A native word – is a word which belongs to the original English word stock.

A borrowed word- is a word taken over from another language and modified in
phonemic shape, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of the
English language.
Words of Native Origin
1) Words of the Indo-European origin.
 Kindship terms: e.g father, mother, son, daughter, brother.
 Words naming the most important objects and phenomena of nature:
e.g sun, moon, star, wind, water, wood, hill, stone.
 Names of animals and plants: e.g. goose, tree
 Words denoting parts of human body: e,g: ear, eye, foot, lip
 Words naming concrete physical properties and qualities E.g: hard,
quick, slow, red,new.
 Numerals from 1 to 100
 Pronouns
2) Words of Common Germanic origin ( includes words having parallels in
German, Norwegian, Dutch, Icelandic)
 Nouns denoting parts of the human body
 Nouns denoting periods of time : summer, winter, week
 Words naming natural phenomena : storm, rain, flood, ice
 Adverbs : down, out, before
3) English words proper ( English words proper do not have cognates in
other languages. These words are few and stand quite alone in the
vocabulary system of Indo-European languages: eg. Bird, boy, girl, lord,
lady.

Borrowed words
Borrowings enter the language in two ways: through oral speech ( by
immediate contact between people) and through written speech ( through
books, newspapers).
Borrowings may be direct or indirect, I,e,through another language.

English during its historical development borrowed words from:

o Celtic
o Latin
o Scandinavian
o French
o Greek: the Renaissance period
o Italian: the Renaissance period and later
 o Spanish: the Renaissance period and later
o Russian : the Renaissance period and later
o German, Indian and other languages
Translation borrowings- are words and expressions formed from the material
already existing in the English language but according to patterns taken from
another language, by way of literal morpheme-for-morpheme translation E.g. wall
newspaper.
Semantic borrowing- is understood as the development in an English word of a
new meaning under the influence of a related word in another language.
Assimilation of borrowings is used to denote a partial or total conformation to the
phonetical, graphical and morphological standards of the English language and its
semantic system.
According to the degree of assimilation all borrowed words can be divided into
three groups:
1) Completely assimilated borrowings ( follow all morphological, phonetical
and orthographic standards) Eg. The French suffixes –age, -ance, -ment)
2) Partially assimilated borrowings ( may be subdivided depending on the
aspect that remains unaltered into:
a) Borrowings not completely assimilated graphically. Eg. Ballet, buffet.
b) Borrowings not completely assimilated phonetically Eg. Prestige, regime.
c) Borrowings not assimilated grammatically Eg. Phenomenon-phenomena
d) Borrowings not assimilated semantically because they denote objects and
notions peculiar to the country from which they come) Eg. Pilau- Persian,
sherbet- Arabian.
3) Unassimilated borrowings or barbarisms ( This group includes words from
other languages used by English people in conversation. Eg. Ciao- good-bye