ADVERB

- modifies verbs (tells where, when, or how an action is carried out)

o Adverb of time
 We saw the film yesterday.
o Adverb of place
 Sharon flew home to see her folks.
o Adverb of manner
 She graciously accepted my invitation.

- modifies adjectives *intesifiers

 The dog ate quite greedily.
 They responded very enthusiastically.

- modifies an entire sentence *sentence adverb

 Fortunately, it didn’t rain the day of our picnic.
 Consequently, Mary had to find another babysitter.

Also read: https://owlcation.com/humanities/Different-types-of-adverbs

Adverb Phrases

- perform exactly the same functions as single adverbs but contain modifiers of the adverb
 They seem very nervous. (subject complement)
 My sister considers my boyfriend extremely lazy. (object complement)
 This old battered building needs renovation. (attributive)

- may also be formed with adverb complements

 Fortunately for us, the package arrived early.
 Mike works harder than a beaver.

PREPOSITIONS

- words that indicate the relationship of a noun phrase to the rest of the sentence
- may perform adverbial functions
 The club met during the night.
 She did it all for love.
 - may perform adjectival functions
 The house on the hill is haunted.
 The boy with Mary is her brother.

Prepositional Phrase

- always occur with a following noun phrase (or pronoun), called object of preposition
o Adjectival function of PP
 The restaurant in the corner is my favorite.
 My favorite restaurant is on the corner.
o Adverbial function of PP
 We met them at noon.
 We met them on the corner.

CONJUNCTIONS

A conjunction is a word like and, but, although, because. Conjunctions have an important
function because they join other words and phrases together. Without conjunctions, we could
only make very, very simple sentences.

Introduction to Conjunctions

We can consider conjunctions from three aspects.

1. What do Conjunctions Do?

Conjunctions have two basic functions or "jobs":

 Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two parts of a sentence that are
grammatically equal. The two parts may be single words or clauses, for example:
- Jack and Jill went up the hill.
- The water was warm, but I didn't go swimming.
 Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a main
clause, for example:
- I went swimming although it was cold.
Here are some example conjunctions:

Coordinating conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions

and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so although, because, since, unless

2. What do Conjunctions Look Like?

Conjunctions have three basic formats:

a. single word
for example: and, but, because, although
b. compound (often ending with as or that)
for example: provided that, as long as, in order that
c. correlative (surrounding an adverb or adjective)
for example: so...that

3. Where do Conjunctions Go?

 Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join.
 Subordinating conjunctions usually come at the beginning of the subordinate clause.

Coordinating Conjunctions

A coordinating conjunction joins parts of a sentence (for example words or independent

clauses) that are grammatically equal or similar. A coordinating conjunction shows that the
elements it joins are similar in importance and structure:

There are seven coordinating conjunctions, and they are all short words of only two or three
letters:

 and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so

Look at these examples - the two elements that the coordinating conjunction joins are shown in
square brackets [ ]:

 I like [tea] and [coffee].

 [Ram likes tea], but [Anthony likes coffee].

Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join.

When a coordinating conjunction joins independent clauses, it is always correct to place a

comma before the conjunction:

 I want to work as an interpreter in the future, so I am studying Russian at university.

However, if the independent clauses are short and well-balanced, a comma is not really essential:

 She is kind so she helps people.

When "and" is used with the last word of a list, a comma is optional:

 He drinks beer, whisky, wine, and rum.

 He drinks beer, whisky, wine and rum.
The 7 coordinating conjunctions are short, simple words. They have only two or three letters.
There's an easy way to remember them - their initials spell "FANBOYS", like this:

F A N B O Y S

for and nor but or yet so

Subordinating Conjunctions

A subordinating conjunction joins a subordinate (dependent) clause to a main (independent)

clause:

Here are some common subordinating conjunctions:

 after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, than, that, though, till, until,
when, where, whether, while

Look at this example:

main or subordinate or
independent clause dependent clause

Ram went swimming although it was raining.

subordinating
conjunction

A subordinate or dependent clause "depends" on a main or independent clause. It cannot exist

alone. Imagine that somebody says to you: "Hello! Although it was raining." What do you
understand? Nothing! But a main or independent clause can exist alone. You will understand
very well if somebody says to you: "Hello! Ram went swimming."

A subordinating conjunction always comes at the beginning of a subordinate clause. It

"introduces" a subordinate clause. However, a subordinate clause can come after or before a
main clause. Thus, two structures are possible:
 +
Ram went swimming although it was raining.

+
Although it was raining, Ram went swimming.

ref.: https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions.htm