PROCEEDINGS, The 8th Indonesia International Geothermal Convention & Exhibition (IIGCE)

Structural Framework of Bukit Daun Geothermal Field, Bengkulu: A Role of

the Forearc Bengkulu Basin Setting in Permeability
Muhammad Ikhwan
Pertamina Geothermal Energy, Skyline Building 19th Floor, Jl. M.H. Thamrin no.9, Jakarta, Indonesia. 10340

ikhwan.aziz@pertamina.com

Keywords: Bukit Daun, Sumatra, permeability, geology, geothermal, structure, exploration

ABSTRACT
Bukit Daun field is one of the geothermal prospect located in Bengkulu province, Indonesia. It comprised of the Quaternary
stratovolcano complex and dominated by recent volcanic products that hinder the older deposits and structural trace. Regionally,
the Bukit Daun field mapped between the Bukit Barisan and Bengkulu Basin zones in southern Sumatra alongside two other zones,
the Mentawai zone, and Jambi-Palembang zone. The impact of such a geological setting represented in Bukit Daun stratigraphy.
Andesite lava and pyroclastic dominates the surface lithology that derived from geological mapping while more vary lithology
found in depth from drilling campaign, such as metasedimentary and siltstone, that indicates the influence of sedimentary process in
a particular depositional environment setting.

Geological structure expression on the surface actively represents the impact of major NW striking Sumatra fault system (SFS) as
the Bukit Daun field pinched by two SFS segment tips (Ketahun and Musi). Topography images analysis (LiDAR & IFSAR) shows
that in both regional and local scales, NW-SE lineaments appear as the major structure trend which parallels to the SFS, with minor
W-E and N-S striking. In contrast, the NW striking is minor in subsurface structure trend; otherwise, it shows consistent N-S
striking fractures. These N striking fractures believed correlated with the Bengkulu Basin structural framework covered by the
younger volcanic deposit and play a role in Bukit Daun reservoir permeability.

1. INTRODUCTION
Bengkulu province, southern Sumatra, located along the west coast of Sumatra island that consist of several potential geothermal
area. At least four geothermal potentials are identified within the region that retains up to 1730 MW probable resource (Van Der
Meer et al., 2015). Bukit Daun field is administratively situated ~ 60 km to the northeast of the capital city of Bengkulu, associated
with volcanic centers and aligned with the Sumatra Fault System (SFS) (Figure 1B). In another way, the Bukit Daun field is also
adjacent to the Bengkulu Basin as a one of forearc basin in Sumatra, which controlled by the extensional and differential
subsidence of the basement block during subduction between Eurasia and India plate on the late Oligocene (Figure 1A). This
geographical position influences the Bukit Daun geological setting, both stratigraphy and structure, and may also affect the
permeability framework in the reservoir, which correlates with the latter. This paper aims to prove the existence and relationship
between structural framework in the Bukit Daun geothermal area with the Bengkulu Basin structural configuration. It synthesized
from available regional data and literature review, followed by Bukit Daun surface structural setting analysis from available
topography images identification (LiDAR & IFSAR) on the regional and local scale, and subsurface structure analysis deduced
from borehole imagery analysis that available in Well-A and Well-B. PTS (Pressure, Temperature & Spinner) data conclude the
structural play in reservoir permeability.

NSB REGIONAL PHYSIOGRAPHY

MAP OF SUMATRA
PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA LEGEND :
Bukit Barisan Zone
Base of Trench Slope

Regional Fault System

Bukit Daun Field
Sumatra Mainland
CSB

B
Relative
Plate Motion INDONESIA
SSB

INDIAN N JAVA
SEA
OCEAN
SB BUKIT DAUN FIELD

0 100 200km
A C

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(Previous Page) Figure 1: (A) The regional physiography map of Sumatra showing the SFS, Bukit Barisan, and Bengkulu
Basin zone. Forearc basin located on the west side of the volcanoes arc (after Moore & Curray, 1980; Darman &
Sidi, 2000). BB=Bengkulu Basin, SFS=Sumatra Fault System, MFS=Mentawai Fault System. (B) Map of Bengkulu
province in southern Sumatra with its regency boundaries. (C) Location of the field in Sumatra island.

2. REGIONAL DATA
Tectonically, due to its geological position, the Bukit Daun field affected by a series of the extensional and compressional regime
which occur during the Paleogene to Quaternary period. Bengkulu Basin as the result of N striking depression overlain by the
volcanic formations that controlled by the NW striking strike-slip fault, which expresses the main Sumatra Fault System (SFS)
trend.

2.1 Bengkulu Basin

The geology of south Sumatra is divided into four zones based on features associated with the late Paleogene onset of subduction,
the Mentawai zone, Bengkulu Basin zone, Bukit Barisan zone, and South Sumatra Basin zone (Kusnama et al., 1992). Bengkulu
Basin, a forearc basin, consists of a turbidite sequence that records a marine transgression that initiated during the mid-Miocene
(Howless, 1986; Barber et al., 2005). The occurrence of tuffaceous material in mid-Miocene sedimentary rocks demonstrates that
volcanism occurred during this period. The youngest units in the Bengkulu Basin stratigraphy are volcaniclastic and epiclastic
sedimentary rocks that were deposited in fluvial and marine settings. These units record the main regressive stage basin
development during the Plio-Pleistocene.

In detail, the Bengkulu Basin (Figure 2A&B) comprises onshore and offshore features. A NE-oriented Paleogene graben that is
overprinted by an N-oriented Neogene graben (Pagarjati Graben), which is separated from the coeval Kedurang Graben by the
intervening Masmambang High. The NE oriented Paleogene grabens, such Bengkenang fault, is a typical of the rifting phase during
Paleocene – Eocene in South Sumatra. It is interpreted as a series of pull-apart basins that controlled by right lateral motions along
the WNW-ESE Lematang fault trend re-activated a Cretaceous structural grain (Pulunggono et al., 1992). The Pagarjati and
Kedurang grabens developed during the Late Oligocene-to-Miocene as a consequence of the right-lateral movement of the
Ketahun-Musi and Manna segments of the SFS (Yulihanto et al., 1995). Based on limited seismic sections and wells drilled in the
Bengkulu offshore area, the total thickness of the basin fill is estimated to be 4000 m (Yulihanto 2018). Two formations within the
Bengkulu Basin are relevant to the mapped lithology in the Bukit Daun: Hulusimpang and Seblat formations. The occurrence of
these formations supports the hypothesis of the Bengkulu basin influence in the Bukit Daun stratigraphically.
102°20’ 103°00’ AGE BENGKULU BASIN
ENVIRONMENT
3°00’

mya N Zone Stratigraphy Unit OFFSHORE ONSHORE

N.23 CONTINENTAL –
PLEISTOCENE BINTUNA
TRANSITION
N.22

1.9 N.21 Late

PLI OCENE

N.20 Middle EBURNA

N.19 Early
5 SIMPANG AUR
N.18 TRANSITION
N.17
Late MUARA ENIM
N.16
PAGARJATI LEMAU
GRABEN 11 N.15
N.14
3°40’

TRANSITION
3°40’

N.13
N N.12
- NERITIC
MIOCENE

AIR BENAKAT
Middle
N.11
N.10
0 20 40 km
N.9 SEBLAT NERITIC -
MASMAMBANG 14 BATHYAL
N.8 GUMAI
HIGH
N.7
N.6 Early
N.5
N.4 TRANSITION -
27.5 TALANG AKAR HULU
N.3 SIMPANG CONTINENTAL
OLIGOCENE

Late
30
4°20’

KEDURANG
4°20’

GRABEN P.19 Middle LAHAT

EQUIVALENT
P.18 Early
37.5
P.17
P.16 Late
EOCENE

P.15
FLUVIAL -
43 P.14 BASEMENT LACUSTRINE
Middle
INDIAN 49 P.13

OCEAN 53.5
P.7 Early
PALEOC

P.6
A B BASEMENT
ENE

102°20’ 103°00’ P.1

Figure 2: (A) Structural configuration of onshore and offshore Bengkulu Basin (after Yulihanto et al., 1995). The Bukit
Daun field is interpreted relatively crossed by an N-S normal fault called Napalan Fault. (B) Stratigraphic
correlation between onshore and offshore lithologies in Bengkulu Basin. Bengkulu Basin comprises Oligo-Miocene
up to Pliocene at offshore and Pleistocene at on-shore lying unconformably on the Cretaceous basement (after
Yulihanto, 2018). Onshore drilling activity provides information about 4000 m sediment thickness. Red box bounds
the Miocene-Oligocene formations that occur in the study area. The Hulusimpang Formation is a tuff intercalated
with lahar and lava while Seblat Formation is a tuff and lapilli tuff (Gafoer et al., 1992).
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2.2 Sumatra Fault System (SFS)

Right-lateral strike-slip SFS accommodates up to 6 mm/yr of the oblique convergence (Bellier & Sébrier, 1994). This fault initiated
in late Miocene and continuously active affected Sumatra architecture to present. The shape of this fault is sinuous, and it extends
NW-SE striking from Banda Aceh in the north to Lampung in the south. The SFS affects the entire island of Sumatra from Banda
Aceh in the north, through the Bukit Barisan mountains along Sumatra’s orogenic axis, to the Sunda Strait in the south. Sieh &
Natawidjaja (2000) describe the along-strike segmentation of the SFS and recognize 19 individual segments of approximately 20
km in length based on geomorphic and seismological characteristics. The Bukit Daun area is located in southern Sumatra between
the tips of two adjacent fault segments: the Ketahun and Musi segments (Figure 3). LiDAR and IFSAR images show a clear
separation of these segments such that the structural architecture can be described as an overlapping right-stepover (e.g.,
Micklethwaite et al., 2015). The Musi segment cuts the eastern margin of the Bukit Daun volcanic edifice and can be mapped based
on its geomorphic expression semi-continuously to the southeast where it meets the Manna segment. The Musi segment also may
continue to the northwest under the body of Mt. Hululais, but this is less obvious in the available imagery. Sieh & Natawidjaja
(2000) observed and dated offsets in rivers and creeks to identify the rate of movement on the Musi fault, estimated at ~11
mm/year.

Figure 3: A) Fault segmentation in south Sumatra area. B) Bukit Daun area located between two right stepping, right-
lateral fault segments, Musi and Ketahun. (Sieh & Natawidjaja, 2000).

3. TECTONIC ARCHITECTURE OF BUKIT DAUN

A comparison of the structural trend on the surface ad in depth is necessary to determine the primary tectonic regime on each
formation. It deduces the prior analysis of the structural continuity trend in depth. Moreover, subsurface structure analysis is useful
to understand the role of secondary permeability to the fluid flow in the reservoir.

3.1. Surface Structure

Due to the lack of field structural outcrops in the Bukit Daun, previous geological structural interpretations are supported by remote
imagery data. Indirect structural data can be acquired from the interpretation of tectonic geomorphology, using a high-resolution
DEM (Digital Elevation Model, source: USGS public elevation map). The most noticeable structural features detected from the
geomorphic analysis are lineaments and circular features as expected for this tectonically-active volcanic landscape. The 1:50.000
scale interpretation presented in the unpublished PGE company report, 2015 (Figure 4A).

This DEM image analysis shows the occurrence of a wrench structure as the consequence of the major NW-SE right-lateral strike-
slip fault in the Bukit Daun area. The wrench zone includes N-to-NE-striking antithetic (R’) shears and N-to-NW striking synthetic
(R) shears, assuming a Riedel model (Riedel, 1929; Tchalenko, 1968). Field data presented in the PGE unpublished report (2015),
such as fault, joint, and vein measurements, is limited in quantity due to access and outcrop availability, but where available is
consistent with the wrench concept suggested based on the DEM analysis.

Kinematic analysis from such faults mainly suggests NW-SE directed extension, consistent with the location of the Bukit Daun in
the releasing stepover zone between two segments of the SFS. Elsewhere, such tectonic architecture results in the development of a
pull-apart basin. However, this is not the case in the vicinity of Bukit Daun, perhaps because magmatism is accommodating the
space created by an extension (Bellier & Sébrier, 1994).

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A B

Well-C

Mt. Bukit Daun

Well-B

Well-A

Figure 4: A) Lineament analysis from automatic lineament delineation (PGE unpublished report, 2015). Lineaments show a
dominant NW-SE orientation parallel with the SFS. Some lineaments trend N-S or W-E and inferred as synthetic or
antithetic Riedel structures in a wrench system. The yellow box is the Bukit Daun field boundary. B) Well location

The main faults mapped in the Bukit Daun area belong to the SFS. Nevertheless, the extension of IFSAR data covers a ~100 km²
area that shows the tips of Ketahun and Musi segments shows faults that dominantly oriented N-striking, although the NW-striking
still abundance as the right-lateral strike-slip faults while antithetic faults appear as NE-SW and ENE-WSW striking faults as left-
lateral strike-slip kinematics (Figure 5A). In some areas, the major faults bound the basin and upland as reflected topographic
contrast. Major faults displace and bound the Paleogene-Neogene volcanic products while Quaternary volcanic units are displaced
by younger synthetic faults.
LiDAR imagery provided higher resolution coverage of the exploration area, which allowed recognition of smaller-scale or local
faults otherwise unrecognizable on the IFSAR image. At the local scale, NW-SE, N-S, and W-E striking are the general trends
(Figure 5B). Major faults displace and bound the Paleogene-Neogene volcanic products while Quaternary volcanic products are
displaced by second-order synthetic faults.

A B

N=311
N=184

1:380000 1:58000

Figure 5: Orientation of lineaments (faults or joints). (A) Topographic lineaments from IFSAR imagery which cover a
larger area shows the synthetic and antithetic faults of SFS. Rose diagram analysis shows the domination of N-S, NE-
SW and NW-SE striking. The white box is the location of the LiDAR map. (B) Local lineaments generated from
LiDAR which indicate a strong NW–SE striking with minor N-S and W-E striking.

Based on the pattern of structures identified above and the regional context described earlier, the following conclusions are drawn:
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1. As the part of the SFS, the Bukit Daun field is regionally-controlled by two right-stepping NW–SE striking right-lateral
strike-slip faults (Ketahun and Musi segments), which assuming a Riedel simple shear model, result in NNW–SSE striking,
also minor N-S and NNE-SSW striking sub-parallel synthetic faults and perpendicular NE–SW antithetic striking faults.

2. Mapped N-S striking faults are the result of extension directed toward 135° as expected in the simple shear model. They also
suggested the continuity of active SFS during Quaternary as some of the N-S lineaments impact the Quaternary formations.

3. NW–SE striking faults are classified into two types: a) “Old” NW–SE striking faults, which have not displaced Quaternary
deposits; and b) “Young” NW–SE striking faults, which have cut Quaternary deposits, which indicates a separation of two
strike-slip regimes from different period.

3.2. Subsurface Structure

This paper utilizes high-resolution micro-resistivity borehole imagery to understand the relationship between the geometry of
structures in the subsurface. The micro-resistivity borehole tool is sensitive to fluid and the texture of the formation that is
influenced by mineralogy or fractures (Davatzes & Hickman, 2005). Subsurface structure of the Bukit Daun field derived from
image log analysis that available in reservoir zone depth.

There are three exploration wells drilled in Bukit Daun and the image log acquired from two wells (Figure 4B): Well-A and Well-
B. Both of these wells are deviated, approximately 45°, so the vertical trend of the fractures orientation may vary as it intersects
different faults laterally. Figure 6 show the trend of subsurface structure that penetrated by drilling activity that grouped into a
fracture zone based on its density.

Mapped surface structure dominantly shows NW-striking structures, parallel with the SFS. In contrast, the subsurface structure
contains more varied structures trends where the N-striking dominates the identified structural trend, which leads to a hypothesis
that it may be associated with the structural configuration that older than SFS such as Bengkulu basin architecture. Several factors
need to be considered that influence the subsurface structure trend, such as lithology. Lithology clearly influences the distribution
and density of fractures. Homogeneous rocks tend to show more consistent structural orientations, especially andesite (Ikhwan,
2020). However, this paper focus on the distribution of structural trend as an impact of tectonic kinematic. A detail fractures
distribution in each well explained as following:

3.2.1. Well-A
The dominant fracture set located in Fracture Zone 6, 7, and 8. They indicate a strongly preferred N-S striking at depth, with greater
variation in strike within the upper formations (Figure 6A). Most of the fractures are localized within Kikim (Paleocene –
Oligocene) and Saling (early Cretaceous) formations. These formations contain numerous fractures that are distributed throughout
andesitic lava and pyroclastic units. In these units, fractures show a consistent N–S striking structural orientation and mostly dip
east. In the transition zone between Hulusimpang (late Oligocene – early Miocene) and Kikim formations, the fractures have more
variable strike but generally dip in the NE quadrant. An NW–SE, and WNW–ESE striking fracture sets are apparent. In
Hulusimpang formation, the prevailing strike is NW–SE with minor NNW–SSE fractures dipping to the NE and NNE.

Saling formation is dominated by lava, whereas the Kikim formation is layered and consists of thick deposits of tuff and lava. The
N-S trend of structures in the Kikim formation may result from right-lateral lateral displacements along with the NW-SE fault
system (Sumatra Fault) with associated second-order fault development in the stepover zone (Kusnama et al., 1992). Moreover, this
orientation may be similar to the northing trending step-like faults of Bengkulu Basin graben, which formed by the right-lateral
movement of Sumatra Fault System and the Mentawai Fault System (Yulihanto et al., 1995). Hulusimpang formation is dominated
by volcanic breccia with intercalation of andesite lava at some intervals. In this formation, fractures develop mostly in the lava
interval, which shows particular structural trends, with strikes dominantly NW–SE and NE–SW. Considering the age of this
formation, these structures are interpreted as a part of SFS.

3.2.2. Well-B
Similar to Well-A, fractures are more developed in Kikim and Saling formations (Figure 6B). At the top of the drilled interval,
Hulusimpang formation is dominated by tuff and does not host many fractures. Fractures are well developed in this formation,
where the lithology changes into andesite breccia and andesite. Fractures are divided into two zones in Hulusimpang formation. The
first zone is dominated by andesite breccia and mostly shows a variable fracture pattern. The second zone is dominated by andesite
lava with fractures striking predominantly NNE-to-E, with a broad range. A subsidiary fracture set strikes NW. Most fractures dip
toward the west. Fractures similarly are not well developed at the tuffaceous top of the Kikim formation though those that are
present have a strongly preferred WNW strike and NE dip. In the lower andesitic and volcanic breccia dominant portion of the
Kikim formation, fracture density remains low, and there is not a strongly preferred orientation. Nonetheless, two fracture sets
predominate: an NW-striking SW-dipping set and a NE-striking set that shows no preferred dip direction. Fracture density
increases markedly in the Saling formation with fractures showing a strongly preferred N-strike that swings to a tightly clustered
NNE-strike in the bottom 400 m of the borehole. The dip direction is generally to the west. These fractures likely relate to the
Bengkulu Basin forming process as they are not present on the surface.

Based on wellbore image interpretations and their correlation with other datasets, the following conclusions can be drawn about the
structural framework of the Bukit Daun field:
1. There are abundant open fractures within the subsurface as identified from borehole image tools.

2. NW–SE, N–S, W–E, and NE–SW striking faults on the surface are confirmed by the borehole structural evidence.

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3. The dominance of NW–SE striking structures, especially in the Hulusimpang formation, indicates the control of the SFS
during the late Miocene to recent.

4. The consistency of N–S and some NE-SW striking fractures in Well-A, despite the lack of surface lineaments of the
similar strike, supports the notion that is controlling faults striking N-S and NE-SW likely are covered by the youngest
volcano formations. Such structures likely reflect the influence of the Bengkulu Basin graben system, which consists of
NE-SW (Paleogene Graben) and N-S (Neogene Graben) striking normal faults. This basin formed between the SFS and
MFS, in a right-lateral fault stepover. Moreover, one of the Neogene N-S normal faults, the Napalan Fault, is thought to
cross the Bukit Daun field (Yuliharto et al., 1995).

A B

FORMATION

FORMATION
FRACTURE ZONE FRACTURE ZONE
INTERVAL INTERVAL
(mMD)
n STRIKE DIP AZIMUTH DIP CONTOUR (mMD)
n STRIKE DIP AZIMUTH DIP CONTOUR

18
1346 – 1515

1463 – 1693
21

ZONE 1

ZONE 1
14
16
10
168 9
240 6
3
2

HULUSIMPANG FORMATION
HULUSIMPANG FORMATION
1551 – 1611

1698 – 1956
27 36
ZONE 2

ZONE 2
21 28

( TOMH )
99 15
455 20

9 12
( TOMH )

9
3 4

14
1740 – 1800

1987 – 2025
18
10
ZONE 3

ZONE 3
12
6
62 6
38 2

10 27
1848 - 1930

2061 - 2142

6 21
ZONE 4

ZONE 4
2 15
58 76 9

KIKIM FORMATION
KIKIM FORMATION

21
1949 - 2033

( TPOK )
15 14
ZONE 5

2191 - 2245

10

ZONE 5
9
( TPOK )

110 3 6
44
2

63
2041 - 2245

ZONE 6

49

35
419
2421 - 2625

21 50

ZONE 6
7 40

256 30

20
SALING FORMATION

70
2250 - 2630

10

SALING FORMATION
ZONE 7

56

42
672
28
( KJS )

( KJS )
14
2652 - 3008

60
ZONE 7
48
70
2643 - 3012

411 36
ZONE 8

56
24
502 42
12
28

14

Figure 6: (A) Fracture trends for each fracture zone in Well-A. (B) Fracture trends for each fracture zones in Well-B. A
consistent N-striking and NE-striking structures in the borehole are absent on the surface. All the structure trend
attached with Kamb plot that contour the distribution of poles based on their variation from the normal
distribution.

The distribution of dip direction among two wells can be utilized to infer the geometry of the synthetic and antithetic fault
penetrated on the well-scale. The sense of local movement of the fault also refers to the regional, Bengkulu Basin, fault architecture
as the focus discussion in this paper. The Napalan fault interpreted as a normal fault striking to the north, dipping to west and
overlain by younger volcanic formations. The two wells illustrate that the N striking fractures have two dip orientation, east and
west, and distributed mainly in the lower bottom hole (Figure. 7). By simple fractures dip orientation modeling, the geometry of the
fault beneath the young volcano deposit constructed to infer the tectonic framework of the basinal process during Neogene that
directed N striking and contain antithetic faults.

4. NORTH STRIKING FAULT CONTRIBUTION TO FLUID FLOW

Permeability identification at the wellbore scale begins with the identification of feedzones. The feedzone depth in each well is
derived from the injection test (PTS), which is conducted immediately after drilling is complete. Well-A is the hottest and has the
highest injectivity (32.7 t/hr.bar). The mass flow is distributed on eight feedzones (Table 5.1).

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A B
WEST EAST WEST EAST
Elevation (mRSL)

Elevation (mRSL)
Dominant Dip Direction:
S N SE Bimodal (W-E)
NW NE W Top & Bottom Image Log
Well Trace

Figure 7: (A) Plotted dominant dip fracture on the wells. N-striking fractures in the Well-A mostly shows consistent E
dipping while N-striking fractures on the Well-B dominated by W dipping. (B) Inferred well-scale fault architecture
constructed from the dip direction illustrates the synthetic and antithetic of N striking faults between the two wells.

There are two main permeability styles correlating to feedzones in the Well-A. The upper feedzones appear to be controlled by the
matrix porosity from volcanic breccia (Feedzone 1 & 2), and these feedzones contribute most of the fluid flow. However it is not
the main discussion in this paper. Fractures set were grouped into proximal, the local fractures set that range ±10 from upper and
lower feedzones interval, and contextual, a wider fracture set interval to define the dominant orientation. There is no clear trend in
either the proximal or contextural fracture subsets, and there are few fractures when compared with the deeper feedzones. Minor
proximal fractures in Feedzone 2 are oriented NE-SW, but most fractures are discontinuous (such that they do not cross the entire
image), and no major faults were detected. The deeper feedzones are controlled by numerous and consistent N-S and minor NNW-
SSE fractures (Feedzones 6, 7, & 8) (Figure 8). Proximal and contextual fracture orientations have a consistent relative N striking
trend.

Well-B has a smaller injectivity index than Well-A. With nine feedzones in the reservoir interval, Well-B in total produces 11.4
t/hr.bar. Well-B feedzones identified from spinner injection measurements are shown in Table 2. The upper feedzones appear to be
controlled by the permeable fractures along the formation dominated by andesite lava (Feedzone 1, 2, 3, & 4), and these feedzones
contribute to the fluid flow. Permeable fractures consistently strike NE-SW along these feedzones. Both proximal and contextual
fracture orientations in these zones generally show various trends, but the NE-SW strike is the major orientation for local and
bigger scale feedzones. The deeper feedzones are controlled by numerous fractures in Feedzone 9 (Figure 9). Dacite and andesite
breccia is abundant in this feedzone interval. The proximal fractures mostly strike NW-SE, N-S, and NE-SW, while the contextual
fracture sets exhibit a strongly preferred NNE-SSW strike.

Table 1: Well-A feedzone contributions and controls, with % contributions as inferred in this paper (feedzone depths and
total II provided by PGE, 2019). The author divides the total II into II for each feedzones, based on their %
contribution in PTS, to make the particular II magnitude classification in the Bukit Daun (Ikhwan, 2020).

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FEEDZONE 6 (2745 – 2830 mMD) FEEDZONE 7 (2847 – 2883 mMD) FEEDZONE 8 (2896 – 2957 mMD)
STRIKE DIP CONTOUR STRIKE DIP CONTOUR STRIKE DIP CONTOUR

48 44 33

PROXIMAL (± 10 m)

PROXIMAL (± 10 m)
PROXIMAL (± 10 m)

2837 – 2893 mMD

2886 – 2947 mMD

2735 – 2840 mMD

28 21
28

n=133 4 n=121 4 n=109 3

66
CONTEXTUAL (± 80 m)

70

CONTEXTUAL (± 80 m)
70

CONTEXTUAL (± 80 m)
2666 – 2910 mMD

2816 – 2993 mMD

2767 – 2963 mMD
42 42 42

7 7
6
n=306 n=327 n=333

Figure 8: Well-A fracture orientations in the contributed fractures zones (Feedzones 6, 7, & 8) to the fluid flow shows a
consistent N striking orientation.

Table 2. Well-B feedzone contributions and lithological controls, with % contributions as inferred in this paper

Feedzones Measure Depth [mMD] Elevation [mRSL] Thickness [m] Contribution [%] II [t/hr.bar] Control
Feed Zone 1 1788 - 1801 190 to 180 10 17 1.9
Feed Zone 2 1812 - 1850 172 to 143 27 12 1.4 Fracture
Feed Zone 3 1872 - 1897 126 to 107 19 11 1.3 Dominated

Feed Zone 4 1908 - 1940 98 to 73 25 6 0.7

Feed Zone 5 2172 - 2214 -109 to -141 43 1 0.1
Feed Zone 6 2290 - 2336 -199 to -234 35 5 0.6
Feed Zone 7 2463 - 2532 -333 to -385 52 1 0.1
Feed Zone 8 2593 - 2629 -431 to -458 27 8 0.9
Fracture
Feed Zone 9 2708 - 2742 -517 to -542 25 39 4.4 Dominated
Summary 100 11.4

FEEDZONE 9 (2708 – 2742 mMD)

STRIKE DIP CONTOUR

21
PROXIMAL (± 10 m)
2698 – 2752 mMD

12

n=70

52
CONTEXTUAL (± 80 m)
2631 – 2825 mMD

40

24

4
n=289

Figure 9: Well-B fracture orientations in the contributed fractures zones (Feedzone 9) to the fluid flow shows a consistent
NNE striking orientation in contextual scale, while the N striking fractures more dominant in proximal scale.

5. CONCLUSSION AND DISCUSSION

Bukit Daun field indicates the influence of two tectonic regimes that reflected separately on the surface and subsurface architecture.
NW striking lineaments as the impact of active SFS, due to the compressional, mapped extensively as the major orientation that
composes the Bukit Daun structural framework on the surface. The N and NNE striking appear as the synthetic fault and interpreted
as the second-order orientation together with NE-SW antithetic fault, according to the applied Riedl shear system. The subsurface
structure represents the extensional tectonic regime during Neogene while the consistent structural orientation agreeable with the N
8
 Ikhwan

striking Bengkulu Basin framework. The chance of permeability enhancement in this framework enlarged as the extensional regime
may be dominated by a series of normal faults that reactivated by the recent tectonic movement and act as the conduit for
hydrothermal fluid. In the well-scale, this hypothesis proved by the spinner-injection data that show a significant injection rate on
the N striking fractures interval, which means such fractures orientation contributes to the fluid flow.

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