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Full Scale Wet Age Testing of XLPE Insulated Power Cables in Salt Water

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B10-2 10th International Conference on Insulated Power Cables
Full Scale Wet Age Testing of XLPE Insulated Power Cables in Salt Water
Jeremy FEATHERSTONE, JDR Cable Systems Ltd, (UK), jeremy.featherstone@jdrcables.com
Alex NEUMANN, ORE Catapult (UK), alex.neumann@ore.catapult.org.uk
Jingyi WAN, JDR Cable Systems Ltd, (UK), jingyi.wan@jdrcables.com
Lee HARRIS, ORE Catapult (UK), lee.harris@ore.catapult.org.uk
ABSTRACT
Offshore wind 66kV array cables with wet or semi-wet
design are now in use. Representative wet age data for
such cables in saline water was required to demonstrate
adequate predicted life. Full scale testing at both 50Hz and
500Hz has been completed and the results compared to
similar tests on 20kV cables in tap water. The results
showed good equivalence, especially when compared in
terms of average electrical stress at breakdown. For the
chosen insulation system, CIGRE TB 722 acceptance
criteria were exceeded.
KEYWORDS
Offshore Wind; 66kV Array Cables; Wet Age Testing;
INTRODUCTION
Wet age testing protocols undertaken by most cable
suppliers, and as specified in relevant standards, have
primarily been carried out on scaled (for instance 20 kV or
15 kV) cable samples and in tap water.
The growth in the market for offshore wind farms, has
resulted in wet, or semi-wet, cable designs being widely
deployed in submarine power cable array networks. Such
applications are typically at 33kV or 66 kV, and at 66kV may
use higher electrical stress levels than at 33kV, reducing
conservatism. Additionally, the operating medium is saline
rather than tap water.
Within the published literature there is limited data to
provide confidence of correlation between different testing
regimes (for instance between 50Hz and 500Hz at high
electrical stress, between voltage, electrical stress levels,
and insulation thickness range, and to quantify the effect of
ageing in saline rather than tap water).
The recently published CIGRE Technical Bulletin 722
‘Recommendations for Additional Testing for Submarine
Cables from 6 kV to 60 kV (Um = 72.5 kV)’, recognises
these constraints, and recommends wet-age testing in
saline conditions. Furthermore it calls for the ‘cable
community to publish findings in the above areas’, towards
re-evaluating what the industry requirements should be.
This paper is intended to assist in this evolution.
The need for representative accelerated lifetime testing to
demonstrate adequate life as a key development area for
offshore wind farm cables was identified, and investments
made in appropriate test infrastructure and in completing a
programme of long-duration testing.
To minimise risk associated with scaling effects, the new
test capability enables long-term wet-age and step-
breakdown testing at full-scale on 66 kV cables aged in
saline water. In the period 2015 to 2019, a series of full-
scale, long-term wet-ageing tests (at both 500 Hz and 50
Hz) have been carried out on 66 kV XLPE insulated cables
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B10-2
in saline conditions. The results have been compared to a
substantial dataset of results from conventional
‘harmonised long duration’ (HD605 5.4.15) wet ageing
tests, for the same insulation system.
Microscopic and moisture concentration analysis has also
been carried out to assess the effects of ageing both during
and after completion of the long-duration tests.
This paper presents the test methodology, summarizes the
results of the full-scale testing in saline conditions, and
compares these results with results of conventional, scaled
testing.
DEFINITIONS OF CABLE DESIGNS
The following cable design definitions are used in this
paper:
‘Wet’ design – no water barrier and the outer semi-
conducting layer of the power core is in direct contact with
the water
‘Semi-Wet’ design – a polymeric jacket over the power
core, (which will limit rate of water vapour ingress)
‘Semi-Dry’ design – metallic foil radial water barrier with a
longitudinal glued overlap and bonded to an outer
polymeric jacket
‘Dry’ design – continuous hermetic metallic water barrier
(such as lead extrusion, or longitudinally welded metallic
sheath).
ELECTRICAL STRESS CALCULATION
Electrical stresses are calculated using the following
equations from IEC60840.
Electrical stress at the conductor screen:
Ei =
2× U0
[1]
D
d× ln� �
d
Electrical stress at the insulation screen:
2× U0
Eo = [2]
D
D× ln� �
d
Where:
Ei = Electrical stress at conductor screen under voltage U0
(kV/mm)
Eo = Electrical stress at insulation screen under voltage Uo
(kV/mm)
Uo= Rated voltage between conductor and screen (kV)
D = Nominal diameter over insulation (mm)
d = Nominal conductor screen diameter (mm), i.e. nominal
inner diameter of the insulation
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ACCELERATED AGEING RELATIONSHIP breakdown testing according to the procedure specified in

HD605 S2 section 5.4.15 (Harmonised Long Duration
The principle of the accelerated ageing test is to Test).
demonstrate that the dielectric is suitable for the intended
use by subjecting test samples to a representative but An alternative, accelerated Long Duration Test is given in
amplified voltage to promote, in a shorter time than would CENELEC HD605 S2 section 5.4.6, which is to wet age at
be expected at nominal voltages, the failure modes which 500Hz at 3Uo for 3000 hours at 40 ⁰C, with other
are expected in the normal life of the cable. The test conditioning and ageing procedure parameters as given for
samples, which can then be assumed to have been the one year and two year tests.
subjected to at least the design life, are then subjected to a Acceptance criteria are given, for instance in HD620 S2
step voltage breakdown test to confirm that the dielectric Part 9 and Part 10 Section D for XLPE insulated MV cable,
retains sufficient electrical strength to withstand the where the acceptance criteria for minimum breakdown
electrical stresses that can be expected to be seen. electrical stress at the conductor screen (Ei) is:
The tests are typically done at 3 times the operating All 6 test objects ≥ 18 kV/mm
electrical stress, to accelerate ageing. The relationship
between electrical stress (E) and the time to failure (T) for Or
solid dielectric media (such as XLPE insulation systems),
All 6 test objects ≥ 14 kV/mm
assuming other conditions are constant, is often given by
and hereof 4 test objects ≥ 18 kV/mm
an inverse power law as shown in Equation 3, where v is
and hereof 2 test objects ≥ 22 kV/mm
the ageing exponent, T0 is the time for which an electrical
stress of E0 is applied, and T1 is the time for which an The more recent CIGRE TB 722, addressing submarine
electrical stress of E1 is applied (see for instance BICC cables specifically, also quotes the same acceptance
Handbook or Orton & Hartlein). The value of the ageing figures where EDesign is less than 4kV/mm, but with
exponent v is dependent on the insulation material, increased values at higher operating design stresses,
including as built characteristics such as cleanliness, and proportional to operating stress ( e.g. All 6 test objects at
for polyethylene is often quoted as having a typical value of breakdown ≥ EDesign*(29/5.5)kV/mm ).
12, with a range between 9 and 15
T0 E1 v WET AGE DATA FOR 20KV SAMPLES IN
=( ) [3]
T1 E0 TAP WATER
This relationship shows that equivalent time is very A wet age test programme using the selected insulation
sensitive to the choice of exponent, but even if the value of system has been undertaken since 2011 at Bydgoszcz,
the exponent was as low as say 5, then a 2 year Poland. This testing is in accordance to the Harmonised
accelerated life test at 3Uo has the equivalent duration T0 Long Duration test regime given in VDE 0276-620 and
= 2 years x 35 = 486years. CENELEC HD605, and provides a large data set of 1 year
Weibull statistical analysis on the spread of breakdown test and 2 year wet aged breakdown results.
results of a series of short (10metre long ‘active length’) All these tests have been performed on 12/20(24)kV
accelerated aged samples enables the reliability of ‘chain’ samples with 150mm2 conductor and 5.5mm insulation
systems such as a cable (where the failure of a single link thickness, using the same WTR-XLPE insulation system.
in the chain means that the whole chain has failed) to be
assessed. This provides prediction of lifetime and The nominal electrical stress (Ei) at the conductor screen
probability of failure rates for differing length cable systems, at Uo for this cable design is 2.9kV/mm, and the wet aged
see for instance CIGRE TB 722, Appendix C. Ei stress (at 3Uo) is then 8.7kV/mm. The equivalent
stresses at the insulation screen (Eo) are 1.7kV/mm and
WET AGE TEST METHODOLOGY 5.1kV/mm respectively.
The results of these tests, in terms of Ei, are summarised
Long term wet ageing test specifications are not given by
in Table 1 below:
current IEC standards either for MV (IEC60502-2) or HV
(IEC60840). However, for MV cables, long term wet ageing Wet No. of Average Min Max
tests are given for CENELEC standards (also DIN VDE Age Sample break break break
0276-620) and there are many other wet ageing protocols, Time s tested down down down
for instance ICEA S-94-649 and IEEE 1407-1998. to end stress stress stress
The general methodology for wet age testing of cables is to 2018 Ei Ei Ei
prepare cable sample(s) of conductor and extruded kV/mm kV/mm kV/mm
insulation system, and then place in a water tank, with the 1year 40 58.0 49.6 64.2
water in direct contact with the outer semi-conducting layer. (8750
hrs)
The cable then undergoes a ‘conditioning’ period at 2years 34 47.4 40.9 52.5
elevated temperature to ‘remove remaining by-products of (17500
cross-linking and at the same time allow the insulation and hrs)
screens to absorb moisture’ ahead of the start of energised Table1. Wet age test results for 12/20(24)kV samples
wet ageing. in tap water at 50Hz (Ei=2.9kV/mm in service)
The CENELEC standard is a one year (8,750 hours) and These results show consistent performance, with low
two year (17,500 hours) long term ageing test in tap water variability and all results well above the acceptance
(ageing at 3Uo at 50Hz and 40 ⁰C), followed by step criterion for MV cables; even the lowest breakdown value

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B10-2 10th International Conference on Insulated Power Cables B10-2

after 2 years of accelerated wet ageing (40.9kV/mm) is conditions’.

over double the minimum breakdown acceptance criterion
of 18kV/mm given above for MV applications.
66KV ARRAY CABLE DEVELOPMENT
The offshore wind industry has predominately used 33kV
array cables until recently. However with increasing turbine
power, larger windfarms, and the push for reduced costs
towards the industry becoming ‘subsidy-free’, the trend
today is to use 66kV array cables, but avoiding the cost and
weight of fully ‘dry’ designs, such as lead sheath extrusion
typically used in HV submarine cables.
The solution to this requirement is to extend MV insulation
systems, as wet, semi-wet or semi-dry designs to 66kV.
At 33kV a cable designer working to IEC 60502-2 does not
have the freedom to reduce the insulation thickness.
However at voltages above 36kV, IEC 60840 does not
specify insulation thickness or stress levels. Hence there is
an opportunity to design such cables at higher electrical
stress levels, and reduce conservatism, given the large
margin seen during wet ageing at MV, as outlined in the
section above.
However, the question is then if long term test results for
20kV cable in tap water can be regarded as sufficiently
representative of 66kV cable in salt water? Apart from
electrical voltage and stress levels, the two most significant
variables are insulation wall thickness and water salinity,
and these are now discussed below.
However these tests changed two variables at once; higher
ambient pressure (considered to improve breakdown
strength) and added salinity (considered to reduce
breakdown strength), so it is not possible to separately
quantify the effect of each.
Offshore wind applications are in saline conditions with the
cable ends being bought above sea level to terminate at
the wind turbine switchgear. Consequently the most
representative, and most demanding, wet testing is
submersion at low pressure in saline water. It was
concluded that such full scale testing was required, and this
is discussed below.
FULL SCALE TESTING – EQUIPMENT & SET
UP
The tests were undertaken at Blyth, UK from 2015 to 2019.
66kV cable core was stripped to outer semi-con and loaded
onto plastic drums designed to ensure full flow of water
around cable, see Figure 1. After conditioning at 55°C, oil
terminations were installed and the cable energised, as
shown in Figure 2, with the water tank at a temperature of
40°C. The water within the bath was of saline solution of
3.4% minimum, continuously circulated to ensure even
temperature distribution throughout the tank and passed
through an in-line UV filter to control the levels of bacterial
growth in the tank.

INSULATION THICKNESS
A thicker wall thickness has an increased material volume
applied. With this increased volume comes an increased
number of flaws or contaminants per metre length of cable,
and hence a reduced breakdown stress could be expected
with increased wall thickness. Orton & Hartlein indicate, for
a particular, unspecified, insulation material, that doubling
the insulation wall thickness from 5.5mm to 11mm leads to
around a 10% reduction in breakdown stress. If the same
relationship holds true for the selected insulation system,
then based on the large margin seen in the 20kV wet age
tests, this would indicate that such a design would still pass
full scale breakdown acceptance criteria.

WATER SALINITY Figure 1. Full scale ageing drum with cable loaded
Hampton et al in 2003 stated that ‘Few explicit studies have
been conducted to examine the effects of salinity. However
the main body of evidence shows that the NaCl in sea water
will act as an accelerant for water treeing’. It is understood
that this comment is based on laboratory scale testing.
Johansson et al in 2011 presented results for XLPE and
WTR-XLPE wet ageing tests carried out under hydrostatic
pressure (30 bars, equivalent to 300m water depth) and in
artificial seawater at 500Hz compared to both standard
50Hz and standard 500Hz tests (i,e. ‘standard’ is without
pressure and in tap water). The results presented are AC
breakdown strengths for the XLPE cable of around
42kV/mm for the standard 50Hz and standard 500Hz tests,
and around 56kV/mm for the ‘subsea’ 500Hz test. The
researchers concluded that ‘the selected simulated subsea
conditions do not provide harsher situation than Figure 2. Wet age test laboratory
represented by the standard Cenelec atmospheric test

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B10-2 10th International Conference on Insulated Power Cables B10-2

FULL SCALE 66KV TEST - 50HZ, 2 YEARS

The above results gave confidence to embark on 2 year
50Hz full scale testing. It also gave confidence to increase
the in-service electrical stress to Ei=5.4kV/mm (whilst
restraining the Eo value to be no more than 3.2kV/mm to
facilitate accessory design and installation).
A length of 36/60~69(72.5)kV 150mm2 cable was
manufactured with a nominal insulation thickness of
10.5mm. The conditioning period was increased to
650hours, and testing undertaken following the CIGRE 722
requirements.
One unaged sample was also subjected to step breakdown
test, but did not fail, as at Ei = 79kV/mm reached the limit
of the test equipment. Three additional breakdown samples
Figure 3. Breakdown test arrangement were also taken after 6months energisation. Breakdowns
were in the active length, not in the terminations.
The test results are given in Table 3.
Wet Age No. of Average Min Max
Time Sample break break break
s tested down down down
stress stress stress
Ei Ei Ei
kV/mm kV/mm kV/mm
6months 3 69.0 68.7 69.3
(4375hrs)
1year 6 66.7 57.4 74.1
(8750hrs)
Figure 4. Example breakdown in active length 2years 6 54.5 45.4 61.1
(17500
Following ageing, cable samples were prepared for hrs)
breakdown testing using water terminations as shown in Table 3. Wet age test results for 36/60~69(72.5)kV
Figure 3. An example of a breakdown is shown in Figure 4. samples in saline water at 50Hz (Ei=5.4kV/mm in
service)
FULL SCALE 66KV TEST – 500HZ, 3000HRS
The acceptance criterion for this design could be taken as
The first full scale tests undertaken were at 500Hz, the ratio of MV acceptance criteria given earlier, multiplied
3000hours, to achieve test results as early as possible. by the higher working stress, so in this case (5.4x18) / 2.9
= 33.5kV/mm; this was exceeded by a significant margin.
The cable design was based on Ei=4.9kV/mm, with an Note that CIGRE TB 722 Table 3.7 gives a slightly lower
insulation thickness of 12mm at 150mm2. The test used the acceptance criterion of all 6 samples to fail above or equal
500Hz, 3000hrs regime, after 500 hours pre-conditioning, to 28.5kV/mm at conductor screen.
with energisation at 108kV (i.e. 3Uo). The breakdown test
results are shown in Table 2. Breakdowns were in the
active length, not in the terminations. ANALYSIS OF BREAKDOWN RESULTS
Wet Age No. of Averag Min Max Figure 5 shows the average breakdown stress at the
Time Sample e break break break conductor screen for all the above data sets.
s down down down
tested stress stress stress
Ei Ei Ei
kV/mm kV/mm kV/mm
3000hrs 7 65.2 57.9 69.0
@500Hz
(8750hrs)
Table 2. Wet age test results for 36/60~69(72.5)kV
samples of selected insulation system in saline water
(Ei=4.9kV/mm in service)
The acceptance criteria for this design could be taken as
the ratio of working stress multiplied by the MV acceptance
criteria given earlier, so in this case (4.9/2.9)x18 = Figure 5. Conductor screen residual strength plotted
30.4kV/mm; this was exceeded by a significant margin. against hours of energised wet ageing
The 66kV and 20kV samples show a similar rate of
reduction of breakdown strength through ageing between 1

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B10-2 10th International Conference on Insulated Power Cables
year and 2 years, however the 66kV average values are
some 15% higher.
At first sight this is a surprising result, particularly as the
66kV samples were aged at a much higher electrical stress
(Ei=16.2kV/mm for 66kV samples, Ei=8.7kV/mm for 20kV
samples). The fact that this hasn’t had a significant impact
on breakdown stress is in line with the finding of Meurer &
Sturmer, where it was found that there was no significant
influence of ageing at 12kV/mm compared to 9kV/mm. On
the one hand, these test results do question the range of
validity of the inverse power law often quoted for
accelerated ageing and as given in Equation (3) above, but
on the other hand, provide some support for the CIGRE TB
722 protocol of ageing at ≥ 9kV/mm where Edesign is up to
5.5kV/mm.
One candidate explanation for the higher breakdown levels
of the 66kV samples could be that the thicker insulation
was not fully saturated; however moisture content
measurements, as discussed in the below section, showed
that full saturation had been reached within the conditioning
period.
Another, more satisfactory, explanation is that breakdown
voltage is not only a function of the conductor screen
electrical stress (Ei), but also of the insulation screen stress
(Eo); the thinner insulation of the 20kV samples have a
significantly higher ratio of Eo/Ei (0.59 for the 20kV
samples, 0.43 for the 66kV samples).
Figure 6 shows the test results in terms of Eo rather than Ei
at breakdown. Now the lines are reversed, with the 20kV
data-points above the 66kV data-points by a similar margin.
Figure 6. Insulation screen residual strength plotted
against hours of energised wet ageing
Figure 7. Average residual strength plotted against
hours of energised wet ageing
Combining Figures 5 and 6, Figure 7 shows average
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B10-2
electrical stress at breakdown, i.e. (Eo+Ei)/2, for the
datasets. This shows good correlation, within 5%, between
the two datasets.
MOISTURE CONTENT MODELLING &
DEFINITION OF CONDITIONING PERIOD
There is a critical relative humidity threshold required to
initiate water tree growth, and the aim is to have reached
this threshold within the conditioning period, see, for
instance, Karlstrand et al.
Comsol finite element analysis, using Fick’s diffusion laws,
was undertaken to model the rate of moisture ingress into
cables with differing insulation thicknesses, and including
the impact of salinity. The model was successfully validated
against published data from Hellesø et al.
From this analysis, it was found that the duration of
conditioning to provide equivalent saturation level at the
conductor screen to a 5.5mm insulation thickness sample
after 500hours could be expressed as:
Conditioning Time (hours) = 100 + 46t [4]
Where t is the insulation thickness in mm.
This relationship between the conditioning time and
thickness was subsequently included in CIGRE TB 722.
For a 10.5mm insulation thickness, the calculated required
duration is 583hours. For the 6 month, 1 year and 2 tests
described above, a safety factor was added as contingency
to give 650hours; this decision pre-dated the publication of
the CIGRE recommendation, and provided additional
margin.
MOISTURE CONTENT MEASUREMENT
The insulation moisture content was determined according
to HD605 S2 Section 2.5.10 “Measurement of water
content of insulation”. A sample of cable approximately 300
mm long was taken from the cable length. Three samples
of insulation were taken from positions equally spaced
along this length. Each sample was cut so as to contain at
least 80% of the insulation radial thickness, but not
including any screen material. The moisture content
measurement was determined within 15 minutes of cutting
the samples.
The samples were placed in a glass oven maintained at
130 ± 5 °C and dry nitrogen used to transport the water
vapour into an automatic Karl Fischer titration system. The
recorded values are the average of the readings on all the
three samples.
Comparison of the 80% cross sectional areas for the dry
sample (143.8 ± 10.2 ppm) and the wet samples
conditioned and aged for 650 hours (396.6 ± 19.5 ppm), 6
months (364.0 ± 15.3 ppm), 12 months (444.5 ± 49.2 ppm),
and 24 months (395.3 ± 46.2 ppm) demonstrate that the
dry samples have a significantly lower moisture than the
wet samples. There is no significant increase in moisture
content in the wet samples over time, indicating that the
moisture content has reached a steady state after 650
hours of conditioning, see Figure 8.
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B10-2 10th International Conference on Insulated Power Cables
550
Moisutre Content (ppm)
450
350
250
150
50
0 5000 10000
Time (Hours)
Fig 8. Moisture Content Comparison between dry, pre-
conditioned for 650 hours, and the 6, 12, and 24
month energised samples for the 66kV cable
MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS
Some limited analysis was performed to determine the
extent of electrical degradation within the insulation.
Sections of approximate 500 µm thickness were taken from
dry unaged cable, and the location of electrical breakdown
on the 6, 12, and 24-month time points. These sections
were stained with methylene blue to aid visualisation of any
electrical degradation.
No bow-tie trees were present in the unaged sample,
whereas all the 66kV wet aged samples examined had
evidence of bow-tie trees. From the samples analysed, the
bow-tie trees were mostly below 100 µm in size, and the
number and size of trees at the 12 and 24 month time
points did not appear to have grown significantly from the
6 month sample. This is consistent with results from
extended (500Hz) testing on HV cable reported by
Karlstrand et al.
CONCLUSIONS
The main conclusions of this work are:
Residual breakdown strength of the full size 66kV samples
tested is well above the pass criteria specified in the
relevant standards and recommendations for both 500Hz
3000hrs and 50Hz 1 year and 2 year testing.
Full scale testing in saline water resulted in higher residual
breakdown strength (at the conductor screen), when
compared against the scaled test samples in tap water,
however good correlation of the results was achieved in
terms of the average of the residual breakdown strength at
the conductor screen and at the insulation screen. The test
results suggest that the influence of salinity on breakdown
strength is not that significant, at least for the insulation
system tested.
Moisture analysis showed good correlation with modelling
and indicated that the full scale test samples were fully
saturated within the conditioning period.
Microscopic analysis showed that electrical ageing has
taken place, with the presence of bow-tie trees in the
dielectric insulation seen after ageing at 6 months, however
analysis after 12 and 24 months showed the growth of bow-
tie trees for this material has slowed down or stopped.
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REFERENCES
[1] BICC Cables, ‘Electric Cables Handbook’, 3rd Edition,
1997
[2] CENELEC HD605 S2, ‘Distribution Cables with
Extruded Insulation for rated Voltages from 3.6/6kV up
to and including 20.8/36(42)kV’
[3] CENELEC HD620 S2, ‘Distribution cables with
extruded insulation for rated voltages from 3,6/6 (7,2)
15000 20000 kV up to and including 20,8/36 (42) kV’
[4] CIGRE TB 490 (2012), ‘Recommendations for Testing
of long AC Submarine Cables with Extruded Insulation
for System Voltage above 30 (36) to 500 (550) kV
[5] CIGRE TB 722 (2018), ‘Recommendations for
Additional Testing For Submarine Cables from 6kV
(Um=7.2kV) Up To 60kV (Um=72.5kV)’
[6] Cree S, Cariona P & Person T, ‘Potential Use of New
Water Tree Retardant Insulation in Offshore Wind
Farm Array Cables’, Jicable 2015
[7] Hampton RN, Rydin C & Smedberg A, ‘Subsea XLPE
Cables’, JiCable 2003
[8] Hellesø SM, Hvidsten S, Balog SG and Furuheim KM,
"Calculation of Water Ingress in a HV Subsea XLPE
Cable with A Layered Water Barrier Sheath System,"
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 121, pp.
2127-2133, 2011.
[9] IEC 60502-2 (2014) ‘Power cables with extruded
insulation and their accessories for rated voltages from
6kV (Um=7.2kV) up to 30 kV (Um= 36kV)’
[10] IEC 60840 (2011) ‘Power cables with extruded
insulation and their accessories for rated voltages
above 30 kV (Um= 36 kV) up to 150 kV (Um= 170kV)
– Test methods and requirements’
[11] Johansson K, Davidsson A, Jakobsson M, Nilsson U,
Bostrom J-O, Faremo H, Lillevik O, ‘Influence of
Subsea Conditions on the Long term performance of
AC XLPE Cables’, Jicable 2011
[12] Karlstrand J, Furuheim KM, Wolneberg HM, Hvidsten
S & Faremo H, ‘Wet Designs for HV Submarine Power
Cables’, Jicable 2015
[13] Meurer D & Sturmer M, ‘The CENELEC long term test
for XLPE MV cables – everything new and different?’,
Jicable 2003
[14] Orton H & Hartlein R, ‘Long Life XLPE Insulated Power
Cables’, 2006, sponsored by Dow & Borealis
GLOSSARY
HV High Voltage (above 36kV)
MV Medium Voltage (up to 36kV)
WTR-XLPE Water Tree Retardant XLPE
XLPE Cross Linked Polyethylene
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