Lect 8 and 9

Signals and Systems: Unit 1
Introduction to Continuous and Discrete time signals
Dr. Pritesh Shah

pritesh.shah@sitpune.edu.in
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering,

Symbiosis Institute of Technologly, Pune
(SIT) Pritesh Shah July 21, 2020 1 / 38

Classification of Signals
Unit 1: Introduction to Continuous and

Discrete time signals
Lecture 8

Deterministic and Random Signals
A signal is said to be deterministic if there is no uncertainty with

respect to its value at any instant of time.
It can be completely represented by mathematical equation.
1
Figure: Deterministic Signal
1
Figure Source: https:
//www.tutorialspoint.com/signals_and_systems/signals_classification.htm
Deterministic and Random Signals
A signal is said to be random if there is uncertainty with respect to

its value at some instant of time.
It can’t be represented by mathematical equation.
2
Figure: Random Signals
2
Analog and Digital Signals
Signals which are continuous in time and amplitude are called analog
signals.3
That is both independent and dependent variables are continuous in
amplitude.
All Continuous time signals are analog signals.
Digital signals are one in which time is discrete in nature and
amplitude of signals are quantized i.e. they are allowed to take values
from a fixed set of amplitudes.
For example a binary signal can have only two values zero or one.
Digital signals are widely used in communications as they are less
prone to noise.
3
Refereed from:
http://ecetutorials.com/signals-systems/classification-of-signals/
Causal and Non-causal Signals
A continuous-time signal x(t) is said to be causal if x(t) = 0 for

t < 0, otherwise the signal is non-causal.
A continuous-time signal x(t) is said to be anti-causal if x(t) = 0 for
t > 0.
A causal signal doesn’t exist for negative time and an anti-causal
signal doesn’t exist for positive time.
A signal which exists in positive as well as negative time is neither
causal nor anti-causal. It is non-causal signal.
u(t) is causal signal and u(-t) is anti-causal signal.

Causal and Non-causal Signals
4
Figure: Causal, anti-causal and Non-causal signal
4
Figure Source: https://blog.oureducation.in/classification-of-signals/
Periodic and Non-periodic Signal
A signal which has a definite pattern and which repeats itself at

regular intervals of time is called a periodic signal.
A continuous time signal x(t) is called periodic if and only if
x(t + T ) = x(t) for all t; −∞ < t < ∞
where t denotes time and T is a constant representing the period.

The smallest value of T which satisfied the above condition is called
the fundamental period.
A signal which doesn’t repeat at regular intervals of time is called a
non-periodic or aperiodic signal.

5
Figure: Periodic Signals
5
All continuous-time sinusoidal and complex exponential signals are

periodic.
The sum of two continuous-time periods signals x1 (t) and x2 (t) with
periods T1 and T2 may or may not be periodic depending on the
relation between T1 and T2 .
The sum of two periodic signals is periodic only if the ratio of their
respective periods T1 /T2 is a rational number or ratio of two integers.
Fundamental period = LCM (T1 , T2 )
A rational number is a number that can be in the form p/q where p
and q are integers and q is not equal to zero 6 .
6
Referred From: https://www.mathsisfun.com/rational-numbers.html
Example 1
Show that the complex exponential signal x(t) = e jω0 t is periodic with
period 2π/ω0

Example 1
Show that the complex exponential signal x(t) = e jω0 t is periodic with
period 2π/ω0
x(t) will be periodic if x(t + T ) = x(t)

This is valid only
ω0 T = 0, 2π, 4 π · · ·
∴ e jω0 (t+T ) = e jω0 t
ω0 T = n(2π), where n is integer.
T = 2πn
ω0
∴ e jω0 t e jω0 T = e jω0 t For smallest positive value, the
∴ e jω0 T = 1 fundamental period T = 2π ω0

Example 2
Show that the sinusoidal signal x(t) = sin(ω0 t + θ) is periodic with period
2π/ω0
x(t) will be periodic if x(t + T ) = x(t)

x(t + T ) = sin(ω0 (t + T ) + θ) = sin(ω0 t + θ + ω0 T )
sin(ω0 t + θ + ω0 T ) = sin(ω0 t + θ)
ω0 T = 2nπ; n is a positive integer
2πn
T =
ω0
2π
For smallest positive value, the fundamental period T = ω0
Example 3 (a)
Examine whether the following signals are periodic or not? If periodic,
determine the fundamental period.
(a) x(t) = sin 12πt

x(t) is a sinusoidal signal. So, it is periodic signal.
ω = 12π
2π 2π 1
T = = =
ω 12π 6
Fundamental period T= 1/6 sec

Example 3 (b)
(b) x(t) = e j4πt

x(t) is a complex exponential signal. So, it is periodic signal.
ω = 4π
2π 2π 1
T = = =
ω 4π 2
Fundamental period T= 1/2 sec

Example 3 (c)
(c) x(t) = sin πtu(t)

sin πt is periodic signal with period 2 sec.
u(t) exist only for t ≥ 0. Hence, it is not periodic.
sin πtu(t) is not periodic.


Example 3 (d)
(d) x(t) = e −|t|

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
The signal does not repeat at all.
0.3 So, it is aperiodic.
0.2
0.1
0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time
Figure: Plot of e −|t|

Example 3 (e)
√
(e) x(t) = cos 2t + sin 3t
√
x2 (t) = sin 3t
√
x1 (t) = cos 2t ω2 = 3;
ω1 = 2; 2π 2π
T2 = =√
2π 2π ω 2 3
T1 = = =π √
ω1 2 T1 π 3
= 2π =
T2 √ 2
3
T1/T2 ratio is not a rational number. Hence, signal is non-periodic.

Example 3 (f)
(f) x(t) = 3 sin 200πt + 4 cos 100t

x2 (t) = 4 cos 100t
x1 (t) = 3 sin 200πt ω2 = 100;
ω1 = 200π; 2π 2π π
T2 = = =
2π 2π 1 ω2 100 50
T1 = = =
ω1 200π 100 T1 1/100 1
= =
T2 π/50 2π
T1/T2 ratio is not a rational number. Hence, signal is non-periodic.

Example 3 (g)
(g) x(t) = sin 10πt + cos 20πt

x2 (t) = cos 20πt
x1 (t) = sin 10πt ω2 = 20π;
ω1 = 10π; 2π 2π 1
T2 = = =
2π 2π 1 ω2 20π 10
T1 = = =
ω1 10π 5 T1 1/5
= =2
T2 1/10
T1/T2 ratio is a rational number. Hence, signal is periodic.

Example 3 (h)
(h) x(t) = sin (10t + 1) − 2 cos (5t − 2)

x2 (t) = 2 cos (5t − 2)
x1 (t) = sin (10t + 1) ω2 = 5;
ω1 = 10; 2π 2π
T2 = =
2π 2π π ω2 5
T1 = = =
ω1 10 5 T1 π/5 1
= =
T2 2π/5 2
T1/T2 ratio is a rational number. Hence, signal is periodic.

Example 3 (i)
(i) x(t) = je j6t

x(t) is a complex exponential signal. So, it is periodic signal.
ω=6
2π 2π π
T = = =
ω 6 3
Fundamental period T= π/3 sec

Example 3 (j)
(j) x(t) = 3u(t) + 2 sin 2t

3u(t) is non-periodic signal. 2 sin 2t is periodic signal.
So, sum of periodic and non-periodic signal is non-periodic signal.

Example 3 (k)
(k) x(t) = 3 + cos 2πt

3 is a DC signal. Hence, this is periodic signal.
ω = 2π
2π 2π
T = = =1
ω 2π
Fundamental period T= 1 sec

Example 3 (k)
(k) x(t) = u(t) − 2u(t − 5)

u(t) is non-periodic signal. u(t-5) is non-periodic signal.
So, sum of non-periodic and non-periodic signal is non-periodic signal.

Example 3 (m)
(m) x(t) = 6e j[4t+π/3] + 8e j[3πt+π/4]

x2 (t) = 8e j[3πt+π/4]
x1 (t) = 6e j[4t+π/3] ω2 = 3π;
ω1 = 4; 2π 2π 2
T2 = = =
2π 2π π ω2 3π 3
T1 = = =
ω1 4 2 T1 π/2 3π
= =
T2 2/3 4
T1/T2 ratio is not rational number. Hence, signal is non-periodic.

Unit 1: Introduction to Continuous and

Discrete time signals
Lecture 9

Even and ODD Signals
A continuous time signal x(t) is said to be an even (symmetric) signal

if it satisfies the condition
x(t) = x(−t) for all t (1)
Even signals are symmetrical about the vertical axis or time origin.
Example: cosine wave
A continuous time signal x(t) is said to be an odd (anti-symmetric)
signal if it satisfies the condition
x(−t) = −x(−t) for all t (2)
Sine wave is an example of odd signal.

Every signal need not be either purely even or odd signal. But, every
signal x(t) can be expressed as sum of even and odd components.
x(t) = xe (t) + xo (t)

where, xe (t) is even component and xo (t) is odd component of the
signal.
1
xe (t) = [x(t) + x(−t)] (3)
2
1
xo (t) = [x(t) − x(−t)] (4)
2
The product of two even or odd signals is an even signal.
The product of even and odd signal is an odd signals.


Proof
The product of two even or odd signals is an even signal.
x(t) = x1 (t)x2 (t)

x(t) = x1 (t)x2 (t)
Assume, x1 (t) and x2 (t) are odd
Assume, x1 (t) and x2 (t) are even signals.
signals.
x1 (−t) = −x1 (t)
x1 (−t) = x1 (t)
x2 (−t) = −x1 (t)
x2 (−t) = x1 (t)
x(−t) = x1 (−t)x2 (−t)
x(−t) = x1 (−t)x2 (−t)
x(−t) = [−x1 (t)][−x2 (t)]
x(−t) = x1 (t)x2 (t) = x(t)
x(−t) = x1 (t)x2 (t) = x(t)
So, x(t) is an even signal.
So, x(t) is an even signal.
Proof
The product of even and odd signal is an odd signal.
Assume, x1 (t) is an even signal and x2 (t) is an odd signal.
x1 (−t) = x1 (t)
x2 (−t) = −x2 (t)

x(−t) = x1 (−t)x2 (−t)
x(−t) = x1 (t)[−x2 (t)] = −x1 (t)x2 (t) = −x(t)

Example 1(a)
Find the even and odd components of the following signals
(a) x(t) = e j2t

1
xe (t) = [x(t) + x(−t)]
2
1
xe (t) = [e j2t + e −j2t ] = cos 2t
2
1
xo (t) = [x(t) − x(−t)]
2
1 j2t
xo (t) = [e − e −j2t ] = j sin 2t
2

Example 1(b)
(b) x(t) = (1 + t 2 + t 3 ) cos2 10t
1
xe (t) = [x(t) + x(−t)]
2
1
xe (t) = [(1 + t 2 + t 3 ) cos2 10t + (1 + t 2 − t 3 ) cos2 10t] = (1 + t 2 ) cos2 10t
2
1
xo (t) = [x(t) − x(−t)]
2
1
xo (t) = [(1 + t 2 + t 3 ) cos2 10t − (1 + t 2 − t 3 ) cos2 10t] = t 3 cos2 10t
2


Example 1(c)
(c) x(t) = sin 2t + sin 2t cos 2t + cos 2t

1
xe (t) = [x(t) + x(−t)]
2
1
xe (t) = [sin 2t + sin 2t cos 2t + cos 2t + (− sin 2t − sin 2t cos 2t + cos 2t)]
2
xe (t) = cos 2t
1
xo (t) = [x(t) − x(−t)]
2
1
xo (t) = [sin 2t + sin 2t cos 2t + cos 2t − (− sin 2t − sin 2t cos 2t + cos 2t)]
2
xo (t) = sin 2t + sin 2t cos 2t

Example 2(a)
Find whether the following signals are even or odd.
(a) x(t) = e −3t
x(t) = e −3t
x(−t) = e 3t
−x(t) = −e −3t
Here, x(t) 6= x(−t) and x(−t) 6= −x(t).
Given signal is neither even or odd signals.

Example 2(b)
(a) x(t) = u(t + 2)
x(t) = u(t + 2)
x(−t) = u(−t + 2)
−x(t) = −u(t + 2)

Example 2(c)
(c) x(t) = 3e j4πt
x(t) = 3e j4πt
x(−t) = 3e −j4πt
−x(t) = −3e j4πt

Example 2(d)
(d) x(t) = cos 3t
x(t) = cos 3t
x(−t) = cos −3t = cos 3t
−x(t) = − cos 3t
Here, x(t) = x(−t) and x(−t) 6= −x(t).
Given signal is an even signal.

Example 2(e)
(e) x(t) = sin 5t
x(t) = sin 5t
x(−t) = sin −5t = − sin 5t
−x(t) = − sin 5t
Here, x(t) 6= x(−t) and x(−t) = −x(t).
Given signal is an odd signal.

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Signals and Systems: Unit 1

Introduction to Continuous and Discrete time signals

Dr. Pritesh Shah

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering,

(SIT) Pritesh Shah July 21, 2020 1 / 38

Unit 1: Introduction to Continuous and

(SIT) Pritesh Shah July 21, 2020 2 / 38

Deterministic and Random Signals

A signal is said to be deterministic if there is no uncertainty with

Deterministic and Random Signals

A signal is said to be random if there is uncertainty with respect to

Analog and Digital Signals

Causal and Non-causal Signals

A continuous-time signal x(t) is said to be causal if x(t) = 0 for

(SIT) Pritesh Shah July 21, 2020 6 / 38

Causal and Non-causal Signals

Periodic and Non-periodic Signal

A signal which has a definite pattern and which repeats itself at

x(t + T ) = x(t) for all t; −∞ < t < ∞

where t denotes time and T is a constant representing the period.

(SIT) Pritesh Shah July 21, 2020 8 / 38

Periodic and Non-periodic Signal

Periodic and Non-periodic Signal

All continuous-time sinusoidal and complex exponential signals are

Periodic and Non-periodic Signal

(SIT) Pritesh Shah July 21, 2020 11 / 38

Periodic and Non-periodic Signal

x(t) will be periodic if x(t + T ) = x(t)

(SIT) Pritesh Shah July 21, 2020 11 / 38

Periodic and Non-periodic Signal

x(t) will be periodic if x(t + T ) = x(t)

Periodic and Non-periodic Signal

(a) x(t) = sin 12πt

(SIT) Pritesh Shah July 21, 2020 13 / 38

Periodic and Non-periodic Signal

(b) x(t) = e j4πt

(SIT) Pritesh Shah July 21, 2020 14 / 38

Periodic and Non-periodic Signal

(c) x(t) = sin πtu(t)

(SIT) Pritesh Shah July 21, 2020 15 / 38

Periodic and Non-periodic Signal

(d) x(t) = e −|t|

Figure: Plot of e −|t|

Periodic and Non-periodic Signal

(SIT) Pritesh Shah July 21, 2020 17 / 38

Periodic and Non-periodic Signal

(f) x(t) = 3 sin 200πt + 4 cos 100t

(SIT) Pritesh Shah July 21, 2020 18 / 38

Periodic and Non-periodic Signal

(g) x(t) = sin 10πt + cos 20πt

(SIT) Pritesh Shah July 21, 2020 19 / 38

Periodic and Non-periodic Signal

(h) x(t) = sin (10t + 1) − 2 cos (5t − 2)

(SIT) Pritesh Shah July 21, 2020 20 / 38

Periodic and Non-periodic Signal

(i) x(t) = je j6t

(SIT) Pritesh Shah July 21, 2020 21 / 38

Periodic and Non-periodic Signal

(j) x(t) = 3u(t) + 2 sin 2t

(SIT) Pritesh Shah July 21, 2020 22 / 38

Periodic and Non-periodic Signal

(k) x(t) = 3 + cos 2πt

(SIT) Pritesh Shah July 21, 2020 23 / 38