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5-1-1995
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Bunce, David, "The Transient response of heat exchangers" (1995). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from
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The Transient Response of Heat Exchangers
by
David J. Bunce
Approved By:
MAY 1995
Abstract
of the fluids is of much interest in industrial practice. Due to the complexity of the
problem, no generally accepted solutions exist. This thesis presents an extensive survey of
major solutions available in literature and identifies the ranges of parameters for which
solutions are not available. A commercially available thermal network solver software
package (Thermonet) will be used to model the transient response of heat exchangers.
The software package will be verified using five existing solutions found in literature. The
software package will be utilized to generate transient solutions for a counterflow heat
exchanger covering a wide range of parameters useful in engineering practice. The results
are presented in tabular form. Important parametric influences are discussed and effects of
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Satish Kandlikar whose insight,
encouragement, and guidance were crucial to the completion of this work. I would also
like to thank my wife Hoinu for her love and support, and above all thanks to God, for
I, David J. Bunce, hereby grant pennission to the Wallace Memorial Library of the
Rochester Institute of Technology to reproduce my thesis entitled "Transient Response of
Heat Exchangers" in whole or in part. Any reproduction will not be for commercial use or
profit.
May 12,1995
David J. Bunce
Table of Contents
List of Tables ui
List of Figures iv
List of Symbols vi
1. Introduction 1
2. Theoretical Background 5
3. Literature Review 11
3.1 Introduction 11
C*
3.2 Solutions for =
0 13
7. Discussion of Results 63
8. Conclusion 64
9. References 66
10. Appendices 68
ui
List of Figures
Figure Page
13 Step input 3
14 Frequency input 3
IV
Figure Page
T(0) Steady state outlet temperature before transient input has been applied
T(oo) Steady state outlet temperature after transient input has been applied
*
T dimensionless temperature (equation 2.7)
t time
t*
dimensionless time (equation 2. 12)
U dwell time, the amount of time required for a fluid particle to pass through the heat
exchanger
ta*
dimensionless dwell time (equation 2.14)
td,min dwell time of Cm, fluid
U overall heat transfer coefficient
Greek
r|0 fin efficiency
sf*
dimensionless temperature response (equations 2. 16 and 2. 17)
VI
Subscripts
h hot fluid
c cold fluid
w heat exchanger wall
i initial
min minimum heat capacitance rate fluid
max maximum heat capacitance rate fluid
1 stepped fluid
2 unstepped fluid
Vll
1 Introduction
.
A heat exchanger is said to be operating in the steady state when the inlet and
outlet temperatures of the two fluids are constant over time. As one of the fluids
experiences a change in its inlet temperature, the heat exchanger undergoes a transient
excursion. When a heat exchanger is part of a complex system such as a process plant,
the performance of the heat exchanger under transient operating conditions. This
information may be required either for process control or for determining the influence of
thermal stresses in the different components of the heat exchanger. Figure 1.1 shows a
shows steady state operating conditions before and after a step change in hot fluid inlet
1) Step input, Figure 1.3. A sudden change in inlet temperature or flow rate to a new,
constant value.
2) Frequency input, Figure 1.4. A periodically varying change in inlet temperature or flow
rate.
I.
lc,o ^-
r Tc,i
?
Th,o
Response 1
Response 2 / }
POSITION
ffl
TIME
Oh
TIME
TIME
approximated closely by a step function. For this reason most solutions to the transient
problem are for step functions at the inlet. Therefore the focus of the present work is
aimed at studying the transient response of heat exchangers subjected to a step inlet
condition.
The solutions available for steady state heat exchanger analysis are readily
transient heat exchanger analysis. As will be seen later, the transient problem is much
more complex and no generally applicable solutions exist. Many authors have presented
solutions in literature which are applicable over limited ranges of parameters. The most
recent comprehensive survey of this topic was presented by Rohsenow and Hartnett in
1985. Since that time many solutions have been presented in literature. An extensive
literature survey will discuss major solutions to date for direct transfer type heat
exchangers (excluding shell and tube type). After identifying the ranges of parameters for
which no solutions are available in literature, a finite difference model will be utilized to
generate results for counterflow heat exchanger performance under transient conditions.
2. Theoretical Background
2.1 Idealizations.
a heat exchanger the following idealizations are generally made (Shah, 1981).
1) The temperature of both fluids and the wall are functions of time and position.
2) Heat transfer between the exchanger and the surroundings is negligible. There are no
3) The mass flow rate of both fluids do not vary with time. Fluid passages are uniform in
4) The velocity and temperature of each fluid at the inlet are uniform over the flow cross
section and are constant with time except for the imposed step change.
5) The convective heat transfer coefficient on each side, and the thermal properties of both
fluids and the wall are constant, independent of temperature, time and position.
6) Longitudinal heat conduction within the fluids and wall as well as the transverse
7) The heat transfer surface area on each fluid side is uniformly distributed in the heat
exchanger.
8) Either the fouling resistances are negligible or they are lumped with thermal resistances
of the wall.
9) The thermal capacitance of the heat exchanger enclosure is considered negligible
Wall
< x * <-dx-*
Heat capacitance
=
C =
Mcp (2.1)
Heat capacity rate, C, is the product of mass flow rate and specific heat:
Wcp (2.2)
Applying an energy balance to incremental control volumes around the hot fluid, cold
- d T d T , w
v
Refer to the nomenclature for definition of various terms. In order to completely define
the problem, initial and boundary conditions are required. The initial conditions are
obtained from the steady state temperature distribution prior to the transient input.
The boundary conditions are the input temperature change of the stepped fluid to its new
Based on the above differential equations, the dependent fluid and wall
Eleven independent variables and parameters exist for the dependent fluid and wall
temperatures for a given flow arrangement. Because the differential equations and
boundary conditions are available, it is possible to formulate a set of dimensionless
unique; the choice of the form of each dimensionless group is based on the usefulness to
the designer. Cima and London (1958) define the following dimensionless parameters
7/(0 -r(0)
T* =
(2.7)
TM -no)
X* =
x/L =
dimensionless flow length variable (2.8)
NTU =
UA/Cnrin =
number of transfer units (2.9)
C* =
Cri/Cnux =
capacity rate ratio (2 10)
t* =
t/td^i
=
dimensionless time variable (212)
C =
C / din =
wall capacitance ratio (2.13)
j^ ^^ .^ ^ (2 M)
tdontheCmaxside
timax
We now have:
Th*,Tc* =
f(X*,NTU,C*,t*,R*, C V) (2.15)
X*
The variable
representating the location within a heat exchanger can be eliminated
because the temperature histories of primary interest in process applications are the outlet
dimensionless variables (We prefer to call them transient temperature effectiveness for
. T,(,)-T,(0)
' <2'6)
-T,M-m
._r,<r)-r,)
Where the subscript 1 refers to the fluid which had a step input imposed on it and the
subscript 2 refers to the unstepped fluid. All temperatures in equations (2. 16) and (2.17)
refer to outlet temperatures. With this nomenclature, the functional dependence can be
stated as:
sti*,8f,2* =
fTNTU,C*,t*,R*,"C V) (2.18)
The reader can now appreciate the complexities involved in a transient heat exchanger
problem since it requires a solution of three simultaneous partial differential equations for
temperature as a function of time and position. The solution depends on six independent
groups as well as exchanger flow arrangement. No general solution to this problem exists.
variables.
Objectives of the present work are to present a thorough review of major solutions
software package (Thermonet) will be utilized to model the transient response of heat
10
3. Literature Review
3.1 Introduction
Typically, an investigator will utilize one or more of the following methods to obtain a
solution.
Finite difference schemes: The governing differential equations can be modeled with
computer based finite difference schemes. This eliminates the need for restrictions on
capacitance, and electric resistors to represent fluid flow and heat transfer resistances.
Cima and London (1958) first utilized this method to develop some approximate
literature.
of the problem
As was previously mentioned, the complexity generally prohibits
the development of a general solution valid for all values of independent parameters.
Most solutions are restricted to specific values or ranges of values of the independent
11
variables. Most major solutions found in literature will be discussed in this paper.
Limiting idealizations and restrictions will be discussed for each solution. In order to
C*
explanation of =
0)
12
C*
3.2 Solutions for =
0
In condensers and evaporators the heat capacity rate of one fluid is infinite (except
C*
for the pressure drop effect on saturation temperature), which means is very small and
can be approximated as zero. For these types of heat exchangers, the temperature of the
Cnux fluid can be approximated as constant throughout the exchanger. Solutions for these
cases are valid for heat exchangers with any arrangements. Solutions of this type are
-
A step input change in the Cnin fluid.
-
A step input change in the Cax fluid.
Table 3.1 summarizes solutions found in literature which are valid for all flow
C*
arrangements with
=
0.
13
C*
Table 3.1 Solutions for =
0
Restrictions Solution Mefliod Reference
Step change in C fluid
t*
0 < < 1 Analytical Rizika (1956)
cT'^i
R*=l
"
5
Electromechanical analog London etal.( 1959)
and C^ >
R*
"
Electromechanical analog London etal. (1959)
=
1 and > 20
R* London
=
1 and NTU =
1 Electromechanical analog et al. (1959)
*
Electromechanical analog London etal. (1959)
NTU =
1 and Cw 20
14
3.1.1 Step change in inlet temperature of Cmgc fluid.
evaporating fluid occur due to sudden changes in the system pressure. The graphical
Rizika
One of the early investigators to present a solution to this problem was
*
R*
(1956). He obtained an exact solution for 0 < t*
< 1 and all values of C and
1 -e
~x
[7 sinh(Jif / Y) +cosh(X / YJ]
F * = ; ; (3.1)
f-2
\~exp(-NTU)
*
NTU(\ +R *)(l +R * 4w *)t
X = ~^-=
^
(3-2)
*
2R*C
-H/2
*
4R*C
Y = (3.3)
(l+R*-w*) _
t*
between 0 and 1 is relevant only for cases with Cw < 1 . London et al. (1959) present
15
Initial steady state operating conditions
Inlet temperature
---'''Ss&
Temperature response 1
C
Cmax Ruid
) Input Step Change
POSITION
Figure 3.1 Typical temperature response for the Cmm fluid for a step change
16
Myers et al. (1970) obtained finite difference solutions for intermediate and large
values of Cw *. Myers used data obtained from the finite difference solution to
*
e/-2 =1 -A exp[-B(t *-i)/Cw *] (3.4)
~z
A ,
1 -e [Y sinh(Z / Y) +cosh(Z / Y)]
A =1 (35)
l^pHVTV)
2NTU(l+R*)C*
B=
ftrzsinh(Z/r)
(3.6)
A
I (\+R*^Cw *) J[l -exp(^TTU) _
ntu(\+r*)(i+r*-k: *)
2 "
<">
JK^i
This solution shows excellent agreement with the finite difference solutions of
t*>l
R*>1
The range for which the above solution by Myers is valid has been discussed in several
comprehensive surveys on the subject of transient heat exchanger behavior. Kays and
*
London (1964) report this range to be C > 100. Shah (1981) states that the applicable
* <
range is 1 < Cw 2000. Myers (1970) makes the statement that his solution is valid for
this apparent discrepancy. It has been shown conclusively in Appendix B that the above
17
solution by Myers is valid for all values of Cw *
greater than 1 . It should be noted that
Myers (1970) states as one of his assumptions that the temperature of the infinite
capacitance rate fluid is initially at zero when it is suddenly stepped to a value T at time t
=
0. This solution by Myers eliminates many of the restrictions utilized by the previous
Myers also proposes an analytical solution for Cw > 100 making extensive use of
Bessels functions.
al. (1959) have developed approximate solutions for this case for specific values of NTU,
R*
Cw and These solutions are approximate and were obtained from electromechanical
analog test results. The paper by Myers et al. (1967) presents an analytical solution to the
C*
more general problem of a crossflow heat exchanger where is not constrained to be
C*
zero. Myers applies the constraint of
=
0 to his more general solution and determines
NTU/R*
(i+R*)2(t*-iyc
The solution can be obtained directly from the analytical expression given by Myers but it
Myers has supplied a convenient graphical solution which is easy to utilize. As seen from
18
Figure 3.3, the exact solution for a step change in the noncondensing or evaporating fluid
?
?
x
?
? Input step change
?
+
*
^
-^c&*
Temperature response 1
c
Cmax Fluid
POSITION
Figure 3.2 Typical temperature response of the Cm, fluid for a step
change in the temperature of the Cm, fluid.
19
1.0
1 lo 1 1 '
0.2
2-
0.8
"
=
0.5
=-"
0.6
1^-
*
f,l
0.4
y^
-
5
20/ /
0.2 >/50 /
v'
OO
1 1 ! 1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
- (1+R*)2(T*-1)/C*
;,
2 w
20
3.3 Solutions for Parallel Flow Configurations
Table 3.2 summarizes solutions found in literature for parallel flow configurations.
stepped fluid.
Both fluids must be gases. Analytical Gvozdenac(1987)
Romie (1985) presented a solution for a parallel flow heat exchanger. The
x
(3.8)
c
e =
(3.9)
i j c.wall
E =
(3-10)
C,
R =
(hA)2 (3.11)
(hAl
1 1
=Cmin
(312)
NTU (hA\ \hA)2\
r L L
mm
1/ (3.13)
wall V2 vi
Where v is the velocity and the subscript 1 refers to the stepped fluid and the
subscript 2 refers to the unstepped fluid. Romie introduced the constraint that the
21
dimensionless parameter V as defined by equation 3.13 must be zero. As can be seen from
equation 3.13, this will be valid if the velocities of the two fluid streams are equal.
Alternatively, if both fluids are gases then the absolute value of V will be very small and
can be equated to zero whether or not the velocities are equal. With this constraint, the
NTU (see equations 3.9-13). Romie utilizes Laplace transforms to obtain an analytical
solution. The solution is very complex and involves integration of Bessel functions.
Romie presents several graphs of solutions for specific values of the dimensionless groups.
Solutions for parallel flow heat exchangers are also proposed by Li (1986). Li
introduces the idealization that the thermal capacitance of the core is negligible compared
to the thermal capacitance of the stepped fluid. This idealization will be valid when the
stepped fluid is a liquid. In a steel heat exchanger, the specific heat of water is about ten
times the specific heat of steel, hence the thermal capacitance of the core may be negligible
in many cases. In general, Li's solution is valid for liquid to liquid heat exchangers, or
liquid to gas heat exchangers where the liquid is the stepped fluid. The fluid velocities
need not be equal. Analytical solutions are obtained for the case where the velocities of
the two fluids are equal and for the case where the velocities are not equal. The solution
for the case of unequal velocities is again very complex involving integration of Bessel
functions. However, the solution for the case of equal velocities is relatively
straightforward.
22
Gvozdenac (1987) also presents a solution for parallel flow heat exchangers. His
solutions are restricted to the cases where the thermal capacities of the two fluids are
be valid if fluids are gases. Solutions are derived by using the method of successive
approximations and the Laplace transform method. A significant feature of this work is
that it is valid for any type of input change in temperature (step function, sinusoidal,
exponential, etc.).
23
3.4 Solutions for Counterflow Configurations
Table 3.3 summarizes solutions found in literature which are valid for counterflow
configurations.
Cw ">100
1.5 <; NTU <;8
S2*
only
C* London
=
l Electromechanical analog etal. (1964)
C ">100
1.55NTU^6
R*
.25 <, <; 4
Eti*
only
See below Finite difference Romie (1984)
Both fluids gases Analytical Gvozdenac (1987)
Cima and London (1958) investigated the transient response of counterflow heat
C* R*
exchangers used for this purpose can be closely approximated as having
=
1 and
=
ef,1*,sfa* =
fTNTU, Cw *,t*,ta*) (3.14)
They further simplify the problem by only solving for the temperature response of the
Cima was
unstepped fluid, ef,2*. and
*
e^*
U* > 10. It was also noted that an empirical correlation of
variations in -for
C
24
*
versus t*/( 1. 5+ C *) accurately predicted transient response for 0 < Cw < 50. They
ef,2* =
fTNTU, t*/(1.5+~c7 *)) (3.15)
London et al. (1964) again utilize electromechanical analog results to provide more
solutions to this problem. They provide solutions for the stepped fluid temperature
response (eti*) in addition to the unstepped fluid response (eta*)- The experiments
R* < R*<
conducted by London et al. demonstrate convincingly that in the range 1/4 4
have no measurable influence on ep*. All the above results can be depicted in one graph
T*/(l-5 + C*)
w
'f,2 'f.l
25
Romie (1984) utilizes a finite difference method to propose a simple empirical
relation using slightly different dimensionless groups than he used for parallel flow:
X =-
(316)
4--IH
l vl RCwall J
(3.17)
C
min
=0 (318)
C
k. wall .,
,. C2 (3.19)
R =
(hA)2 (3.20)
(hA\
1 1
=C
+-
(3.21)
NTU \(hA\ (hA)2
Cmin
(3.22)
+-
V
CWall [y2
Lv2 vi
Where v is velocity and the subscript 1 refers to the stepped fluid and the subscript
2 refers to the unstepped fluid. The dimensionless parameters as defined by Romie are
R = (3.23)
R
26
1+
V =
(3.24)
cw I *d
<>2 =^
C * (3-25)
'W
/*
-I
=-
0\ (326)
c *
w
E (3.27)
* *
r *</ -l
*l =
(3.28)
Cw*td*
C<
E =
(3.29)
7/(0
a fl,
"l +F "l +F
=
1 -Ae Be (3.30)
cOt J0,
^=l^e~l+V l+V
-De (3.31)
T2(*
27
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28
T(t) represents the outlet temperature at time t and T(x) represents the final steady state
outlet temperature after the step input has been imposed. Romie presents the constants
It should be noted that this solution by Romie was derived by assuming the initial
inlet temperatures of both fluid streams are 0C and that the stepped inlet temperature is
1C. These idealizations are not as restrictive as they appear. His solution can be utilized
for any values of inlet temperatures if the left hand side of equations 3.30 and 3.3 1 are
a6, bd,
7j(Q -7j(0)
J -7~^
l +y ~Y+V
l +K , ,
=1 -Ae -Be (3.32)
*i() -2i(0)
c0z d e^
2 l +V 1 +y
(3.33)
-1
=1 -Ce -De
r2(o* -t2(0)
imposed. The values of T(0) and T(qo) can be calculated using steady state analytical
solution methods such as the eftectiveness-NTU method. As can be seen from Ronries
td*
between .25 and 4.0 it can be seen from equation 3.24 that in order for V to be equal
to zero,
C*
must be infinitely large. This could be closely approximated by some gas to
29
gas heat exchangers. In order for V to be equal to 4.0 while still realistic
maintaining
C*
values of td*, must be between .3 and 1.3. This leads to the conclusion that Romies
Romies solution produces inaccurate results for the stepped fluid for times less
than one dwell time. The cause of this can be seen in equation 3. 17. The term L/vi in this
equation represents the dwell time of the stepped fluid. For values of dwell time greater
than t, the value of 9 will be negative which will lead to unrealistic temperatures when
with the only restriction that the thermal capacities of the two fluids are negligible relative
to the thermal capacity of the heat exchanger core. This restriction will be met if both
fluids are gases with heavy separating walls. The smallness of this capacity ratio physically
represents the fact that the fluid dwell times are small compared to the duration of the
transient. The solution proposed by Gvozdenac is valid for any type of input change in
temperature (step function, sinusoidal, etc.) The practical application of the explicit
integration scheme can be implemented to calculate solutions. See Gvozdenac (1987) for
further details.
30
3.5 Solutions for Crossflow Configurations
Table 3.5 summarizes solutions found in literature which are valid for crossflow
Cw "large
Both fluids unmixed Finite Difference Yamashita et al. (1978)
Both fluids gases Analytical Romie (1983)
Both fluids unmixed
One of the first researchers to investigate the transient behavior of crossflow heat
exchangers was Dusinberre (1959) who proposed a finite difference method to describe
the transient behavior. Very straightforward finite difference equations are presented
which can easily be incorporated into a spreadsheet or computer program. Gas to gas
heat exchangers are the primary focus of the paper by Dusinberre, however, equations are
presented in the appendix of his paper which can be used when one of the fluid streams is
a liquid. Dusinberre only considers one specific case and does not verify his solutions with
31
Myers et al. (1967) analyzed the transient response of a crossflow heat exchanger
with one fluid mixed and the other fluid unmixed. Solutions are presented for the case
where the mixed fluid has a temperature change applied to it. The solution also requires
"
*
that the value of C be "large". Myers be sufficiently
et al. propose that C will
a(l+R*)2C*
<05 (3.19)
(a+R*)C*
(^ -l)
a =1 "*
(3"20)
N =-f (3.21)
1
<M\ (hA)2
<a\p
results is not feasible due to the large number of independent variables. The authors
present a useful graph (Figure 3.5) which can be used to determine the time required to
defined as follows:
M(a+R*)
A'=
(3.22)
AJ(l+R*)
B (3 23)
-cT. ,+*?)
32
50
1 1 ' /'
/
/
-f.i
/ /
40
/
y
/ 0/
30
/ / 2 /
/
/
^
Z, 20 / 5
^
)
/ /
/ P"
=10^-
10
n
r i i i i i
10 20 30
A'
Figure 3.5 90% response times for a crossflow heat exchanger Myers et al. (1967)
33
P' =
Ml -a)
(3 24)
M=
["'_ (3.25)
JhA\Cl
with both fluids mixed. A finite difference method was utilized to present graphical
solutions for specific values of independent variables. They considered one of five groups
(ta*, 1/ Cw , R*, NTU, C*) as a variable while fixing the value of the others to be unity.
Romie (1983) proposes a solution utilizing the Laplace transform method. His
results are valid for crossflow exchangers with neither gas mixed. The idealization is made
that the thermal capacities of the masses of the two fluids contained in the exchanger are
negligibly small relative to the thermal capacity of the exchanger core. As previously
discussed, this will be true if both fluids are gases. The form of the solution is quite
complex, requiring computer implementation. Romie does present some very useful
1<NTU<8
6<E<1.67
.5<R<2.0
34
Gvozdenac (1986) and Spiga and Spiga (1987) present a more general analytical
solution which allow arbitrary initial and inlet conditions. The solutions are only valid for
gases. In a later paper, Spiga and Spiga (1988) propose a solution where fluids can be
gases or liquids. Their results are valid only for a deltalike (impulse) change in the inlet
Due to the complexity of the numerical results presented by Spiga and Spiga
(1987, 1988) computer implementation is required which itself can be a formidable task.
Spiga and Spiga (1992) propose an exact analytical solution to the transient
response due to a step change in inlet temperature of the hot fluid. Fluids are not
constrained to be gases.
35
3.6 Recommendations from Available Solutions
There are many solutions available in literature to the transient heat exchanger
problem. However, each solution is valid over a limited range of independent parameters.
Some solutions derived from an analytical approach are valid for a wide range of
independent parameters but the complex form of the solutions makes their application
unlikely in a design situation. The following information will attempt to direct the reader
toward a solution that not only is valid for a wide range of parameters but can also be
conveniently utilized.
C*
3.6.1 Solutions for =
0.
For a step change in the Cmax fluid, the approximate solution by Myers et al. (1970)
is valid for a broad range of parameters. The solution has been verified by finite difference
solutions by Myers et al. The form of the solution is very straightforward (see equations
For a step change in the Cmu, fluid, the solution by Myers et al. (1967) is very
useful due to its wide range of application. The explicit analytical solution is cumbersome,
Most available solutions to date are derived by analytical means and as a result the
final solutions are very complex to utilize. However, Romie (1985) and Li (1986) present
36
variables. If the values of the specific independent variables match those of a certain
The electromechanical analog results of London et al. (1964) shown in Figure 3.4
can be utilized if C* =
1 and other restrictions are met (see Table 3.3). The empirical
solution by Romie (1984) covers a wider range of parameters while maintaining a simple
for the response of the stepped fluid is valid for times greater than one dwell time.
As with parallel flow, crossflow heat exchangers have been analyzed by primarily
analytical techniques, with the resulting solutions being cumbersome to implement. For
both fluids being unmixed gases, Romie (1983) presents several graphical representations
of his analytical solutions. These graphical solutions cover a fairly wide range of
independent parameters.
The only solution available for the transient response to a step change when one or
more of the fluids are liquids is by Spiga and Spiga (1992). Some graphical
representations of the analytical solution are presented but are valid only for a very limited
37
4. Application of Thermal Network Solver
"Thermonet"
change of one of the fluids was modeled using
-
a commercially available
thermal network solver. Thermonet utilizes a finite difference algorithm to solve transient
heat transfer problems. A heat exchanger can be modeled by discretizing it's length into a
fixed number of segments. Fluid convection resistance, wall conduction resistance and
fluid flow capacitance are modeled for a counterflow heat exchanger as shown in Figure
4.1.
Hot Fluid
^VVj
Resistors:
CoM Fluid
101 -
110 Hot Fluid Flow Capacitance 1/mCp
201 -210 Cold Fluid Flow Capacitance 1/mCp
301 -
310 Hot Fluid Convective Resistance 1/hA
401 -
410 Cold Fluid Convective Resistance IThA
501 -
510 Wall Resistance t/kA
38
In order to determine the optimum number of segments that should be used in the
state performance derived from effectiveness -NTU relations. As can be seen in Table 4. 1,
a 10 segment model shows very little deviation from theoretical (0. 1% or less) for NTU <
1.0. However, for NTU > 1.0 the 10 segment model shows deviations greater than 1%.
For values of NTU > 1.0, the 20 segment model has better accuracy, with deviations
generally less than 1%. Based on this information, a 10 segment model will be sufficient
appropriate time step in transient analysis. The optimum time step is one that achieves the
desired accuracy without requiring excessive computation time. Since Thermonet is based
on a finite difference scheme, one would expect that the smaller the time step, the more
accurate the solution. This, however, is not the case as can be seen in Figures 4.2 -
4.4 of
temperature vs. time step. The data in each of these figures was obtained by varying the
chosen time step utilized by Thermonet, while keeping all other parameters constant. At
very small time steps, erratic behavior is observed. This behavior is likely due to
computational roundoff error propagation. The solution at these small time steps is most
thumb, time steps equal to or larger than one half of the dwell time of the Cmm fluid have
been found to be reasonable. Decreasing the time step by a factor of 10 from its largest
39
value results in a deviation of approximately 0.2 degrees C. A further reduction in time
40
1 CM ao CO*
CO ro3
CO 03 i>~ CM
c CO (O o r- r~ CM o co o 00 IO CO O)
*
0) O o o o co CO ao co CM CM o IO CO CM
o o o o o O o co
E CO CM CO
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co
00 o * CO CO
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a>
t- co
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co
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CN
--
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(tf)
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3
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oo
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spools wz ib aaniBaaduisi
42
o.
0
C/3
0
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H
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3
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Q.
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co
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3
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43
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0
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3
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Q.
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ti-
3)
spnooas oi }B ajniBJsdmax
44
5. Validation of Thermal Network Solver
Accuracy
Thermonet results were compared with five existing solutions found in literature
for transient performance of heat exchangers. These solutions are briefly summarized in
Table 5. 1 below. The solutions were chosen for purpose of comparison because they
Step change in
Cmx fluid
C*
Myers et al. =
0 Finite Difference 5.7 0.19%
As can been seen in Table 5. 1 the largest mean difference is for the comparison with the
(electromechanical analog) and may have some error associated with it. The comparison
with analytical solutions is more relevant and should be used as a test for validity. Two
45
analytical solutions were utilized for comparison. The results from the solution by Rizika
(1956) were calculated directly from his analytical expression. Thermonet gives results
within 1 .74% of the solution by Rizika. Results from Myers et al. (1967) were calculated
from a graphical representation of his analytical solution. Thermonet gives results within
3.18% of the solution by Myers. Part of this difference could be attributed to inaccuracies
46
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c c
o
o
s s Q o
o
8
e
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1
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CN
f I 3
On
CO
c
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>>
* C
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b o
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of o H
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3
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CN
47
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48
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in
ro
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CN
ON c
CO o
II
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in
CN c
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Pi
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c
co o
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CO
in
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(3 893J33Q) ajniBoadmax
49
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B a O
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<u <u
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51
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(3 saaj&arj) ajiuvjadinax
54
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c.
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as c
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(3 saaiSsQ) aaiusaadraax
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56
6. Results for Counterflow Heat Exchangers
It has been previously noted that even though a large number of solutions exist to
useful solutions available. Solutions for this configuration cover a wide range of
parameters and can be easily calculated. The same cannot be said for parallel flow,
C*
counterflow, and crossflow configurations with * 0. Due to the thermal advantages
and the common application of counterflow heat exchangers in engineering practice, the
availability of a solution that covers a wide range of variables and that can be conveniently
utilized would be very useful. The solutions currently available in literature are either too
generated using Thermonet computer software and the results will be presented in tabular
form. A tabular scheme is developed to present solutions covering the following ranges of
parameters:
57
The range of parameters was chosen to cover practical heat exchanger
many
large number of tables would be required. Fortunately, some simplifications can be made.
*
C*
variations in U*
for =
1 and Cw > 10. To verify this, transient solutions were
td*
remained the same. The values of used were 0.2 and 4.0. This represents a change in
U*
by a factor of 16. The results of these comparisons are summarized below (actual
*
C*
Solutions for Cw =
50.0 are virtually insensitive to changes in ta*
for values of
ranging from 0.25 to 1.0. There is less than a 1% difference in the two solutions over
the vast majority of the solution domain. The largest deviation of 2.3% occurs in the
C*
unstepped fluid at
=
1 shortly after the time step is imposed.
*
ta*
Solutions for Cw =
10.0 are more dependent on variations in There is over a
3% difference in the two solutions over a large portion of the solution domain.
The above results greatly reduce the number of tables needed to present solution for the
above parameters. Solutions for values of Cw > 50 will have very little dependence on
minimize the largest possible deviation to approximately 1%. Solutions for values of
58
Cw =
10 are presented for two separate ranges of
to*
This minimizes the largest
possible deviation to approximately 2%. The solutions generated utilizing Thermonet are
*
reported in Tables 6. 1 through 6.3. Only solutions for Cw =
1.0 are presented,
generation of solutions for other values of Cw "is part ongoing work at RIT.
59
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62
7. Discussion of Results
Of the six dimensionless parameters (NTU, C*. R*, ^ \ t*, U*) needed to
define a transient solution, the parameter which has the greatest effect on the length of
"
Cw =
Cw / C (MCpJw.u/CMCpXnin
Hence, the larger the value of Cw *, the larger the wall is in relation to the fluids. If the
wall is large compared to the fluids, a large amount of time will be required to reach new
steady state operating conditions because the thermal energy stored in the wall must be
"
dissipated. Therefore, large values of Cw imply long time durations for the heat
exchanger to reach new steady state operating conditions. Knowledge of this value will
give the designer a general idea of the transient response of a heat exchanger.
td*
It is demonstrated by comparison runs using Thermonet that the parameter has
very little influence on transient solutions for C > 50. The condition that exhibited the
C*
most dependence were for values of Cw =
50, =
1 .0,
NTU =
0.5.
C*
It can be seen in Table 6. 1 for NTU =
0.5 that the value of has only a slight
influence on the transient solution. As the value of NTU increases (Tables 6.2 and 6.3)
C*
has a greater effect.
63
8. Conclusions
Unlike steady state heat exchanger analysis, transient heat exchanger analysis is
very complex. No generally accepted solution exists. Many authors have presented
extensive literature survey has been presented in this thesis which has discussed major
Myers(1970) has been discussed in detail, presenting information not clearly discussed in
the respective papers. Recommendations have been made regarding the application of
utilized to model the transient response of heat exchangers. Thermonet solutions have
Transient solutions valid for counterflow heat exchangers have been generated for
Cw =
1 .0 and presented in a convenient tabular format. A tabular format has been
contribution to the field of transient heat exchanger analysis for the following reasons:
The solutions are valid for counterflow heat exchangers which are often utilized in
64
Cw*
Solutions cover a wider range of values than the solution by Romie (1984).
Solutions for the stepped fluid are valid for times less than one dwell time, the solution
Solutions are valid for a much wider range of parameters than the solution by London
et al. (1964)
Solutions are much more convenient to utilize than the analytical solution of
Gvozdenac (1987)
65
9. References
Bunce, D.J., Kandlikar, S.G., 1995, "Transient Response of Heat Exchangers", Presented at the Second
ASME-ISHMT conference in Mangalore, India, December
28-30, 1995.
Cima, R.M., London, A.L., 1958, "The Transient Response of a Two-Fluid Counterflow Heat Exchanger-
The Gas-Turbine Regenerator", Trans. ASME, vol. 80, pp. 1 169-1 179.
Chen, H., Chen, K., 1991, "Simple Method for Transient Response of Gas-to-Gas Cross-flow Heat
Exchangers with Neither Gas Mixed", International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 34, pp.289 1-
2898.
Chen, H., Chen, K., 1992, 'Transient Response of Crossflow Heat Exchangers With Finite Wall
Capacitance", Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 114, pp. 752-755.
Dusinberre, G.M., 1959, "Calculation of Transients in a Cross-Flow Heat Exchanger", Journal of Heat
Gvozdenac, D.D., 1986, "Analytical Solution of the Transient Response of Gas-to-Gas Crossflow Heat
Exchanger with Both Fluids Unmixed", Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 108, pp. 722-727.
Gvozdenac, D.D., 1987, "Analytical Solution of Transient Response of Gas-to-Gas Parallel and
Counterflow Heat Exchangers", Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 109, pp. 848-855.
Kays, W.M., London, A.L., 1964, "Compact Heat Exchangers", Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York
Li, C.H., 1986, "Exact Transient Solutions of Parallel-Current Transfer Processes", Journal of Heat
Transfer, vol. 108, pp. 365-369.
London, A.L., Biancardi, F.R., Mitchell, J.W., 1959, "The Transient Response of Gas-Turbine-Plant Heat
Exchangers
Regenerators, Intercoolers, Precoolers, and Ducting", Journal of Engineering for Power, vol
81, pg. 433^48.
London, A.L., Sampsell, D.F., McGowan, J.G., 1964, "The Transient Response of Gas Turbine Plant Heat
ExchangersAdditional Solutions for Regenerators of the Periodic-Flow and Direct-Transfer
Types",
Journal of Engineering for Power, vol. 86, pp. 127-135.
Myers, G.E., Mitchell, J.W., Lindeman,C.F., 1970, "The Transient Response of Heat Exchangers Having
anInfinite Capacitance Rate Fluid", Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 92, pp. 269-275.
Myers, G.E., Mitchell, J.W., Norman, R.F., 1967, "The Transient Response of Crossflow Heat
Exchangers, Evaporators, and Condensers", Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 89, pp. 75-80.
Rizika, J. W., 1956, "Thermal Lags in Flowing Incompressible Fluid Systems Containing Heat
Capacitors", Transactions of ASME, vol.78, pg. 1407-1413.
Romie, F.E., 1985, "Transient Response of the Parallel-Flow Heat Exchanger", Journal of Heat Transfer,
107, pp. 727-730.
vol.
66
Romie, F.E., 1984, "Transient Response of the Counterflow Heat Exchanger", Journal of Heat Transfer,
vol. 106, pp. 620-626.
Romie, F.E., 1983, "Transient Response of Gas-to-Gas Crossflow Heat Exchangers With Neither Gas
Mixed", Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 105, pp. 563-570.
Exchangers"
Shah, R.K., 1981, "The Transient Response of Heat in "Heat Exchangers Thermal-Hydraulic
Design"
Fundamentals and
Spiga, G, Spiga, M., 1987, "Two-Dimensional Transient Solutions for Crossflow Heat Exchangers With
Neither Gas Mixed", Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 109, pp. 281-286.
Spiga, M., Spiga, G, 1988, 'Transient Temperature Fields in Crossflow Heat Exchangers With Finite
Wall Capacitance", Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 1 10, pp. 49-53.
Spiga, M., Spiga, G, 1992, "Step Response of the Crossflow Heat Exchanger With Finite Wall
Capacitance", International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 35, pp. 559-565.
Yamashita, H., Izumi, R., Yamaguchi, S., 1978, "Analysis of the Dynamic Characteristics of Cross-Flow
Heat Exchangers with Both Fluids Unmixed", Bulletin of the JSME, vol. 21, pp.479^185.
67
Appendices
68
Appendix A
The control volume shown in Figure A. 1 shows all energy transfer terms
associated with control volumes for the hot fluid, cold fluid, and wall. During its flow
through the control volume, the hot fluid transfers heat to the wall by convection resulting
(Energy);,, -
(Energy)^ =
(Energy)stored
f d Th
[0,^+ f ll f_ dx]d Th
(A1)
*JJ-*A-p7J77
d Th
ChTh ~ChTh -Q, dx -
d x
f dx]B Th 9 Th B Th , v kiV \
+c*77a +c*T7*
PtJtt =('<A rr"F* "r^A3)
5 Th d Th
Ch+ChL-
=Kv0hA)h\Th -Tw)
"
(A.4)
O t OX
A similar energy balance for the cold fluid yields equation 2.4.
(Energy)ou,=
(Energy^ -
(EnergyVred
f^w~
ax]d^
(A5>
dqh
J|TT
=
~
~dqc W
l L o t
Cw* >
all values of 1 Table B. 1 summarizes the values for each comparison figure that
follows.
rableB.l
* R*
C NTU Fluids Figure #
All of the above solutions were generated with the following inlet temperatures:
ON
u
vi
i_
U
Xi
c
o
o
Vi
c
o
e
o
u
o
c/5
w
c
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c
cS
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S
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CO
u
a
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o 00 *o ^r cN O
o 00 SO VO SO SO s
r- r- SO
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(3 saaiSaa) aiiUBJadurai
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SO
Os
CO
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v
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Appendix C
utilized to generate solutions that could be compared against each other. For each set of
parameters listed in table C. 1, two solutions were generated, one solution for td* =
0.2 and
td* R*
of on the solution. The first task was to determine the values of NTU, C*, and
Cw*
which yield the highest deviation. For =
50 and NTU =
.5 this was seen to be
C* =
R* C*
1 .0 and =
0.5. Once the values of and
R*
which produce the largest deviation were
determined, the influence of NTU was then investigated. It can be seen in table C. 1 that a
value of NTU =
5.0 did not increase the amount of deviation. It can then be concluded
C*
that the parameter values that produce the largest deviation are NTU =
0.5, =
1 .0,
and
R* Cw*
=
0.5. These parameter values are expected to produce the largest deviation for =
10 as well.
on transient solutions.
Cw* =
50.0
C* R*
NTU Max. % difference Table #
0.5 0.25 0.5 1.21 % C.2
0.5 0.25 2.0 1.21% C.3
0.5 1.0 0.5 2.32 % C.4
0.5 1.0 2.0 2.26 % C.5
5.0 1.0 0.5 2.02 % C.6
Cw* =
10.0
C* R*
NTU Max % difference Table #
0.5 1.0 0.5 8.60 % C.7
Table C.2
Cw* C*
=
50 NTU =
0.5 =
0.25 R*=0.5
td* =
0.2 td* =
4.0 % difference
time stepped unstepped stepped unstepped stepped unstepped
*
C
V-'W
==
50 NTU =
0.5 C* =
0.25 R ==
2.0
td*
time =
0.2 td* =
4.0 % difference
stepped unstepped stepped unstepped stepped unstepped
Cw* C*
=
50 NTU =
0.5 =
1.0 R* =
0.5
td* = td*
.2
=
4 % difference
time stepped unstepped stepped unstepped stepped unstepped
Cw* R*
=
50 NTU =
0.5 C*=1.0 =
2.0
td* =
0.2 td =
4.0 % difference
time stepped unstepped stepped unstepped stepped unstepped
Cw* C*
=
50 NTU =
5.0 =
1.0 R* =
0.5
td* =
0.2 td* =
4.0 % difference
time stepped unstepped stepped unstepped stepped unstepped
Cw* C* R*
=
10 NTU =
0.5 =
1.0 =
0.5
td* =
0.2 td* =
4.0 % difference
time stepped unstepped stepped unstepped stepped unstepped