Low Carbon Technology for Marine Application

Hyundai Heavy Industries / Corporate Research Center

Se-Young Oh, Sangmin Park
Nov. 29, 2018
Contents

1. Background

2. Hydrogen Energy for Marine Application

3. Concept of Cargo Handling System for LH2 Carrier

4. HHI’s R&D Interests

Background & HHI’s Technologies
Background

Year
Regulation Area Remarks
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
NOx ECA TierⅡ TierⅢ IMO
NOx MARPOL
Global TierⅡ

SOx ECA Sulfur 1.0 % Sulfur 0.1 % IMO

SOx MARPOL
Global Sulfur 3.5 % Sulfur 0.5 %

Phase 0 Phase 1 Phase 2 IMO

CO2 (EEDI*) Global Apply to ships with dry contracts MARPOL
since ’13
** EEDI: Energy Efficiency Design Index

IMO MEPC 66 decided to apply NOx IMO MEPC 70 decided to use 0.5% CO2 emission control by ship type and
Tier III regulation to ships that are built Sulfur fuel worldwide from 1 Jan 2020. size; EEDI is the mass of CO2 emitted by
since Jan. 2016 and operated in ECA (‘16.10) ships carrying 1ton of cargo
(‘14.3) (gCO2/ton‧nm) ‘15~19
TIER 1 (17g/kWh) Sulfur 3.5% Phase 1 (-10% )

TIER 2 (14.4g/kWh) - 85% in global (2020~) Phase 2 (-20%) ’20~’24

0.5%
TIER 3 - 80% in ECA (2016~) Phase 3 ’25~’30 • - 40% (2030~)
(3.4g/kWh) (- 30%) • CO2 Free/Zero
(Applied to newly-built ship over GT 400 ton) Emission Ship

※ Table source: KR 4
Background

H2

H2
World First 2stroke engine Air lubrication system HHI-Scrubber Develop

• •

•
•

World First World largest

LNG Fuel Propulsion
LNG fuel propulsion LNG gas demonstration
Deliver LNG carrier
package demonstration facility

5
Eco Solutions in the Future

H2

1) SOFC : Soil Oxide Fuel Cell 6

Eco Solutions in the Future

IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions

Set-up Strategy for ► Hybrid w/ Fuel Cell ► Hydrogen Fuel

Mid-term Regulation

• Standard Hybrid Ship Design 7

- System Optimization & Class AIP
- Marine Fuel Cell Integration

• Multi Fuel Gas Engine

- Hydrogen Mixed, High Efficiency

• DC Power System Design & EMS

- System Cost Reduction, Optimal Operation Tech.

1) ESS : Energy Storage System 2) DC : Direct Current 3) EMS : Energy Management System
7
Eco Solutions in the Future

Carbon Source Carbon Capture Utilization

Hydrogen Electric
Market insight
Propulsion System H2
of hydrogen usage

Hydrogen Engine

Hydrogen Carrier

Hydrogen Storage
& Distribution

※ Source : McKinsey & Company, Hydrogen Council report - Hydrogen scaling up, 2017 8
Hydrogen Energy for Marine Application
Hydrogen Energy

• Clean energy source in the foreseeable future with no GHGs emissions (CO2, NOx, SOx)
• Remarkable technology for eco-ship by liquefied hydrogen storage/transport
• Consideration of efficiency and safety for LH2 tank due to diffusion (3 times faster than hydrocarbon in air),
low ignition energy, and high heat conductivity etc.

LH2 LNG

Boiling point (oC) -253 -163

Saturated liquid density (kg/m3) 71 422

Saturated gas density (kg/m3) 1.2 1.8

Latent heat (kJ/kg) 444 510

Fuel CO2 NOx SOx
Lower heating value (LHV, MJ/kg) 120 50
Diesel 100% 100% 100%
Diffusivity in air (cm2/s) 0.63 0.2
LPG 68% 75-80% 3-10%
Flammability limit (mol%) 4.0 – 75.0 5.0 – 15.0
LNG 77% 20% 1%

Hydrogen 0% 0% 0%

10
Marine Application of Hydrogen Energy
Hydrogen carrier ship
• Hydrogen carrier ship
- Hydrogen engine
- Hydrogen + LNG fuel engine
- Storage/Transport
: Liquefied hydrogen, Organic
chemical hydride
• Hydrogen-fueled ship
- Hybrid system
: Hydrogen + Fuel cell + ESS
Hydrogen-fueled ship
• Hydrogen carrier ship
- BOR handling
- Insulation system
- Safety issues
• Hydrogen-fueled ship
- High cost (platinum catalyst)
- Limit for applying to large ships
- Safety issues
• Stable hydrogen supply
• Zero-emission fuel ship
• Low noise and vibration
• High energy density
• Efficient hydrogen liquefaction
technology
11
Hydrogen Infrastructure Technology

• Hydrogen production from brown coal, biomass, and water etc.

• Storage by cryogenic liquefaction and high-pressure compression
• Transport by liquefied hydrogen cargo ships, tanks, and containers
• Utilization for hydrogen gas turbine/engine, and fuel cell etc.

12
Concept of Cargo Handling System for LH2 Carrier
Cargo Tank System

LH2* LNG
Temperature -253oC -163oC

• Stainless steel (GTT Mark III)

• Stainless steel • Invar (GTT NO 96)
Tank material
Storage

• AI Alloy steel • AI Alloy steel (MOSS, IHI-SPB)

• 9% Nickel steel (Type-C & Type-B)

• Type-C for small ship • Pressurized tank (Type-C)

Tank geometry • Type-B for large ship (Developing) • Nonpressurized tank (MOSS, IHI-SPB)
• Membrane type for large ship (Developing) • Membrane type (GTT Mark III, GTT No 96)

• Block-type PUF (GTT Mark III, Type-B )

• Vacuum Insulation Panel
Insulation

Insulation • Perlite(or Glasswool) Box (GTT NO 96)

• Multi Layer Insulation
material • Expanded Polystyrene (MOSS Type)
• Aerogel etc. (Advanced materials)
• Spray-type PUF (Type-C)

Boil-off rate Less than 0.2%/day (Target for 160K Type-B) 0.085%/day (170K GTT Mark III)
LH2 Carrier Conceptual Design
LH2 Storage Tank
Small-scale LH2 carrier (2.5K)
Structure
: 2 Tanks (1,250m3), Diesel engine propel
built by JAXA
(AIP by NK Class, 2014 / Sailing by 2020)
Tanegashima
Space Center
Large-scale LH2 carrier (160K)
(540m3)
: 4 Tanks (40,000m3), Hydrogen
propulsion (Commercialization by 2025)
14
※ Study on Introduction of CO2 Free Energy to Japan with Liquid Hydrogen, Kawasaki Heavy Industries (ICEC25-ICMC2014).
Fuel Gas Supply System

• Cryogenic design and manufacturing technology development for on-board equipment (BOG compressor,
cargo pump, fuel supply pump, and spray pump)

Using only hydrogen as a fuel

Using LNG and hydrogen mixed gases as a fuel

- Conceptual design of cargo handling system and FGSS for LH2 carriers -
15
Safety Standard

• Estimation of gas dangerous zone in terms of hydrogen flammability

• Risk assessment using diffusion analysis in vent mast (simulation by DNV PhastTM)
- Scenario: vapour diffusion when a rupture of vessel disc
- LFL (Lower Flammable Limit): methane 5%, hydrogen 4%

LFL 100%
LFL 50 %

- Hydrogen LFL distance - - Methane LFL distance -

16
※ Clarification of Hazardous Areas Applied to Newly Developed Liquefied Hydrogen Carrier, Kawasaki Heavy Industries (ISOPE 2018).
HHI’s R&D Interests
Influence of EEDI on Ship Design

• Development of eco-ship against IMO environment regulation

• Requirement for all newly built ships over 400 GT from 2013 to meet CO2 emissions reduction targets
• Implementation of emission reduction technologies by a shift from low-carbon to de-carbonation shipping

EEDI CO2 Emission Regulation HHI’s Technologies

Phase I (10% reduction) ’15 ~’19

Phase II (20% reduction) ’20 ~’24 • Applicable: LNG Fuel Prop. Ship

• Applicable: LNG Fuel Prop., WHRU

Phase III (- 30%) ’25~’29 • R&D: Hybrid Electric Prop., CCS on board

≥ 40% reduction, ’30 ~

• Applicable: Hydrogen Prop., CCS on board
CO2 Free / Zero Emission Ships

18
 HHI’s R&D Interest

• Feasibility study of installation of hydrogen

re-liquefaction system
- Economic analysis compared to venting
LH2 BOG
- LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) considering
voyage distance, speed, and period

- Hydrogen Claude Cycle* -

19
* 12th Cryogenic-IIR Conference; Dresden (2012).
HHI’s R&D Interests

Conversion to Fuel

On-board CCS Utilization

The need for onshore infrastructure

※ Source: DOE/NETL

- Conceptual layout of on-board CCS* -

* J.T. Van Den Akker, Delft University of Technology, 2017 20
Thank you for your attention