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1 Basics DSP AV Intro PDF
1 Basics DSP AV Intro PDF
Introduction
Vassilis Anastassopoulos
Electronics Laboratory, Physics Department,
University of Patras
Outline of the Course
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Analog & digital signals
Analog Digital
Continuous function V Discrete function Vk of
of continuous variable t
Sampled discrete sampling
(time, space etc) : V(t). Signal variable tk, with k =
integer: Vk = V(tk).
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
Voltage [V]
Voltage [V]
0.1 0.1
0 0
-0.1 -0.1 ts ts
-0.2 -0.2
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
time [ms] sampling time, tk [ms]
Uniform (periodic) sampling.
Sampling frequency fS = 1/ tS
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Analog & digital systems
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Digital vs analog processing
Digital Signal Processing (DSPing)
Advantages Limitations
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DSPing: aim & tools
• Predicting a system’s output.
Applications • Implementing a certain processing task.
• Studying a certain signal.
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Related areas
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Applications
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Important digital signals
Unit Impulse or Unit Sample.
δ(nTs) δ[(n-3)Τs]
The most important signal for
two reasons
nΤs past δ(n)=1 for n=0
u(nTs)
Unit Step u(n)=1 for n0
nΤs past
δ(n)=u(n)-u(n-1)
r(nTs)
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Digital system example
V
DOMAIN
ANALOG
General scheme Filter
ms
Filter
Antialiasing
V
Antialiasing
Sometimes steps missing
ms
- Filter + A/D A
A/D
A/D
DOMAIN
DIGITAL
(ex: economics);
k
- D/A + filter Digital
Processing
Digital
A
(ex: digital output wanted).
k Processing
V
D/A
DOMAIN
ANALOG
Topics of this ms
Filter
V
lecture. Reconstruction
ms
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Digital system implementation
KEY DECISION POINTS:
ANALOG INPUT
Analysis bandwidth, Dynamic range
Antialiasing
Filter • Pass / stop bands.
1
• Sampling rate.
A/D
• No. of bits. Parameters. 2
Digital
Processing • Digital format. 3
What to use for processing?
DIGITAL OUTPUT
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AD/DA Conversion – General Scheme
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AD Conversion - Details
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Sampling
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1 Sampling
How fast must we sample a continuous
signal to preserve its info content?
Why?
Frequency misidentification due to low sampling frequency.
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Rotating Disk
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1 The sampling theorem
A signal s(t) with maximum frequency fMAX can be
Theo* recovered if sampled at frequency f > 2 f
S MAX .
Naming gets
confusing ! Nyquist frequency (rate) fN = 2 fMAX or fMAX or fS,MIN or fS,MIN/2
Example
s(t) 3 cos(50π t) 10 sin(300π t) cos(100π t) Condition on fS?
F1 F2 F3
fMAX
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Sampling and Spectrum
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1 Sampling low-pass signals
Continuous spectrum
(a) (a) Band-limited signal:
frequencies in [-B, B] (fMAX = B).
-B 0 B f
Discrete spectrum
(c) Aliasing & corruption
(c) fS 2B aliasing !
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1 Antialiasing filter
(a) Signal of interest (a),(b) Out-of-band noise can aliase
Out of band
Out of band into band of interest. Filter it before!
noise
noise
-B 0 B f
(c) Antialiasing filter
(b) Passband: depends on bandwidth of
interest.
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1 Under-sampling
Using spectral replications to reduce Bandpass signal
B
sampling frequency fS req’ments. centered on fC
0 fC
2 fC B 2 fC B
fS f
m 1 m
-fS 0 fS 2fS
f fC
Example
fC = 20 MHz, B = 5MHz Advantages
Without under-sampling fS > 40 MHz. Slower ADCs / electronics
With under-sampling fS = 22.5 MHz (m=1);
needed.
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Quantization and Coding
N Quantization Levels
Quantization Noise
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2 SNR of ideal ADC
RMS input Assumptions
SNRideal 20 log10 (1)
RMS(e q ) Ideal ADC: only quantisation error eq
(p(e) constant, no stuck bits…)
Also called SQNR
eq uncorrelated with signal.
(signal-to-quantisation-noise ratio)
ADC performance constant in time.
T 2
RMS input
1 VFSR
V
sinωt dt FSR
Input(t) = ½ VFSR sin( t).
T 2 2 2
0
p(e)
quantisation error probability density
q/2
RMS(e q )
eq2 p eq deq
q
VFSR
12 2N 12
1
q
-q/2
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2 SNR of ideal ADC - 2
Substituting in (1) : SNRideal 6.02 N 1.76 [dB] (2)
Actually (2) needs correction factor depending on ratio between sampling freq
& Nyquist freq. Processing gain due to oversampling.
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Coding - Conventional
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Coding – Flash AD
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DAC process
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Oversampling – Noise shaping
PSD Nyquist Sampler
f
fb fN (a) The oversampling process takes apart
Oversampling OSR=4
the images of the signal band.
f
(b) fs=4fN
PSD
Quantization noise in When the sampling rate increases (4
Signal Nyquist converters
times) the quantization noise spreads
Quantization noise in over a larger region. The quantization
Oversampling converters
noise power in the signal band is 4 times
0 fN/2
smaller.
fs/2
Quantization noise
PSD
Signal
Quantization noise Oversampling and noise Spectrum at the output of a noise
Nyquist converters shaping converters
shaping quantizer loop compared to
Quantization noise
Oversampling converters those obtained from Nyquist and
Oversampling converters.
0 FN/2 frequency Fs/2
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Digital Systems
A discreet-time system is a device or algorithm
that operates on an input sequence according to
some computational procedure
It may be
•A general purpose computer
•A microprocessor
•dedicated hardware
•A combination of all these
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Linear, Time Invariant Systems
System Properties N
• linear
•Time Invariant
y ( n ) ak x ( n k )
•Stable k 0
Convolution
•Causal
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Linear Systems - Convolution
5+7-1=11 terms
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Linear Systems - Convolution
5+7-1=11 terms
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General Linear Structure
M L
y (n) ak x(n k ) bk y (n k )
k 0 k 1
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Simple Examples
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Linearity – Superposition – Frequency Preservation
Principle of Superposition
x1(n) y1(n)
H
ax1(n)+bx2(n) ay1(n)+by2(n)
H
x2(n) y2n)
H
Non-linear
x1(n)+x2(n) x12(n)+x22(n)+2 x1(n) x2(n)
x2
x2(n) x22(n)
2
x
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The END
Back on Tuesday
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