NUR AZYAN IZZATI BINTI ITHNIN

DFOM1907841
1.0 Introduction

As we all know, there are several types of transportation in this world such as
air, water, land and railway form. All of these modes have their own advantages and
disadvantages towards people and any industry. However, as for aviation industry,
commonly people only thought that they are serving transportation for people or
passengers. However, they are also able to transport goods or cargo through air
using aircraft. Hence of that, it gives such a lot of benefits towards people since
nowadays a lot of people is using air transportation to export or import their
belongings or things across the world. Even, currently due to Covid pandemic that is
plaguing our country now a little bit affects aviation industry because all government
and countries are not allowing any foreigners or any people to travel within countries
and regions. However, air cargo industry is not being affected as bad as passenger’s
transportation since everyone is doing online purchasement from other states and
countries. Therefore, in order to transport their item whether to supplier, buyers or
consumer, they have to choose air cargo since it is the fastest, secure and safest
mode to deliver their item world widely. Moreover, they able to generate income and
stabilize their company life span. Furthermore, transporting cargo has the lowest
possibility to spread the virus rather than transporting people from one to another
place because it is easier to sanitize all the cargo. Meanwhile, as for passengers,
they have to quarantine for period of time before able to live in normal way. Even
now they have to wear mask when going out to crowded place and wear sanitizer. In
addition, there are two types of cargo which is general and special cargo. General
cargo is parcel, luggage and also mail meanwhile special cargo is perishable,
dangerous goods, human remain, dangerous goods, valuable cargo and animal. All
of these items have its own special procedure to transport it. Moreover, as for
dangerous goods, it has their own classification to differentiate the items itself
through labelling and packaging. Therefore, people could handle it properly to avoid
and prevent other circumstances or bad incident from happen.

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2.0 Dangerous Goods

Dangerous goods are materials which have possibilities to cause risk or

danger towards safety, health, property and also environment. There are more than
50% of cargos which are dangerous. It is either toxic, flammable, corrosive,
explosive or radioactive. However, they are totally safe to be transported but they
have to be under controlled and manage properly in term of packaging with labelling.
The reason of it is because, these items are very sensitive due to change in
atmospheric pressure between ground and flight altitudes. Usually, ground or sea
level is higher than in the air since we have more air particles at ground rather than
in air. That is why we need cabin pressurization so that passengers and crews able
to breathe normally and comfortably even at high altitudes. Other than that, it can be
due to turbulence and vibrations, this is why safe handling becoming very essential
and important during transporting it whether on ground and in flight. (Federal
Aviation Administration, 2nd April 2020)

2.1 Item: Perfume

My chosen item for this assignment which can be describe and classified as
one of dangerous goods is perfume. Perfume is something that we commonly use in
our daily life. Even though, it is not something necessary however it does give us lots
of benefits when we use it. Therefore, it can be classified as a very useful item
mostly towards human being but need to be handling and store properly or
cautiously. Otherwise, it can cause few side effects towards our surrounding and
human itself. Even, when during transporting this item on aircraft, it has its own
potential danger. (Merriam, 2020)

Furthermore, perfume has no gender and age. Everyone can use it anytime
and anywhere when they want to. This is because, perfume gives a lot of beneficial
effect to us. As for example, it makes us feel more confident with ourselves to be
around with other people because of the good scent and aroma in its ingredients.
Therefore, we able to conduct our work task without any feel of hesitation or uneasy
feelings. Even more, we feel much more comfortable for the whole thus it is not
going to ruin our mood and spoil all of our plan activities.

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 In addition, both genders, female and male should be wearing this product to
boost their confidence and level. Other than that, other people will be comfortable to
be around us because sometime, our bad scent could make other people have
uneasy feelings usually when being around. Furthermore, it is not even that hard to
wear since it usually comes in liquid form and in a glass bottle. Therefore, people just
have to spray it on top of clothes or skin. Usually, people will directly spray it on any
part of our clothes that we want or around our wrist and behind ear. This is because,
by applying within these areas, the perfume scent will last longer for long hours.

There are lot of brands for perfume product specifically for ladies, gentleman
and even for kids. Moreover, it comes in several of scents. Therefore, people can
choose it based on their perseverance such as sweet scents, strong scents, fresh
scents and others. Some of famous scents are vanilla, rose, fruits and lavender.
Furthermore, some famous brands which sell perfume are Chanel, Dior, Syahirah
and Victoria Secret. (FrangranceNet.com, 2020)

As we all know, perfume will gives a pleasant smell to people whom wearing
it. Indeed, its packaging is usually either in plastic bottle or glass bottle. Moreover, it
comes in several of sizes and packaging style. Therefore, it will look adorable and
exclusive to bring along together all the time in handbag or backpack. Other than
that, cover or cap of the bottle with secures the liquid even more from being leaked.
Nowadays, perfume is an essential item for people since it is easier to get even the
price is affordable. However, there are also some people who love to get and buy
pricy perfumes due to its branding and quality.

Furthermore, this item usually being transported from seller to buyer across
world widely because there is no limitations and boundaries for anyone who wants to
wear it. Usually, perfume is very suitable to be made as a present or gift for the loved
ones. This is due to the scent because usually, this scent can be a very pleasant
smell for us thus making us tend to remember the individual whenever we smell the
scent. Therefore, it could strengthen the relationship between any individuals. Plus, it
people can even buy it anywhere through online purchasement from any online
shopping platforms such as Shopee, Lazada and others. After that, the shipper will
transport their parcel from their place through air if it was transported from other

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countries or regions. Moreover, air mode of transportation or air cargo is the fastest
method to deliver any items to their customers. Once, when it arrived to destination
airport, the item will be take over by the courier.

2.2 Characteristics

This product which technically known as perfume has its own characteristics.
Firstly, perfume can be natural whereas the smell of it naturally same like the main
ingredients. As for example, if the main ingredient is Rose therefore the perfume will
more likely or totally smell like a Rose. Usually, this kind of characteristic preferred
by adulthood since they prefer for a natural scent or meaning to say that an organic
smell. (Edwards, 1997)

Moreover, the other characteristic is component or mixture. It is more in

describing perfume with some compounds in it. As for example, the supplier of the
product mix few main ingredients all together in order to achieve something different.
Therefore people tend to try it since it is something different and new. Imagine if
Rose and Vanilla elements are being mixed together, therefore people will keep
wondering what does it smells and feels like thus making them wanted to have one.

Other than that, complex scent where they mix both soft and strong smell all
together. This one usually quite pricy since it is not an easier task to mix different
and complex ingredients but still remaining a good and pleasant scent of it to avoid
from uncomfortable smell of it. Whereas, few perfumes tend to make people
sneezing or irritated a lot when smell a very strong fragrance. This characteristic can
be found in both gender scents. (Burr, 2004)

In addition, all perfume mostly in liquid form is very flammable. This is due to
the ingredients contain in it. Moreover, the packaging itself need to be handle and
watch properly to avoid any bad incident from happen. Even the bottle surfaces are
very smooth therefore need to be handed cautiously from time to time. Plus, it should
be stored under room temperature to make sure the fragrance is remain in it and
smell nicely when being applied.

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3.0 Potential Hazards and Dangerous Goods Class

As we all know there are nine classes for dangerous goods. These classes
will determine the level of danger for an item. It will determine whether this item is
poisonous, explosive, flammable and others. Therefore, from here we able to know
what are their potential hazards towards surrounding, human and even to aircraft
structure. Furthermore, the entire handler can cautiously handle the item to avoid
any circumstances.

3.1 Class Three

Perfume can be categorized in class three which is under flammable liquids.

This is because, as we know commonly perfume comes in liquid form. What makes it
belongs under class three is because the very main ingredient in perfume which
functions to make the smell of it able to last longer compared to other perfume which
does not contain any of it is Alcohol. There is no doubt that Alcohol is a very
flammable thing in this world.

By far the most common solution for perfume with Alcohol solution is either
Ethanol or mixture of Ethanol with water. Usually, perfume will contains 80 to 90%
Alcohol with about 3 to 5% of perfume oil and 5 to 15% water in it. The reason why
Ethanol is flammable due to Oxygen amounts in it since we know without Oxygen,
fire cannot be erupted. Therefore it will combine with Oxygen fairly well to make
Carbon Dioxide disappeared thus lead to spark when meet with fire source.

Furthermore, if we want to ship perfume to overseas, sometimes you may

found that certain air cargo services unable to ship it unless the package already get
approval and confirmation by Royal Mail to be transported. It is because, perfume
can cause hazard during shipping by air or even during shipping by road. It is totally
dangerous to transport perfume without any secure packaging and safe labelling to
make sure everyone is aware the parcel is containing flammable liquid. Therefore,
they can handle it properly according to the procedure and instruction given by
authorities for safety of everyone. This is to ensure everyone’s safety, not only their
passengers but also their flight crews and public.

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3.2 Potential Hazards

All of the items from dangerous goods class three are mainly about being
flammable thus able to burn themselves. However, as for perfume, it has another
potential hazard towards few factors as well. Let see what is other potential hazards
of perfume other than being flammable due to Ethanol ingredients in the mixture.

3.2.1 Human

Firstly, fragrance is highly very toxic to human. That is why, some people
cannot apply the liquid directly onto their skin since it can irritates their skin easily.
Since the main ingredient for perfume’s mixture is Ethanol. Furthermore, as we know
Ethanol is one of the alcohol types in this world and all alcohols have a lot of
advantages and disadvantages. Some major disadvantages for alcohol are it can
irritate our skin since our skin is very sensitive to strong ingredients like this.
Therefore, we cannot directly apply it on our skin unless we can bear with it. Some
people can directly apply it and got no reaction with it indeed make it as a daily
routine after getting ready whenever they want to go out.

Moreover, alcohol is very famous with its characteristic where it is very drying.
It may dry out your skin thus make it feel painful. Moreover, when being around
under air conditioning room temperature for long hours. Usually, happens to people
who are working in office or any factories for straight eight hours. These kinds of
people usually wear fragrance since they are working in enclosed and airtight place
therefore to avoid from being smelly and uneasy feeling from sweat, they have to
wear fragrance in order to stay fresh and motivated while working.

In addition, whenever you wrongly spray your perfume liquid around your
eyes, nose and mouth, it can cause other side effects to it. It can be redness, sore,
painful and even lead to allergies. Indeed, it takes time for the pain to be gone since
perfume contains high amounts of Ethanol. Furthermore, strong and high
concentration of perfume scent will cause people to face or experience headaches.
Hence of that, people unable to do their work because having issue in concentration
thus making people feel uneasy and not doing well.

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 In order to identify if someone is having reaction to all chemicals in perfume is
through common symptoms such as sneezing, coughing and head aching. Even
more, chemical ingredients can be harmful for new born and pregnant mother if
frequently exposing to these harmful ingredients. Besides that, it also can influence
our hormone system thus making people feel emotional and even sometimes can
lead to anxiety attack or depression. (Stephen, 1st January 2005)

3.2.2 Environment

Secondly, the effect of perfume towards environment in term of its packaging

or glass bottle is it can cause environmental pollution. This is due to few
irresponsible individual who throw away the bottle once they consumed the perfume
at the wrong place. Moreover, it can cause damage to the quality and soil fertility
since the glass will affect it. In addition, the packaging takes more than one million
years to rot or decompose in the environment perhaps even more in a landfill.

Moving on to the effect of environment from the perfume liquid itself where the
compounds are not usually filtered out by water treatment and end up in waterways.
Therefore, this chemical will accumulate in aquatic wildlife thus contaminate food
chain. Furthermore, it is usually be the source for other pollutions to be happening in
our environment. This pollution can give major effects towards our eco system and
our health as well. Therefore, we will be facing crisis in dealing with limited sources
of food, water and others. (Laura, 26th July 2016)

When our environment is not doing well, it will affect our human’s status
health as well. Hence of that, affecting our economic activities as well when people
are not able to conduct their daily basic work activities. In order, to establish the
market level back is very difficult indeed consume a lot of years. Moreover, in order
to handle environmental issue is very crucial since it is going to impact a lot of sector
in this world. It shown that, all perfume product manufacturers should be more
transparent with their hidden ingredients in order to properly exterminate it.
Therefore, we could against any bad possibility.

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3.2.3 Aircraft Structure

Since perfume liquid is being packed in a glass bottle, therefore it could be

hazardous if the glass bottle trip down and broken. Therefore, the liquid itself which
is flammable capable to create spark and fire in the cabin due to the surrounding
temperature and conditions. That is the reason why perfume bottle should be packed
accordingly to the manual to prevent unwanted incidents from happen. Since we all
know that, prevention is always better than cure.

Even when passengers are boarding on the aircraft, the security officers will
ensure that all passengers are not bringing any hazardous items whether in solid or
liquids form. Because, all of these dangerous goods have potential hazards towards
passengers itself, crews and also towards aircraft and all belongings. As for perfume,
it is totally not dangerous at all but however it will be hazardous for the aircraft if the
packaging is leaking. The packaging for their perfumes should be following the
requirement for safety purpose. However, if the ounce is exceeds the maximum
amount, then they have to left it behind.

Furthermore, sometimes the person who are wearing strong scent of

fragrance also able to distract the other passenger who might be having allergies
towards strong and weird smell because they are unusual with it. In addition if they
were sitting next to the person who was wearing perfume. Therefore, they have to be
prepared mentally and physically in facing all of these consequences.

Other than that, if this packaging is leaking, it will give possibilities to create
spark due to the difference in surrounding temperature and air conditioning factor. It
is not too bad until can corrosive aircraft’s equipment and others. However, from the
created spark or fire, it can damage all the belongings within seconds or in a blink of
an eye. So, everyone should be take precautions step regarding this matter and
follow all the regulations that has been stated by International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO) and International Air Transport Association (IATA).
(ChemSafetyPro.Com, 15th May 2018)

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4.0 Risk and Benefit

In this world, everything that happens has its own risk and benefit whenever
we are conducting it. In order to make it happen, we have to face with all the
possibilities in order to succeed. Same goes to air cargo transportation services
where the carriers are dealing with normal and special cargo. However, as for
special cargo, we have dangerous goods category where we are transporting things
which are hazardous and requires special procedures and handling. Even, these
items also need labelling on their packaging to make sure handler handling it
cautiously and properly.

There are several risks in transporting dangerous goods such as if the

packaging is not secure and sealed properly mostly for poisonous, explosive, or
corrosive items, it could lead to hazardous situation where aircraft could be damaged
from the impact. This is due to the chemical reaction that occurred. Hence, because
of that, it could lead to malfunctions of aircraft main parts thus lead to aircraft
incidents. Since, pilot unable to control aircraft and stabilizing it. Moreover, from the
impact of accidents, it will cause another damages to the surroundings. As for
example, if the aircraft crashed at a neighbourhood area, therefore it will destroy all
the building or even sometimes can cause death. Furthermore, more fatalities will be
reported since it is involving all the passengers on board and local people over there.
Indeed, if poisonous items are being leaked and spill into the ocean or river, it will
affect the sources and cause pollution.

However, by transporting these dangerous goods across the world using air
mode of transportation such as an aircraft or jet, it will give benefits to the consumers
who are using it. As for example the dangerous goods class six which is toxic and
infections substances like vaccines. These vaccines which will be transported by
other authorities as medication supports for any needed countries in order to cure
and treat their patients who are suffering with any serious diseases. Therefore, a
better and health environment able to be achieved since air transportation able to
transport this hazardous item in proper ways.

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5.0 Conclusion

The conclusion is air cargo transportation services are very important due to
rapid increasing in cargo transporting from another country to another. Moreover, air
cargo able to deliver the parcel within short time and even faster than other mode of
transportations in this world. Therefore, cargo carriers able to generate more profits
from this sector. However, they are also need to deal with transporting dangerous
goods item depending on the customer’s request. Furthermore, in order to make it
happen, they have to make sure every single aspect is secured and safe mostly for
its packaging, labelling and special procedure in handling it. All of these manuals and
instructions have been set by ICAO and IATA in order to ensure safety of air
transportation. Therefore, everyone will believe and trust in using this transportation.
As for this assignment, I decided to choose perfume as one of the dangerous goods
which allies under class three. In addition, even perfume is something that we
commonly use in our daily life but it still has its own potential hazard to human body
since it is a very sensitive and strong mixture of alcohol and few things. Other than
that, it also can affect our surrounding and aircraft structure if it started to have a
reaction with unusual conditions. Therefore, we have to take precaution mostly
during handling it to prevent any unwanted accidents. Even sometimes we have to
consider about other people’s safety. Last but not least, all of these dangerous
goods that we learned in Air Cargo Operations subjects have their own benefits
mostly towards our daily basic activities and routine. Without it, we might be unable
to conduct our activities as usual and in normal ways since some of it also provide
facilities for us. But, in order to gain the benefits from it, all ground handling
operators have to face with the risk during transporting it together with flight crews
who needs to make sure and maintain everything under control from time to time to
avoid any bad effects. Lastly, since we are learning about this subject, it will gives us
a lot of knowledge on how to handle all of these items based on the requirements
and guidelines that have been setup thus learn about all the labelling and dangerous
good classes.

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6.0 Appendix

6.1 The picture below shows some product examples for female perfumes
which come in several of shapes, designs, scents and prices. These
are some elements to promote or attract people in buying it since
ladies are very attracted to pretty and luxurious items. However, all of
these perfumes contains high amount of Ethanol in order to make it last
longer on clothes.

Figure 1.0: Product examples for female perfumes

Source: (Ashley, 2020)

6.2 The picture below shows some product examples for male perfumes’
design and scents which are much simpler to be compared with ladies
editions. This brand is a very famous brand for male’s perfume and
contains lots of Ethanol in the mixture. Hence of that, the scent of these
perfumes able to last longer compare to non-alcohol mixture.

Figure 2.0: Product examples for male perfumes

Source: (Branded Girls, 2020)

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6.3 The picture below shows the symbol or sign for dangerous goods class
three which categorized all flammable liquid under it. Perfume is one of
the flammable liquid since it contains Ethanol. Ethanol is a reactive
ingredient thus able to create spark and fire when react with chemical.
Therefore, whenever ground handler saw this label during loaded
cargo, they will handle it properly.

Figure 3.0: Symbol for dangerous goods under class three

Source: (Australian Safety Signs, 2020)

6.4 The picture below shows the picture of dangerous goods class three
packaging parcel. The reason why is to ensure the safety of aircraft
which operates and brings the items and also passengers, crews and
even surrounding. Therefore, unwanted incident can be avoided.

Figure 4.0: Picture of dangerous goods under class three parcels

Source: (DGM New York, 2019)

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6.5 The picture below shows the picture of irritation skins around wrist
caused by direct perfume application on top of skins. Since, the
individual is having allergy reaction towards any of perfume
ingredients, so it caused the person to get and suffer it.

Figure 5.0: Picture of irritation on wrist

Source: (Mayo Clinic, 2020)

6.6 The other symptoms on having reactions towards perfume which

contains Ethanol is head aching. The strong scent of certain flavour
might be causing some individuals to feel dizzy thus suffer another
symptoms like coughing and others.

Figure 6.0: Picture of someone is suffering sharp pain.

Source: (Raeburn, 2020)

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6.7 The picture shows one of the aircraft accidents caused by cargo
exploded in the belly hold. Therefore, the explosion cause pilot who
was in control difficulties to continue the journey until it creates fire at
the empennage. Furthermore, harm the lives of crews and other
passengers.

Figure 7.0: Picture of burnt aircraft at the belly hold part

Source: (The Flight, 2018)

6.8 The picture below shows the picture of a young boy is receiving
vaccines medication from authorized doctor in order to cure his
disease. Vaccines are one of the most useful dangerous goods items
which need to be transported cautiously to avoid any unwanted
situations. It shown that, dangerous goods items also have its
advantages and benefits to our life.

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 Figure 8.0: Picture of a young boy receiving his vaccines injection

Source: (Lecia, 2014)

7.0 Harvard Reference

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