3b. SURFACE WATER, GROUNDWATER AND WATER QUALITY

SURFACE WATER
AND
GROUNDWATER
AEN 1 (FUNDAMENTALS OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING)
Lhizel L. Claveria, ABE

Part-Time Instructor, Department of Agricultural Engineering
Central Bicol State University of Agriculture
PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this presentation, you are

expected to:
• Understand surface and groundwater;

• Know the importance of water quality;
• Understand the water quality guidelines in
agriculture
SOURCES OF WATER
SURFACE WATER
- water in a river, lake or fresh
water wetland
- Surface water is naturally
replenished by precipitation and
naturally lost through discharge
to the oceans, evaporation,
evapotranspiration and sub-
surface seepage Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parinacota.jpg
SOURCES OF WATER
SOURCES OF WATER
GROUNDWATER OR SUB-SURFACE WATER
- fresh water located in the pore

space of soil and rocks
- water that is flowing within
aquifers below the water table
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shipot.jpg

GROUNDWATER
AQUIFER
-geologic formation which
contains water and transmits it
at a rate sufficient to be
economically developed for
pumping
Image Source::www.stockton.edu/.../Gash/perched.htm
GROUNDWATER
CONFINED AQUIFER UNCONFINED AQUIFER

-An aquifer whose upper, -An aquifer whose upper
and perhaps lower, boundary consists of
boundary is defined by a relatively porous natural
layer of natural material that material that transmits
does not transmit water water readily and does
readily. not confine water.
-also known as artesian -also known as phreatic
aquifer aquifer
HOW TO EXTRACT WATER FROM THE
AQUIFER?
1. WELL DESIGN
-pipe specifications
-pipe length
-pipe perforations
-gravel pack for unconfined aquifer
Image Source:https://www.hcppump.com/show/show-397999.htm
AQUIFER?
2. WELL DRILLING AND PIPE INSTALLATION
Image Source:
http://www.hanfamachine.com/news/59.html
AQUIFER?
3. WELL DEVELOPMENT
-increases the rate of water

movement from the aquifer
into the well
Image Source:
https://www.pinterest.fr/pin/517
421444676387694/
AQUIFER?
4. PUMPS AND PRIME MOVER (pumpset) SPECIFICATION
AND INSTALLATION
Image Source: Image Source:

https://www.indiamart.com/proddet https://farmandlivestockdirectory.co Image Source:
ail/siemens-electric-motor- m/solar-powered-water-pumping- https://www.amazon.com/Honda-
16291561291.html what-you-need-to-consider/ WB20XT-Centrifugal-Water-
Image Source:
Pump/dp/B01GQU3EUU
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windpump
IMPORTANCE OF WATER
• Without water, there can

be no life.
• Every living thing needs
water to live
• Water is used in almost
all activities
Image Source:https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/natural-resources-
urban/is-your-drinking-water-safe/
WATER QUALITY
A term used to describe the chemical,

physical, and biological characteristics
of water with respect to its suitability
for a particular use.
Image Source:https://flores.unu.edu/en/about/media/releases/call-
for-water-professionals-to-fill-out-survey-on-water-quality-
indicators.html#info
WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
-differ depending on the proposed used of water
-As reported by Tchobanoglous et al., “water unsuitable

for one use may be quite satisfactory for another and
water may be considered acceptable for a particular use
if water of better quality is not available.”
WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
1.PHYSICAL
2.CHEMICAL
3.BIOLOGICAL
Image Source:https://www.nationthailand.com/news/30380755
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
1. Turbidity- Cloudiness caused

by the presence of suspended
solids in water
2. Temperature- Palatability,
viscosity, solubility, odors, and
chemical reactions are
influenced by temperature
Image Source: https://www.analyticaltechnology.com/analyticaltechnology/gas-water-
monitors/blog.aspx?ID=1324&Title=What%20Happens%20if%20Water%20Turbidity%2
0Gets%20Too%20High?
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
3. Color- May be due to the presence of

materials decayed from organic matter,
namely, vegetation and inorganic matter such
as soil, stones, and rocks. Color is measured
by comparing the water sample with standard
color solutions or colored glass disks
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
4. Taste and odor- Mainly due to organic

substances, biological activity, industrial pollution
5. Electrical conductivity- measure of the ability of
a solution to carry or conduct an electrical current
CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
1. pH- measure of hydrogen ion.

-French word, “pouvoir hydrogéne”, which means
“hydrogen power”
2. Chloride- Dissolution of salt deposit
3. Nitrate- Increasing level of nitrate is due to Agricultural
fertilizers, manure, animal dung, nitrogenous material
,sewage pollution
CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
4. Dissolved oxygen (DO)- considered to be one of the

most important parameters of water quality in streams, rivers,
and lakes. It is a key test of water pollution. The higher the
concentration of dissolved oxygen, the better the water
quality.
5. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)- represents the
amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria and other
microorganisms while they decompose organic matter under
aerobic (oxygen is present) conditions at a specified
temperature.
CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
6. Hardness- term used to express the properties of highly

mineralized waters
7. Total Dissolved Solids- concentration of non-volatile
substances present in colloidal or molecular state
BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
1. Bacteria
2. Algae
3. Viruses
4. Protozoa
Image Source:https://pab.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/DAO-2016-08-WQG-and-GES.pdf
WATER QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR
PRIMARY PARAMETERS
PARAMETER UNIT CLASS C
BOD mg/L 7
Chloride mg/L 350
Color TCU 75
Dissolved Oxygen (a)
mg/L 5
(Minimum)
Notes:
Fecal coliform MPN/100mL 200 MPN/100mL- Most Probable Number per 100 millimeter
Nitrate as NO3-N mg/L 7 TCU- True color unit
(a)- Samples shall be taken from 9:00 AM to 4:00 PM
pH (Range) 6.5-9.0 (b)- The natural background temperature as determined
Phosphate mg/L 0.5 by EMB shall prevail if the temperature is lower or higher
than the WQG; provided that the maximum increase is
Temperature(b) oC 25-31 only up to 10 percent and that it will not cause any risk to
Total suspended solids mg/L 80 human health and the environment.
SOURCES/REFERENCES:
Belonio, A. 2006. Dictionary of Agricultural Engineering.Central Philippine University. Iloilo City, Philippines
DENR Administrative Order No. 2016-08. Water Quality and General Effluent Standards of 2016
http://aquaculture.asia/files/PMNQ%20WQ%20standard%202.pdf
https://www.intechopen.com/books/water-quality-science-assessments-and-policy/water-quality-parameters
https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/biological-oxygen-demand-bod-and-water?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-
science_center_objects
https://www.slideshare.net/bala1957/water-quality-parameters

3b. SURFACE WATER, GROUNDWATER AND WATER QUALITY

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3b. SURFACE WATER, GROUNDWATER AND WATER QUALITY

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SURFACE WATER

Lhizel L. Claveria, ABE

At the end of this presentation, you are

• Understand surface and groundwater;

GROUNDWATER OR SUB-SURFACE WATER

- fresh water located in the pore

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shipot.jpg

CONFINED AQUIFER UNCONFINED AQUIFER

-increases the rate of water

Image Source: Image Source:

• Without water, there can

A term used to describe the chemical,

-differ depending on the proposed used of water

-As reported by Tchobanoglous et al., “water unsuitable

1. Turbidity- Cloudiness caused

3. Color- May be due to the presence of

4. Taste and odor- Mainly due to organic

1. pH- measure of hydrogen ion.

4. Dissolved oxygen (DO)- considered to be one of the

6. Hardness- term used to express the properties of highly

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