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Physics (HRK) Chapter 9: System of Particles: M Having Displacements X X Along X-Axis Respectively
Physics (HRK) Chapter 9: System of Particles: M Having Displacements X X Along X-Axis Respectively
SYSTEM OF PARTICLES
dxCM
vCM
dt
d 1
vCM m1 x1 m2 x2
dt M
1 dx1 dx
vCM m1 m2 2
M dt dt
1
vCM m1v1 m2v2 ---------- (2)
M
Where v1 and v2 are the velocities of bodies of masses m1 and m2 , respectively.
37
Written and composed by: Prof. Muhammad Ali Malik (M. Phil. Physics), Govt. Degree College, Naushera
Physics (HRK) Chapter 9: System of Particles
dvCM
aCM
dt
d 1
aCM m1v1 m2v2
dt M
1 dv1 dv
aCM m1 m2 2
M dt dt
1
aCM m1a1 m2 a2 ---------- (3)
M
Where a1 and a2 are the acceleration of bodies of masses m1 and m2 , respectively.
So F12 m1a1
F21 m2 a2
As the bodies are interacting with each other, then by Newton’s third law of motion:
F12 F21 ---------- (4)
By equation (3):
1
aCM F12 F21
M
Using equation (4):
1
aCM F12 F12
M
1
aCM 0
M
aCM 0
It means that if there is no external force acting on the system, then the
acceleration of center of mass is zero. So, the center of mass moves with constant
velocity in the absence of any external force.
Case 2. External Forces are Present
Let Fext1 and Fext 2 are the external forces acting on the masses m1 and
m2 respectively, in addition to internal forces F12 and F21 . So the net force (sum of
38
Written and composed by: Prof. Muhammad Ali Malik (M. Phil. Physics), Govt. Degree College, Naushera
Physics (HRK) Chapter 9: System of Particles
MaCM Fext
So we conclude that the net external force F ext is acting on the center of mass, where
m1 x1 m2 x2 m3 x3 .... mn xn
xCM
m1 m2 m3 .... mn
m1 x1 m2 x2 m3 x3 .... mn xn
xCM
M
1
xCM m1 x1 m2 x2 m3 x3 .... mn xn
M
n
1
xCM
M
m x
i 1
i i ---------- (1)
Similarly,
1
yCM m1 y1 m2 y2 m3 y3 .... mn yn
M
n
1
yCM
M
m y
i 1
i i ---------- (2)
39
Written and composed by: Prof. Muhammad Ali Malik (M. Phil. Physics), Govt. Degree College, Naushera
Physics (HRK) Chapter 9: System of Particles
Also,
1
zCM m1 z1 m2 z2 m3 z3 .... mn zn
M
n
1
zCM
M
m z
i 1
i i ---------- (3)
Velocity
The velocity of the center of mass of the system is given by:
Velocity of Center of Mass
The velocity of center of mass vCM is taken by the time derivative of equation (1):
drCM
vCM
dt
d 1
vCM m1r1 m2r2 m3r3 .... mn rn
dt M
1 dr1 dr2 dr3 drn
vCM m1 dt m2 dt m3 dt .... mn dt
M
1
vCM m1v1 m2v2 m3v3 .... mnvn
M
n
1
vCM
M
m v
i 1
i i ---------- (5)
40
Written and composed by: Prof. Muhammad Ali Malik (M. Phil. Physics), Govt. Degree College, Naushera
Physics (HRK) Chapter 9: System of Particles
dvCM
aCM
dt
d 1
aCM m1v1 m2v2 m3v3 .... mnvn
dt M
1 dv1 dv dv dv
aCM m1 m2 2 m3 3 .... mn n
M dt dt dt dt
1
aCM m1a1 m2a2 m3a3 .... mn an
M
n
1
aCM
M
m a
i 1
i i ---------- (6)
MaCM F1 F2 F3 .... Fn
n
MaCM Fi
i 1
MaCM F
n
Where F F
i 1
i is the net force acting on the system of particles.
This shows that the net force acting on system of particles is equal to the mass of the
system times the acceleration f center of mass of system.
Internal and External Forces
Suppose there are internal as well as external forces acting on the particles. The internal
force are due to interaction of the particles among themselves.
Let Fnk is the force applied on object of mass mn by the particle of mass mk
Or Fnk Fkn 0
As the internal forces acts in pairs (action-reaction pairs), so, they cancel each other.
Hence only the external forces are the net forces acting on the system of particles. Thus,
F ext M aCM
In component form;
41
Written and composed by: Prof. Muhammad Ali Malik (M. Phil. Physics), Govt. Degree College, Naushera
Physics (HRK) Chapter 9: System of Particles
Conclusion
The overall translational motion of a system of particles can be analyzed using Newton’s
laws as if all the mass were concentrated at the centre of mass and the total external
forces were applied at that point.
If the resultant of forces is zero, i.e.,
F ext 0
Then aCM 0
So the center of mass moves with constant velocity.
Center of Mass of the Solid Objects
Suppose we have a solid object. Its center of mass cannot be easily found using the
relation:
n
1
rCM
M
m r
i 1
i i
We divide the solid into tiny elements each having mass m . If each element
becomes infinitely small i.e., m 0 , then
n
1 1
lim xi mi
M
xCM x dm
M m0 i 1
n
1 1
yCM lim yi mi y dm
M m0 i 1 M
n
1 1
lim zi mi
M
zCM z dm
M m0 i 1
In vector form, these equations are written as:
1
M
r CM r dm
The process of integration provides an easy to find the center of mass of a solid.
In terms of uniform volume mass density, the above equation becomes:
1
M
xCM x dv
1
yCM
M y dv
1
M
zCM z dv
In vector form,
1
M
r CM r dv
42
Written and composed by: Prof. Muhammad Ali Malik (M. Phil. Physics), Govt. Degree College, Naushera
Physics (HRK) Chapter 9: System of Particles
1 x dx x dx
xCM
M x dm 0
L
0
L
dx
0
dx0
L
1 2 1 2
x L
2 0 1
xCM L
2 L
x0 L 2
If R is the radius of cylinder, then the volume of the element of the cylinder of
infinitesimal length dx as dV R2 dx .
Now
L L
x dV x R dx
2
1
M
xCM x dm 0
L
0
L
dV R dx
2
0 0
L L
1 2
x dx x
2 0
1 2
L
1
xCM 0
L
L
2 L
x0 L 2
dx
0
43
Written and composed by: Prof. Muhammad Ali Malik (M. Phil. Physics), Govt. Degree College, Naushera
Physics (HRK) Chapter 9: System of Particles
Sample Problem 4:
A thin strip of material is bent into the shape of a semicircle of radius R. Find its center of
mass.
Solution.
By symmetry we can see that the x-coordinate of center of mass is zero xCM 0
and center of mass of the object under consideration lies on y-axis.
Let the element of mass dm makes and angle d . The total mass makes an angle
. So,
dm d
M
M
Or dm d
The y-coordinate of element dm is
located at y R sin . The center of
mass of this object is:
1
yCM
M y dm
1 M
yCM
M 0
R sin
d
R
yCM
sin d
0
R
yCM cos 0
R
yCM cos cos 0
R R
yCM 1 1 2
2
yCM R 0.637 R
Note that the center of mass does not need to be within the volume or the material of an
object.
System of Variable Mass
Consider a system of variable mass and let
M Mass of the system moving with velocity v in the observer’s FOR
M Change in mass of the system after time t .
If M is positive, the mass of the system will increase. It is negative if the total mass of
the system decreases, as in case of rocket it is the mass of ejected gases ( M ).
M M Mass of the system moving with velocity v v after a time t t .
44
Written and composed by: Prof. Muhammad Ali Malik (M. Phil. Physics), Govt. Degree College, Naushera
Physics (HRK) Chapter 9: System of Particles
Initial Momentum Pi MV
Now
Change in Momentum P Pf Pi
P M M V V M U MV
P MV M .V M .V M .V M .U MV
Neglecting M .V , being small, we get:
P M .V M .V M .U
By Newton’s 2nd law, we have:
dP
Fext
dt
P
Fext lim
t 0 t
M .V M .V M .U
Fext lim
t 0
t
V M M
Fext lim M . lim .V lim .U
t 0 t t 0 t t 0 t
V M
Fext lim M . lim V U
t 0 t t 0 t
dv dM
Fext M . V U ---------- (1)
dt dt
dv
Here is the acceleration of system produced as it ejects mass M with
dt
dM
velocity U and is the rate of ejection of mass.
dt
Equation (1) can be written as:
dv dM dM
Fext M . V U
dt dt dt
d dM
Fext MV U
dt dt
dM
If the mass of the system is constant 0 , then the above equation become
dt
the single particular form of Newton’s 2nd law.
Equation (1) can be used to analyze the motion of the rocket. Take U V Vrel
which is the relative velocity of the ejected mass relative to the rocket. Equation (1)
becomes:
45
Written and composed by: Prof. Muhammad Ali Malik (M. Phil. Physics), Govt. Degree College, Naushera
Physics (HRK) Chapter 9: System of Particles
dv dM
Fext M U V
dt dt
dv dM
Fext M Vrel
dt dt
dv dM
M Fext Vrel
dt dt
dM
The term Vrel is called thrust of the rocket.
dt
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Written and composed by: Prof. Muhammad Ali Malik (M. Phil. Physics), Govt. Degree College, Naushera
Physics (HRK) Chapter 9: System of Particles
dV
Let is in positive direction as the rocket accelerates and Vrel is the magnitude
dt
of the exhaust velocity and is in the negative direction. So, the eqation of motion of a
system of variable mass:
dV dM
M Fext Vrel reduces to
dt dt
dV dM
M Vrel
dt dt
dM
dV Vrel
M
Let
M Total mass of rocket which is variable
M 0 Original mass of rocket plus fuel.
V f Vi Vrel ln M
Mf
M0
V f Vi Vrel ln M f ln M 0
Mf
V f Vi Vrel ln
M0
M 0 mb
V f Vi Vrel ln
M0
M0
V f Vi Vrel ln
M 0 mb
If Vi 0
M0
V f Vrel ln
Mf
Vf M0
ln
Vrel Mf
47
Written and composed by: Prof. Muhammad Ali Malik (M. Phil. Physics), Govt. Degree College, Naushera
Physics (HRK) Chapter 9: System of Particles
Vf M0 Mf
ln ln
Vrel Mf M0
Mf Vf
ln
M0 Vrel
Mf Vf
exp
M0 Vrel
Vf
M f M 0 exp
Vrel
This is the equation of mass of the rocket.
Sample Problem 12. A rocket has a mass of 13600 kg when fueled on the launching pad.
It is fired vertically upward and at burnt-out, has consumed an ejected 9100 kg of fuel.
Gases are exhausted at the rate of 146 kgs-1 with a speed of 1520 ms-1, relative to the
rocket, both quantities being assumed to be constant while the fuel is burning. (a) What is
the thrust? (b) If one can neglect all external forces, including gravity and air resistance,
what will be the velocity of the rocket at burnt-out.
Solution:
M 0 Original mass of rocket plus fuel = 13600 kg
Fthrust ?
dM
Upward Thrust Fthrust Vrel
dt
Fthrust 1520*146 2.22*105 N
vf ?
M0
V f Vrel ln
M 0 mb
13600
V f 1520*ln
4500
V f 1680 ms 1
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Written and composed by: Prof. Muhammad Ali Malik (M. Phil. Physics), Govt. Degree College, Naushera