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TD Measurement
TD Measurement
Measurement
A.C. Tachometer Generator
• Electrical measurement of speed is obtained
by using a small AC generator driven from the
turbo-generator shaft as shown in Fig.
AC tachometer Generator
• This small generator is excited by a permanent magnet field so
that its voltage is linear with speed.
• The voltage is usually rectified and applied to an indicating
and a recording instrument.
• The tachometer generator has rotating magnet which may be
either a permanent magnet or an electromagnet.
• The coil is wound on the stator and therefore the problems
associated with commutator (as in DC tachometers) are
absent.
• The rotation of the magnet causes an emf to be induced in the
stator coil.
• The amplitude and frequency of this emf are both proportional
to the speed of rotation.
• Thus either amplitude or frequency of induced voltage may be
used as a measure of rotational speed.
• The output voltage of AC tachometer generation is rectified
and is measured with a permanent magnet moving coil
instrument.
Non Contact type Turbine Speed
Measurement Methods
1. Photo Electric Transducer
2. Toothed motor Tachometer
Generator
3. Stroboscopic method
4. Eccentricity Detectors
Photo-
electric Tachometer
• Fig. shows a photo-electric
tachometer.
• It consists of a opaque disc mounted
on the shaft whose speed is to be
measured.
• The disc has a number of equivalent
holes around the periphery.
• On one side of the disc there is a
source of light (L) while on the other
side there is a light sensor (may be a
photosensitive device or photo-tube)
in line with it (light-source).
• On the rotation of the disc, holes and opaque
portions of the disc come alternatory in
between the light source and the light sensor.
• When a hole comes in between the two, light
passes through the holes and falls on the light
sensor, with the result that an output pulse is
generated.
• But when the opaque portion of the disc comes
in between, the light from the source is blocked
and hence there is no pulse output.
• Thus whenever a hole comes in line with the
light source and sensor, a pulse is generated.
• These pulses are counted/measured through an
electronic counter.
• Advantage
It is a digital instrument
• Disadvantage.
It is required to replace the light
source periodically, and if the grating
period is small then errors might
creep in the output.
Toothed rotor variable reluctance tachometer
• This tachometer generator consists of a
metallic toothed rotor mounted on the
shaft whose speed is to be measured.
• A magnetic pick-up is placed near the
toothed rotor.
• The magnetic pick-up consists of a
housing containing a small permanent
magnet with a coil wound around it.
• When the rotor rotates, the reluctance of
the air-gap between the pick-up and the
toothed rotor changes, giving rise to an
induced emf in the pick-up coil.
• This output is in the form of pulses, with a
variety of wave shapes.
• Since the number of teeth is known, the
speed of rotation can be determined by
measuring the frequency of pulses with an
electronic counter.
• Suppose a rotor has T teeth, the speed of
rotation is n rps (rotations per second) and
number of pulses per second is P.
• Hence speed n = pulses per second/ number
of teeth = P/T rps = (P/T) x 60 rpm
• If a typical rotor has 60 teeth, the number of
pulses per second will give the speed in rpm.
Advantages