Design and Development of a Marx Generator Based

40kV Pulsed Power Supply for Non-Lethal Electric

Fence
Maryam Minhas, Reeja Iqbal, Fatima Munir and Tanveer Abbas
Department of electrical Engineering,
Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Scieces, Islamabad, Pakistan.
mmaryamkd@gmail.com, tanveer@pieas.edu.pk
Abstract— A non-lethal electric fence is an effective tool for animals’ intrusion. With certain modifications, it can also be
security. Non-lethal electric fence employs high voltage (several used for mob management by law enforcement agencies.
tens of kV) pulses of short (micro-seconds) duration at rate of An electric fence system consists of an energizer, fence
few pulses per second. Moreover the electric current and wires, fence posts, insulators and grounding rods. A
energy transferred to the load is controlled below certain limits
to ensure non-lethal and non-injurious features. Fence
simplified block diagram of an electric fencing system is
energizer, which is essentially a high voltage pulsed power shown in Fig. 1. Energizer is the heart of an electric fencing
supply (HVPPS), is the pivotal part of the fence system. Among system which sends high voltage pulses to the fence wire.
different HVPPS schemes, Marx generator is superior being Energizer design is very important because if gone wrong it
reliable and energy efficient. However, it was never used for may cause fatal consequences. The major considerations for
low power applications such as electric fencing. This work design of energizer for non-lethal electric fencing system
investigates potential of Marx generator in low power are output current, pulse width, pulse rate and control over
applications in general and as energizer for a non-lethal release of energy during output pulse. Moreover the design
electric fence in particular. Specifically, a Marx generator is must be energy efficient, reliable and cost effective.
designed and implemented for a 40kV electric fence. Other
design parameters include 220V ac input, output pulse
Design options for fence energizer include a) Direct
duration of 1μs-15μs, repetition rate of up to 100 pulses per discharge of stored energy b) Pulse transformers c) Marx
second, stored energy of 80J and release of energy less than generators and d) Vector inversion type pulse generator [8].
20mJ per pulse. A complete design is presented here for these Marx generator is superior to other pulsed power supply
specifications with validation in simulation. The design is then schemes due to its low voltage and low current stresses on
implemented using semiconductor switches and electrolytic semiconductor switches, higher efficiency, better pulse
capacitors for 100 stages of Marx voltage multiplier. The width control, reliability and compactness of design [8].
implemented system is tested through air-breakdown test and Marx generator is a HVPPS that employs capacitors,
output pulse is measured through a capacitive voltage divider switches and diodes to generate a high voltage output pulse.
Key words — Electric fencing, Non-Lethal, Energizer, and
Marx generator.
Schematic diagram for Marx generator is shown in Fig. 2.
Marx generator works by charging the capacitors in parallel
I. INTRODUCTION from a low voltage DC source and then discharging them in
series to generate a high voltage output pulse. Marx
An electric fencing system is used to protect a specified
generator has been employed in a wide range of applications
area from intruders [1] by applying a high voltage shock to
including UWB (ultra wide band) radar systems [9],
an animal or a person that comes in contact with the fence
Microwave and x-ray generation [10], plasma sources [11]-
wire [2]. Electric fencing system can be lethal or non-lethal
[12], particle acceleration [13], water treatment, food
depending on factors such as pulse voltage, pulse current,
pulse energy and its duration of contact [3]. Lethal electric processing and air pollution control [14]. In all these
fences were used in World War II by Germans [4]. Later on applications, Marx generator gained recognition as a high
non-lethal electric fences gained considerable recognition. A
non-lethal electric fencing system outputs pulses with very
high voltage for a highly intense and painful shock, however
the pulses are of very short duration carrying electrical
energy below a safe limit to avoid any injury or lethal effect.
The shock may cause unconsciousness in some cases thus
causing the intruder to back off instantly.
Non-lethal electric fencing has a wide range of
applications. It can be used to protect sensitive sites such as
military and strategic instalments, private property,
industrial sites, and to automat livestock enclosures [5]. It is
also used on highways [6]-[7] to avoid accidents caused by Fig. 1 A simplified block diagram of an electric fence system.

978-1-5090-3552-6/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE

 Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of Marx generator.
power high voltage pulsed power supply. Despite its
potential and many superior features compared to other
HVPPS, it was never used for low power high voltage
applications such as an electric fence energizer due to
hardware complexity and cost.
This work investigates the potential of Marx generator
for low power high voltage applications in general and
specifically presents its design for non-lethal 40kV electric
fence energizer. In this regard, major challenges are
hardware complexity and cost. Generally, Marx generator is
implemented using spark-gap switches, however some
implementations use semiconductor switches as well.
Semiconductor switches, such as MOSFETs and IGBTs,
provide compact and cost effective solution for low power
Marx generators. Major contributors of cost and hardware
complexity are the gate drivers of the switches. In this
regard, a novel gate driver scheme was separately presented
in [15] to reduce cost and hardware complexity to a
significant extent.
This paper presents the overall design of a 40kV Marx
generator focusing on requirements analysis in section II,
Marx generator design in section III, hardware
implementation in section IV, testing and results in section
V and finally conclusions in section VI. The novelty of the
work lies in designing and working hardware implementing
a Marx generator as fence energizer for the first time, as per
our knowledge.
II. REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS
An electric fencing system must give a severe but non-
lethal shock to prevent intrusion. High voltage makes it
more effective with severe and painful shock thus making it
difficult to damage the fence wires with equipment having
normal insulation. Commonly used voltage is in the range of
a few tens of kV and in this design we take it as 40kV. The
energizer should be operated with 220V AC mains without
step up/down transformer to reduce cost and weight of the
system. Pulse rate should be high enough to guarantee that
no intrusion is possible within the time between two pulses.
Therefore, pulse rate is set to be the maximum of 100Hz.
Pulse-width must be very small to prevent the receiver of
the shock from any injury or a fatal outcome. Therefore
maximum pulse width is selected as 15 μs. The total energy
transferred to the output should be very low to ensure non-
lethal nature of the shock. The maximum limit in this regard
is 5J [16]. For an electric shock at pulse rate of 100Hz, each
pulse must carry energy less than 5/100=50mJ.
III. MARX GENERATOR DESIGN
A circuit schematic diagram of a Marx generator is
shown in Fig. 2. The circuit employs a repetition of identical
units each comprising of an energy storage element
(capacitor), a pair of diodes and a MOSFET switch (first
unit is encircled in Fig. 2.). The circuit operates in two
phases to give an output voltage equal to number of stages
times the input voltage. The charging current path during
first phase is shown in Fig. 2 by blue dotted lines. In this
phase switches are opened to connect the capacitors in
parallel through diodes (forward biased) and hence charging
them to input voltage. The discharging current path during
second phase is shown in Fig. 2 by green solid lines. In
second phase the switches are closed connecting the
capacitors in series to cumulatively produce a high voltage
output pulse. The diodes, connecting the switches and
capacitors, get reverse biased in this phase (discussed later
in the section). As shown in Fig. 2 when switch S1 is turned
on, its drain gets connected to ground and hence the
positive terminal of capacitor C1 (charged at, say, 400V) is
connected to ground resulting -400V at the source of switch
S2. The diodes of corresponding stage (encircled in Fig. 2)
get reverse biased. Similarly, when S2 is turned on, its drain
is pulled down to -400V and hence positive terminal of C2
(which is also charged to 400V) is also connected to the
node at -400V resulting in -800V at the source of switch S3.
This negative voltage keeps adding with every stage such
that when all the switches are turned on, -40kV appears
across the load. The remainder of this section deals with
selection/design of different components of the circuit.
A. Input DC supply
The Marx generator is required to be operated with 220V
ac mains without step up/down transformer. So input DC
supply is takenʹʹͲ ൈ ξʹ ൌ ͵ͳͲܸ which we get by direct
rectification of ac mains followed by capacitive filtering.
B. Diodes
When the switches are opened, the capacitors get
charged in parallel through diodes by input supply of 310V
(nominal value). To accommodate variation in the supply
and effect of an inductor between the supply and the
remainder of the circuit, the capacitors are considered to
have voltage up to 400V. The capacitors have small
capacitances and generally do not get discharged in every
cycle, and get charged through an inductor, so forward
current rating of diodes is not a major concern. Peak inverse
voltage (PIV) rating of diodes is a major concern in design
of Marx generator circuit. The diodes connecting the
switches and capacitors as shown in Fig. 2 are reversed
biased when their corresponding switches are turned on. As
shown in the Fig. 3, during discharging phase when switch
S1 is turned on, node ‘a’ gets connected to ground potential
and node ‘b’ is pulled down to í400V because positive side
of charged capacitor is connected to node ‘a’. As a result the
cathode of D1’ is at 0 V, and its anode is at í400V thus
making it reversed biased. Similarly when switch S2 is
turned on, í400 V appear at node ‘c’ while node ‘a’ is still
at 0V causing diode D1 to get reversed biased.
As the maximum voltage that appears across any diode
in its reversed biased state is 400V therefore PIV rating of
selected diode must be greater than 400V. Moreover the
diode is required to be fast recovery for microsecond pulses.
To meet these requirements FR305 diode is selected which
has a PIV rating of 600V.
C. Semiconductor Switches
Forward breakdown voltage is a major consideration for
the selection of semiconductor switches. This is the
maximum voltage that appears across any of the Marx
generator switches. The voltage appears across a switch
during its off time (charging phase of the Marx generator) is
equal to the peak voltage across capacitor which is
considered 400V. In this regard, MOSFET IRF840 is
selected with a forward breakdown voltage of 500V and
current rating of 8A.
D. Capacitors
Selection of a capacitor includes its capacitance, voltage
rating and type. The capacitors in the Marx generator circuit
are charged by DC supply so polar electrolytic capacitors
are better suited for this design. As discussed earlier, the
capacitors get charged by input power supply resulting in
peak charging voltage of 310V across capacitor. The peak
voltage across capacitors may exceed 310V due to
Fig. 3. Diodes get reverse biased when switches are turned ON.
variations in the input voltage and overcharging of
capacitors due to input inductor (discussed later). Therefore
the peak voltage across capacitors is considered as 400V.
The capacitance value is related to energy released per
capacitor E during each output pulse, number of stages 
and change in voltage ߂ܸ௖ across each capacitor during
discharging. These parameters are related as
ͳ (1)
‫ ܧ‬ൌ ݊‫ܥ‬ȟܸࢉ ଶ Ǥ
ʹ
The number of stages ݊ required to generate an output
voltage of ܸ௢௨௧ ൌ ͶͲܸ݇ with an input voltage ܸ௜௡ ൌ ͶͲͲܸ
௏ ସ଴௞ࢂ
is݊ ൌ ೚ೠ೟ ൌ ൌ ͳͲͲǤ
௏೔೙ ସ଴଴௏
The voltage drop of ߂ܸ௖ across each capacitor has a
maximum value of 6V because of gate driver design [15]
and energy released ‫ ܧ‬per pulse is required to be less than
50mJ for non-lethal operation at 100Hz (discussed in at the
end of section II). Taking ‫ = ܧ‬18mJ and putting  =100 in
equation (1) results in
ʹ‫ܧ‬
‫ܥ‬ൌ ൌ ͳͲɊ‫ܨ‬Ǥ
݊ȟܸ௖ ଶ
E. Input Inductor
The input inductor in Fig. 2 is meant for controlling input
current to maximize power efficiency. During output pulse,
node ‘b’ (Fig. 2) drops to highly negative voltage of 39.6kV
and a high potential difference of approximately 40kV
develops across the inductor. In the absence of the input
inductor, the circuit will draw a huge current from the input
as the positive terminal of input supply is pulled down to
highly negative node resulting in damage of input power
supply. A properly designed input inductor would resist rise
in the input current during highly negative pulse at node ‘b’.
Hence it provides protection for the input supply [17].
If ܸ௅ is the potential difference across the inductor during
an output pulse of duration d then inductance L and rise in
current ᇞI are related as
݀ (2)
‫ ܮ‬ൌ ܸ௅ Ǥ
ᇞ‫ܫ‬
The profile of inductor current is shown in Fig. 4. During
an output pulse of duration d and time period T, the current
through inductor rises linearly with slope ܸ௅ Ȁ‫ ܮ‬which has a
maximum value of 40kV/L. When voltage across capacitors
exceeds input voltage, the freewheeling diodes (discussed
later) are turned on and current through inductor begins to
decay. So the supply current is the current shown by the
rising ramp of duration d in Fig. 4. The average current ‫ܫ‬௔௩௚
from the input is related to peak current ᇞI, pulse duration ݀
and time period ܶ as
ᇞ‫ܫ‬ൈ݀ (3)
‫ܫ‬௔௩௚ ൌ Ǥ
ʹܶ
From (2) and (3), if inductance is small, ‫ܫ‬௔௩௚ will
become high, therefore the circuit will draw more power
from the input irrespective of the output power and this
extra power is dissipated in freewheeling diodes, thus
 ܲ௜௡ ൌ ܸ௜௡ ‫ܫ‬௔௩௚ (8)
Where, ܸ௜௡ is input voltage and ‫ܫ‬௔௩௚ is current drawn
from the input. Assuming power input equal to power
output, we have

ͳǤͺܹ ൌ ͶͲͲ ൈ ‫ܫ‬௔௩௚

‫ܫ‬௔௩௚ ൌ ͶǤͷ݉‫ܣ‬
From (3)

ʹ ൈ  ൈ ‫ܫ‬௔௩௚
ᇞ‫ ܫ‬ൌ
݀
ᇞ ‫ ܫ‬ൌ ͸‫ܣ‬
The inductance ‫ ܮ‬can now be calculated from (2) as
Fig. 4. Current through input inductor.

reducing the power efficiency of the system. Moreover size
of inductor (product ‫ܣ‬௖ ‫ܣ‬௪ of core cross-sectional area ‫ܣ‬௖
and winding window area‫ܣ‬௪ ) depends upon inductance
value, peak current ‫ܫ‬෡ and rms current ‫ܫ‬௥௠௦ through the
inductor and is given by
෡ ‫ܫ‬௥௠௦ ൌ ‫ܭ‬௖௨ ‫ܬ‬௥௠௦ ‫ܤ‬௠௔௫ ‫ܣ‬௖ ‫ܣ‬௪ Ǥ
‫ܫܮ‬ (4)
Where, ‫ ݑܿܭ‬is copper fill factor, ‫ ݏ݉ݎܬ‬is current density
෡ൌ
and ‫ ݔܽ݉ܤ‬is saturation limited flux density. In our case, ‫ܫ‬
ᇞ୍
ͶͲͲͲͲ ൈ ͳͷ ൈ ͳͲି଺
‫ܮ‬ൌ ൌ ͳͲͲ݉‫ܪ‬
͸
If inductance is lower than the above calculated value, the
inductor will conduct high value of ᇞ ‫ ܫ‬thus drawing more
power from input. This extra power will be dissipated in
freewheeling diodes (discussed later) during off time of
switches thus reducing the power efficiency of the system.
F. Freewheeling Diode
ᇞ ‫ ܫ‬and ୰୫ୱ ൌ therefore the above expression becomes Freewheeling diode is an essential requirement to be
ξଷ
connected in anti-parallel to the inductor as shown in Fig. 2.
ͳ (5) In the absence of freewheeling diode, inductor gets charged
‫ ܮ‬ᇞ ‫ܫ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ܭ‬௖௨ ‫ܬ‬௥௠௦ ‫ܤ‬௠௔௫ ‫ܣ‬௖ ‫ܣ‬௪ Ǥ during each output pulse and the energy is transferred to the
ξ͵
Substituting ‫ ܮ‬from (2) into (5) we have capacitors from the input supply. If the capacitors are not
getting discharged (Which is usual case when nothing is in
ͳ ݀ (6) contact with the fence), they keep on charging during each
ൈ ൬௅ Ǥ ൰ ᇞ ‫ܫ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ܭ‬௖௨ ‫ܬ‬௥௠௦ ‫ܤ‬௠௔௫ ‫ܣ‬௖ ‫ܣ‬௪ Ǥ pulse resulting in capacitors’ voltage above the supply
ξ͵ ᇞ‫ܫ‬
voltage. These overcharged capacitors cause negative
The above expression upon simplification becomes
current to the supply through the inductor during off-time of
ͳ the pulse. Hence, the absence of the freewheeling diode
(7)
ൈ ௅ ᇞ ‫ ݀ܫ‬ൌ ‫ܭ‬௖௨ ‫ܬ‬௥௠௦ ‫ܤ‬௠௔௫ ‫ܣ‬௖ ‫ܣ‬௪ Ǥ makes the circuit a series LC resonator resulting in
ξ͵ undesirable effects. The pulse shape in the case of resonance
Therefore the area product of core is directly related to is shown in Fig. 5. There are two requirements to be met by
the rise in current through inductor. Comparison of (2) and the freewheeling diode.
(7) show that if inductance is halved core area product will
be doubled.
So the design of the inductor must satisfy the following
requirements.
1. Minimize ᇞ ‫( ܫ‬i.e. maximize value of ‫ ܮ‬to
maximize power efficiency and minimize size of
the inductor.
2. Input power should be equal or higher than the
required output power. Otherwise the system will
not work at the designed parameters of pulse.
As discussed earlier, the energy released per pulse, for
this design, is 18mJ. The output power ܲ௢௨௧ of the circuit
corresponding to this energy is 1.8W (at pulse rate of 100
pulses per second).

The input power ܲ௜௡ is given as

Fig. 5 Waveform of output pulse during resonance.
 Fig. 6. Hardware assembly of Marx generator.

1. The freewheeling diode must discharge the inductor
to zero current during off-time of the pulse
(approximately 10ms for pulse rate of 100Hz and
pulse duration of just 15μs).
2. The freewheeling diode must not go into reverse
breakdown during on-time of pulse (voltage to be
blocked by the diode is 40kV).
These requirements could not be met by a single diode so
a series stack of diodes is considered in the design. To meet
the first requirement, the diode stack must offer a forward
ᇞூ
voltage dropܸ ൌ ‫ ܮ‬. Assuming 0.5V forward drop for
ᇞ୲
each diode, we require at least 12 diodes to be connected in
series. Now to meet the second requirement, number of
diodes required are 40kV/PIV of each diode. FR305 diode
was selected (discussed in section III) for the circuit. For
this diode, PIV=600V, the required number of diodes are
40kV/600=67. So a stack of 67 FR305 diodes meets the
both requirements.
IV. IMPLEMENTATION
The hardware implementation of Marx generator
includes PCB design, input inductor winding, and use of
capacitive voltage divider for measurement of output pulse
voltage on oscilloscope with a low voltage (300V) probe.
The hardware assembly is shown in Fig. 6.
product‫ܣ‬஼ ‫ܣ‬ௐ ൌ ͵Ͷ͸ͲͲͲͲͲ݉݉ସ . Winding wire of SWG-
18 is selected for‫ܫ‬௥௠௦ ൌ ͵ǤͶ͸‫ܣ‬.
As mentioned earlier, the potential difference across
inductor is 40kV during output pulse. Therefore to protect
inductor windings from damage due to high potential
difference, the total turns have been distributed in four
layers such that the potential difference between two
adjacent turns is 250V and between two consecutive layers
is 10kV. In addition, insulating sheet with breakdown rating
of 15kV has been inserted between adjacent layers to avoid
insulation breakdown due to high potential difference.
C. Capacitive Voltage Divider
A capacitive bank with 100 series connected capacitors
of 1000pF/450V is employed as a voltage divider to
measure voltage on oscilloscope (available oscilloscope can
measure up to 300V). Resistive voltage divider of 50MŸ
was tried but it did not respond well to 15μs pulses. The
output waveform of approximately 30kV is shown in Fig.7.
V. TESTING AND RESULTS
The presented design is tested by measuring the output
voltage using capacitive voltage divider and its waveform is
shown in Fig.7. The working of system is further tested by

A. PCB Design
PCB design for Marx generator involves a major issue of
high potential difference between different stages of Marx
generator. Therefore maximum efforts have been put to
ensure a compact design while also keeping the nodes with
high potential difference as far as possible.
B. Inductor Winding
The required inductor core size is calculated by putting
ᇞ ‫ ܫ‬ൌ ͸‫ܣ‬,‫ܫ‬௥௠௦ ൌ ͵ǤͶ͸‫ܣ‬,‫ܭ‬௖௨ ൌ ͲǤͳ,‫ ݏ݉ݎܬ‬ൌ ͵‫ܣ‬Ȁ݉݉ଶ and
‫ ݔܽ݉ܤ‬ൌ ͲǤʹܶ (for ferrite core) in (4). The area Fig. 7. Output voltage measured across a capacitive divider of 1/100.

Fig. 8. Air breakdown in a 10mm gap test at 100Hz
air breakdown test in a spark gap. Air breakdown test is
performed at pulse rates between 1Hz and 100 Hz for
different pulse durations in range of 1μs to 15μs. The
system was successfully run for more than 10 hours in the
lab and found it to be reliable. Air breakdown in a spark-gap
of 10mm is shown in Fig.8.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Despite several superior features of Marx generator over
other HVPPS, it has never been tried for low power
applications because of hardware complexity and cost. We
have investigated the potential of Marx generator as low
power HVPPS and addressed the issues of hardware
complexity and cost through an innovative design of gate
drivers. In this paper, a Marx generator is presented for a
2W/40kV non-lethal electric fence. The requirement
analysis, followed by component selection/design is
presented. The design is implemented in hardware using
semiconductor switches and electrolytic capacitors and the
developed system is tested to verify the design with input
DC supply of 310V, output pulse of 40kV of duration 1-
15μs at repetition rate of up to 100 pulses per second. The
system was successful run for 10 hours in the lab to produce
spark in a 10mm air gap.
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