝑢2 (1+𝑢) 𝑢 𝑢2 1+𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 0 A=1
Let 𝑢 = −1 1+1=𝐵 →𝐵 =2
Let 𝑢 = 1 1 + 1 = 2𝐶 + 2𝐴 + 𝐵 → 2 = 2𝐶 + 2 ∗ 1 + 2 → 𝐶 = −1
𝑢2 + 1 1 1 2
∴ 2 =− + 2+
𝑢 (1 + 𝑢) 𝑢 𝑢 1+𝑢
1 1 2 1
∫ (− + 2 + ) 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑢 𝑢 1+𝑢 𝑦
1
−ln(𝑢) − + 2 ln(1 + 𝑢) + ln(𝑦) = 𝑐
𝑢
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
−ln ( ) − + 2 ln (1 + ) + ln(𝑦) = 𝑐 𝐺. 𝑆.
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
Where 𝑎𝑖 , s , 𝑏𝑖 , s and 𝑐𝑖 , s are constants. This ordinary differential equation can be solved as
follows:
𝑎1 𝑏2 = 1 ∗ 4 = 4; 𝑎2 𝑏1 = 2 ∗ 2 = 4
𝑎1 𝑏2 = 𝑎2 𝑏1
Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑧
= 1+2 ⇒ = ( − 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧 4𝑧+5
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑧+3
2𝑧+3
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥
4𝑧+5
1 1 1
∫( + ∗ ) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 2 4𝑧 + 5
1 1
𝑧 + ln(4𝑧 + 5) = 𝑥 + 𝑐
4 8
Returning to the original variables by substituting𝑧 = 𝑥 + 2y. we arrive at the required general
solution
1 1
(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + ln(4(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + 5) = 𝑥 + 𝑐
4 8
1 1
(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + ln(4(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + 5) = 𝑥 + 𝑐
4 8
1 1
(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + ln(4(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + 5) = 𝑥 + 𝑐
4 8
1 1
(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + ln(4(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + 5) = 𝑥 + 𝑐
4 8
1 1
(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + ln(4(𝑥 + 2𝑦) + 5) = 𝑥 + 𝑐
4 8
solution
𝑎1 𝑏2 = 0 ∗ 2 = 0; 𝑎2 𝑏1 = 1 ∗ 1 = 1
𝑎1 𝑏2 ≠ 𝑎2 𝑏1
𝑦 + 1 = 0 ……. (1)
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0 ……. (2)
From eq (1), we have 𝑦 = −1 ,by putting the value of y in eq (2), we get 𝑥 = 2
∴ the intersection point is (2, −1) = (ℎ, 𝑘)
Let 𝑥 = 𝑥1 + ℎ = 𝑥1 + 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥1
And
𝑦 = 𝑦1 + 𝑘 = 𝑦1 − 1 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦1
So, after substituting, the given equation becomes the homogeneous equation
𝑑𝑦1 𝑦1 −1+1 𝑦1 𝑦1
= = =
𝑑𝑥1 𝑥1 +2+2(𝑦1 −1) 𝑥1 +2+2𝑦1 −2 𝑥1 +2𝑦1
𝑑𝑦1 𝑦1
=
𝑑𝑥1 𝑥1 +2𝑦1
2
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦1 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢
1
2 ln(𝑦1 ) = 𝑢 + 𝑐
𝑥1
Since 𝑥1 = 𝑢𝑦1 , therefore 𝑢 = and
𝑦1
𝑥1
2 ln(𝑦1 ) = +𝑐
𝑦1
6) (𝑦 − 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
References
Dennis G. Zill, (2016), A First Course in Differential Equations With Modeling Application
(11𝑡ℎ Edition).
William E. Boyce, Richard C. Diprima, Douglas B. Meade, (2017) Elementary Differential
Equations and Boundary Value Problems (11𝑡ℎ Edition)