Lund University

Division of Materials Engineering

Examination in Advanced Materials Technology

Wednesday, 19 Dec 2012, 1400 -1800 hrs

Hall M:L1, L2, 2382

You are allowed to use physical / mathematical tables and a calculator

You are advised to write your answers in a concise, clear and well formulated manner.
Proper justification for your answers is vital for getting high marks.

You can write the answers in English or Swedish.

Grades
Out of a maximum of 100 marks for this examination, 10 marks (max) will be given to your
lab. report and 20 marks (max) for your project work.

Grade 3 (pass): 50/100, Grade 4 : 70/100 and Grade 5 : 85/100

Results
The results will be reported via e-mail by 11 january 2013.
1. (a) Sketch a schematic (221) stereogram for an fcc single crystal and index the following
poles : (138),(204),(314),(134),(311)and (244). Use the enclosed polar net.
Give all the details which led you to the indexing of the poles. (9p)

(b) Use the enclosed (001) stereogram to find the slip system which is activated first
when a single crystal of Iron (bcc) is subjected to tensile loading in the direction
[2 15] ? Explain how you arrived at the answer. (6p)

2. In the ternary system ABC, an alloy with 40% B and 8% C undergoes a eutectic reaction
L   +  between 550och 500C. Equilibrium compositions of the various phases are given
in the following table at two different temperatures.

Temperature (C)   L
540 85%A, 10%B, 5%C 5%A, 93%B, 2%C 55%A, 30%B, 15%C
510 82%A, 11%B, 7%C 6%A, 89%B, 5%C 48%A, 32%B, 20%C

Calculate: (a) the proportions of the various phases in the alloy at 540C.
(b) the relative amounts of the liquid phase at 540C and 510C.
(9+3p)

3. Explain the concepts and the connection between:

(a) Stereograms and Pole figures (b) Cross-slip and Climb of dislocations
(c) X-ray and Neutron diffraction (d) Precipitation and Dispersion Hardening
(16p)
4. Describe the underlying principles and possibilities with:
(a) Austenite-Martensite transformation in steels (b) Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy
(c) Corrosion Protection
(12p)

5. The deformation mechanism map given in the figure below shows three fields of creep for each
of which the secondary creep rate  ( s 1 ) is represented by an expression of the form
  A   n  exp( Q / ( R  T ))
The constant A is 1.5105, 5.8105/d2 and 10-9/d3 for dislocation Creep, Herring-Nabarro Creep
and Coble Creep respectively. The stress ‘’ is in MPa and ‘d’ is the grain size in meters while
the stress exponent ‘n’ is 5, 1 and 1, ‘Q’ is the activation energy having the values 550, 550 and
400 kJ/mol for the three creep mechanisms. ‘R’ is
the gas constant (8.314 J mol-1K-1).

Assuming the grain size to be 1mm,

(a) Label the the three Creep fields
(b) Calculate the stress level ‘’ in MPa
of the boundary AB.
(c) Calculate the temperature (K) of the
boundary AC.
(10p)

. . . . . . . next page
6. If the true stress – true strain curve is given by  1400   0.33 where stress is in MPa,
calculate the ultimate tensile strength of the material? (5p)

7. Individual Lab. Report – SEM (10p)

8. Group Project Report (20p)

*********

Formulae / Constants
Acceleration due to gravity (Sweden) : 9.82 m s-2
Angle between two planes of atoms (hkl), (uvw) or two directions [hkl], [uvw] in a cubic
crystal*

bg
cos  
b h u  k v  l wg
ch  k  l hcu  v  w h
2 2 2 2 2 2

* In a hcp-crystal, angle between two planes of atoms (h1k1i1l1) och (h2k2i2l2) can be
calculated from :
1 3 a2
h1h2  k1k 2  ( h1k 2  h2 k1 )   2  l1l2
cos  2 4 c
FG 2
3 a 2 IJ FG 3 a2 2
h1  k1  h1k1   2  l1  h2  k 2  h2 k 2   2  l2
IJ
H KH K
2 2 2 2

4 c 4 c
Arrhenius equation : k = k o . e -Q /(R.T)
ASTM-grain size number (n) is calculated from:
N = no. of grains per sq.in.at 100x = 2n-1
Avogadros constant = 6.022 . 1023 mol-1
Avrami relation for phase transformations : f = fraction converted = 1 - exp - c.t n c h
where c and n are constants at a given temperature
Distance (shortest) between two dislocations = (dislocation density)-0.5
Boltzmann’s constant (k) = 1.381 10-23 J K-1

bg
Bragg’s law : 2 . d ( hkl ) .sin   n .  ; för cubic lattices, d b hkl g  ao / h 2  k 2  l 2

CP = specific heat at constant pressure = dH/dT J mol-1 K-1

CV = specific heat at constant volume = dU/dT J mol-1 K-1
Cold Work (%) = 100 . (Ao- A)/Ao där Ao is the initial area

F cI
= k v G 1- J
0.5

H cK
0
Crack growth velocity : v c l where

vl is the speed of sound in the longitudinal direction , c0 is half the critical

(Griffith) crack length, c is half the crack length at a given time and k is a
dimensionless constant
Cylinder : Cross-sectional area = (/4) . (diameter)2 ;
Circumferential area =  . (diameter) . (height)

Diffusion constants : ( m2s-1 )

D : Interdiffusivity
DA, DB : Intrinsic diffusivities
In a binary system A-B, D = XB DA + XA DB
*
D : Self-diffusivity

DB  DB*  1 
FG d ln( B ) IJ where B = activity coefficient for B in AB
H d ln( X B ) K
and XB = mole fraction for B

z
X
1 dx
Boltzmann - Matano analysis : D    x  dX
2t dX X 0
where t : time, x : distance from the Matano surface, X : atom fraction
Energy in a dislocation (per unit length) = 0.5 G.b2 J m-1
where G: shear modulus, b: Burger’s vector

z b g
x
2 d 2
erf ( x )  . e x
2
erf ( x )  . e  x dx ; erf(0) = 0 ; erf(  ) = 1;
2
;
 0
dx 
erf(-x) = -erf(x) ; erfc(x) = 1 - erf(x)

erf ( x ) 
2
.
b1g . x  2 x .FG1 x  x  x ...IJ
 n 2 n 1 2 4 6

 n!b2n  1g
n0  H 3 10 42 K
1 electronvolt (eV) = 1.6021 10-19 J
Fick’s I law Flux per unit area = - D . (dC/dx)
Fick’s II law C/t = D . (2C/x2)
General solution for a Semi-infinite system : C = A + B . erf [ x / ( 2(Dt) ) ]
A och B are constants. Initial and boundary conditions are used for determining A och B.
Using CS (surface), C0(Initial), CX (at a given ‘x’), (CS - CX) / (CS - C0 ) = erf [x /( 2 (Dt) )]
Solutions for Finite systems:
C  CS 8 
1  (2n  1) 2   2 D  t 
Slab :  2
Ci  CS 

n  0 (2n  1)
2
 exp   2 
 4 L 
C  CS 
  n2  D  t 
4
Cylinder :
Ci  CS
  2
 exp 
R2 

n 1 n 
where  n  2.405,5.520,8.654,11.792....; n  1, 2,3, 4....
( n are roots of the equation J 0 ( x)  0, where J 0 ( x)
is the Bessel function of zero order )
C  CS 6 
1  n 2 2 Dt 
Sphere :  2
Ci  CS 
 2
 exp  
R2 

n 1 n 
Fracture : Theoretical Fracture Stress (Theoretical Cohesive Strength) = ( E  s / ao ) 0.5
where  s is the surface energy ( J m-2 ), a o is the lattice parameter (m).
Griffith ' sconditions :   min .stress for crack growth in a brittle material
0,5 0,5
 2Es   Es 
     where the crack length is 2c
 c   2c 

F 2E I
För thick plates (c << thickness),   G
0 ,5

H c1   h c JK
s
2

Griffith - Orowan equation for metals :   G

F 2 E d   s p iIJ  FG E  IJ
0 ,5
p
0 ,5

H c K H 2c K
where  p is plastic work which is required for crack growth
Gas Constant = R = 8.314 J mol-1 K-1
Geometry: For a sphere, Area = 4r2; volume=(4/3)r3 where r is the radius.
For a cylinder, Cross-sectional area = (d2)/4 ; volume = [(d2)/4]L
Triangular area = 0.5 [base x height]
Gibbs phase rule: no. of phases (P) + degrees of freedom (F) = components (C) + 2
G o  H o  T . S o   R . T .ln K where K is the equilibrium constant

G o  H o  T . S o   R . T .ln pO2 d i för oxidation reactions,

for ex. 2 Cu ( s)  O2 ( g )  2 CuO ( s) where s : solid, g : gas
Hall-Petch equation : yield point = Re = Ro + K / d0.5 where Ro och K are material constants
Norton’s Law: Secondary Creep Rate = constant  n
Poisson’s ratio () = - transverse / longitudinal = (3K – 2G)/(6K+2G)  1/3 for most materials
E = 2G(1+) …………E :Young’s Modulus, K : Bulk Modulus, G:Shear Modulus
Schmid’s Law: resolved = tensile·cos·cos

Sievert’s law :
1
b g
H2 gas  H % ; K  b g
%H b g
2 p H2
1/ 2
d i
Extended Simpson’s Rule:
x2 n
h
x f ( x)  dx  3   f0  4( f1  f3  .... f 2 n1 )  2( f 2  f 4  ... f 2 n2 )  f 2 n 
0

Stress (Pa) Engineering stress = s = P / Ao ; True stress =  = P / A = s (1+e)

where Ao is the initial area and P is the load. 1 MPa = 1 N/mm2
Strain Engineering strain = e = (L-Lo)/Lo where Lo is the initial length
True strain =  = ln (L/Lo) = ln (Ao/A) = ln(1+e)
Ludwig relationship:   k   n (true stress – true strain relationship in the plastic region)
Temperature (degrees K) = degrees Celsius + 273.15
Weiss zone law (hkl) belongs to zone [uvw] if ( hu + kv + lw ) = 0
If (h1k1l1) och (h2k2l2) belong to a zone, (h3k3l3) belongs to the same zone
if h3 = nh1 + mh2, k3 = nk1 + mk2, l3 = n. l1 + m l2 where n och m are integers
If (h1k1l1) och (h2k2l2) belong to zone [uvw],
u = k1 l2 - k2 l1 ; v = l1 h2 - l2 h1 ; w = h1 k2 - h2 k1

(001) Stereogram for Cubic Crystals

Polar Stereographic Net