Digital Signals and Systems: Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou BAU

DIGITAL SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS
BAU Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

Digital Signal
2
 To process an analog signal using a digital signal

processor:
 Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) must take place
 Then the digital signal is processed via DSP algorithm(s).
Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

Common Digital Sequences
3
 Unit-impulse sequence (digital unit-impulse function):
 Unit-step sequence (digital unit-step function):

Shifted unit-impulse and unit-step
sequences.
4

Sinusoidal sequences
5
 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 0.125𝜋𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 10

Exponential sequence
6
 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(0.75)𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 10

EXAMPLE 3.1
7

Generation of Digital Signals
8
 To generate the digital sequence from its analog signal

function, we substitute time t by nT into the analog
signal x(t):
 EXAMPLE 3.2

Solution Example 3.2
9

Solution Example 3.2
10

11
LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT, CAUSAL
SYSTEMS

Linearity
12
 y1(n) is the system output using an input x1(n)

 y2(n) is the system output using an input x2(n)
 the system output due to the weighted sum inputs
⍺x1(n)+βx2(n) is equal to ⍺y1(n)+βy2(n)
 Check the linearity of:

 y(n)=10x(n)
 y(n)=x2(n)
Example: Linear Systems
13
 y(n) = 10.x(n)
 x1(n) = u(n); x2(n) = δ(n)
 y1(n) = 10.u(n) and y2(n) = 10.δ(n)
Linear system

Example: Linear Systems
14
 Inputs:
Non-Linear
system
Time invariance
15

Time invariance
16

Example: Time Invariance
17
Given the linear systems

 y(n) = 2.x(n-5)
 y(n) = 2.x(3n)
determine whether each of the following systems is time
invariant.

18

19

Causality
20
 A causal system is one in which the output y(n) at time n

depends only on the current input x(n) at time n, its
past input sample values such as x(n-1), x(n-2), . . .
 if a system output depends on the future input values,

such as x(n + 1), x(n + 2), . . . , the system is non-causal
 The non-causal system cannot be realized in real time.

Example: causality
21

Difference Equations and Impulse
Responses
22
 A causal, linear, time-invariant system can be described by a

difference equation having the following general form:
 Where a1, …, aN, and b0, … , bN are the coefficients of the

difference equation:
 y(n) depends on the past output samples y(n-1), . . . , y(n-N),

the current input sample x(n), and the past input samples,
x(n-1), . . . , x(n-N).

Example: Difference Equation
23

System Representation Using Its
Impulse Response
24
 A linear time-invariant system can be completely

described by its unit-impulse response
 It is defined as the system response due to the impulse
input δ(n) with zero initial conditions

Example
25

Example: Solution
26

FIR System
27
 if the difference equation without the past output terms,

y(n-1), . . . , y(n-N), that is, the corresponding coefficients
a1, . . . , aN, are zeros, the impulse response h(n) has a
finite number of terms
 We call this a finite impulse response (FIR) system
 The output sequence of a linear time-invariant system
from its impulse response (digital convolution sum)

Example
28

Solution
29

Solution
30

Solution
31

Solution
32

Bounded-in-and-Bounded-out Stability
33
 A stable system is one for which every bounded input

produces a bounded output (BIBO)
 consider a linear time-invariant representation with all
the inputs reaching the maximum value M for the worst
case
 Using the absolute values of the impulse response leads

to:
 If the absolute sum is a finite number, the product of the

absolute sum and the maximum input value is therefore
a finite number

Bounded-in-and-Bounded-out Stability
34
 a linear system is stable if the sum of its absolute

impulse response coefficients is a finite number

Example
35
 Given the linear system
 Determine whether this system is stable or not.

Solution
36

Digital Convolution
37
 A linear time-invariant system can be represented by

using a digital convolution sum

Digital Convolution
38
 Note that for a causal system, which implies its impulse

response:
 the lower limit of the convolution sum begins at 0

instead of ∞

Digital Convolution
39
The convolution sum requires the sequence h(n)

to be reversed and shifted.

Example
40

Solution
41

Example
42
 Evaluate the digital convolution of the following signals

Solution
43

Solution
44

Solution
45
 Tabular Method

Solution
46

47
 The convolution operation can be viewed in the bloc

diagram as follows:

Properties of the Convolution
48

Duration of LTI Systems Impulse
Response
49
 We can subdivide the class of linear time-invariant

systems into two types:
 Those that have a finite-duration impulse response widely
called FIR
 Those that have an infinite-duration impulse response

widely called IIR

Problem3.10
50

Problem 3.14
51

Problem 3.16
52

Problem 3.23
53

Problem 3.27
54

Digital Signals and Systems: Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou BAU

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Digital Signals and Systems: Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou BAU

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DIGITAL SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

BAU Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 To process an analog signal using a digital signal

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 Unit-impulse sequence (digital unit-impulse function):

 Unit-step sequence (digital unit-step function):

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 0.125𝜋𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 10

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 To generate the digital sequence from its analog signal

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 y1(n) is the system output using an input x1(n)

 Check the linearity of:

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

Given the linear systems

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 A causal system is one in which the output y(n) at time n

 if a system output depends on the future input values,

 The non-causal system cannot be realized in real time.

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 A causal, linear, time-invariant system can be described by a

 Where a1, …, aN, and b0, … , bN are the coefficients of the

 y(n) depends on the past output samples y(n-1), . . . , y(n-N),

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 A linear time-invariant system can be completely

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 if the difference equation without the past output terms,

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 A stable system is one for which every bounded input

 Using the absolute values of the impulse response leads

 If the absolute sum is a finite number, the product of the

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 a linear system is stable if the sum of its absolute

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 Given the linear system

 Determine whether this system is stable or not.

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 A linear time-invariant system can be represented by

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

 Note that for a causal system, which implies its impulse

 the lower limit of the convolution sum begins at 0

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

The convolution sum requires the sequence h(n)