Intelligence

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Definition
Intelligence is the capacity to
understand the world, think rationally,
and use resources effectively when
faced with problems.

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 Types of intelligence

A. Fluid and crystallized

Fluid intelligence reflects information-

processing capabilities, reasoning , and
memory.

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Crystallized intelligence is the
accumulation of information, skills, and
strategies that people have learned
through experience and that they can
apply in problem-solving situations.

In the elderly fluid intelligence declines,

but not crystallized intelligence.

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B) Practical intelligence and Emotional intelligence

Practical intelligence is intelligence related to

overall success in living.

– Practical intelligence is learned mainly

through observation of other’s behavior.
– Practical intelligence is related to carrier
success

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Emotional intelligence is the set of skills that
underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation,
expression, and regulation of emotions.

– Helps us to understand what other people are

feeling and experiencing
– Permits us to respond appropriately to others
needs

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Emotional intelligence is the basis of
• empathy for others
• self-awareness
• social skills

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 Assessing Intelligence

 Chronological age (CA): actual physical age

 Mental age (MA): An index of the child’s
problem-solving ability that is independent of
the child’s actual or chronological age.

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Intelligent Quotient:
A score that takes into account an individual’s
mental and chronological age.

MA
IQ score = × 100
CA

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 Variations in Intellectual Ability
Anyone below the IQ 70 is considered intellectually
disable.

– Limitations in intellectual functioning

– Limitations in adaptive behavior involving
conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills

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 Expected
Intellectual
IQ Range Mental Age
Disability
(in years)
Mild 55 – 69 8 – 12

Moderate 40 – 54 3–7

Severe 25 – 39 0–3
Profound Below 25 -

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 Intellectually Gifted

 IQ scores greater than 130

 2 to 4 percent of the population

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The intellectually gifted people are most often
– outgoing
– well-adjusted
– popular people
– able to do most things better than the
average person can

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 Group Difference in Intelligence: Genetic and
Environmental Determinants

There is no absolute answer to the question of

the degree to which intelligence is influenced by
heredity and by environment.

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 Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
Gardner argues that we have at a minimum eight
different forms of intelligence, each relatively
independent of the others, but they work
together.

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 Logical- Bodily
Musical
mathematical kinesthetic

Linguistic Interpersonal Spatial

Intrapersonal Naturalist

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In Gardner's view, each
of the multiple
intelligences is linked to
an independent system
in the brain.

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 I. Musical intelligence

Skills in tasks involving music.

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 2. Bodily kinesthetic intelligence

Skills in using the whole body or various portions

of it in the solution of problems or in the
construction of products or displays, exemplified
by dancers, athletes, actors, and surgeon.

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 3. Logical-mathematical intelligence

Skills in problem-solving and scientific thinking.

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4. Linguistic intelligence

Skills involved in the

production and use of
language.

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 5. Spatial intelligence

Skills involving spatial configurations, such as

those used by artists and architects.

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 6. Interpersonal intelligente
Skills in interacting with others. such as sensitivity
to the moods, temperaments, motivations, and
intentions of others.

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 7. Intrapersonal intelligence

knowledge of the internal aspects

of oneself: access to one's own
feelings and emotions.

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 8. Naturalist intelligence
Ability to identify and classify patterns in nature.

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