Lund University

Division of Materials Engineering

Examination in Advanced Materials Technology

Monday, 12 January 2015, 0800 -1200 hrs

Hall M: L1, L2, 2382

You are allowed to use physical / mathematical tables and a calculator

You are advised to write your answers in a concise, clear and well formulated manner.
Proper justification for your answers is vital for getting high marks.

You can write the answers in English or Swedish.

Grades
Out of a maximum of 100 marks for this examination, 10 marks (max) will be given to your
lab. report and 20 marks (max) for your project work.

Grade 3 (pass): 50/100, Grade 4 : 70/100 and Grade 5 : 85/100

Results
The results will be reported in Ladok by 3rd february 2015.
1. (a) Sketch a schematic (111) stereogram for an fcc single crystal and index 4 poles at
right angles to (111). (4p)
Further, index the following poles too.
(i) (3 12) , (ii) (12 1) , (iii) (22 1) . Use the enclosed polar net. (6p)
Give all the details which led you to the indexing of the poles.

(b) Use the enclosed (001) stereogram to find the slip system which is activated first
when a single crystal of Molybdenum (bcc) is subjected to tensile loading in the
direction [125]. Explain how you arrived at the answer. (4p)

2. In the following ternary phasediagram, -phase is rich in A and -phase is rich in B.

(a) Sketch the binary diagrams separately and identify all the single phase and 2-phase
regions. State the invariant reaction in each system (if any). (6p)

(b) In the ternary system, identify the surfaces which separate the phase regions
(i) (L+) /  and (ii) (L+) / (++L). (6p)

3. Explain the concepts and the connection between: (44p)

(a) Deformation and texture formation (b) Partial dislocations and hardening
(c) Radiation damage and ductility (d) Composition inhomogeneity and Corrosion
4. Describe the underlying principles and possibilities with: (34p)
(a) Zone refining (b) Dilatometry (c) Chemical Vapor Deposition

5. Creep experiments on an austenitic alloy at 1088 K gave the following data.

Calculate the highest allowable stress for a component made of this alloy, if the
acceptable deformation is a maximum of 1% after 100000 hours. Use a safety factor of 2
for the stress. The component is to be used at 1063 K. The activation energy for creep is
approximately 300 kJ/mol.

Stress (MPa) Secondary Creep Rate (s-1) Stress (MPa) Secondary Creep Rate (s-1)
70 1,9 x 10-10 210 5,8 x 10-6
-9
105 7,1 x 10 280 8,1 x 10-5
140 1,5 x 10-7 350 9,0 x 10-4

  A   n  e  Q /( RT ) where A and Q are constants.

Given: (8p)
Q = Activation energy for Creep

6. Metals A och B form alloys with fcc-structure at 1200C. At this temperature, a

diffusion couple of A and B are treated for 100000 s and the concentration of B
varies with distance according to the following figure. Determine the interdiffusion
coefficient at CB = 0.052 mol cm-3. (8p)

7. Individual Lab. Report – SEM (10p)

8. Group Project Report (20p)

*********
Formulae / Constants
Acceleration due to gravity (Sweden) : 9.82 m s-2 ; 1 electronvolt (eV) = 1.6021 10-19 J
Angle between two planes of atoms (hkl), (uvw) or two directions [hkl], [uvw] in a cubic
crystal*

bg
cos  
bh u  k v  l wg
ch  k  l hcu  v  w h
2 2 2 2 2 2

* In a hcp-crystal, angle between two planes of atoms (h1k1i1l1) och (h2k2i2l2) can be
calculated from :
1 3 a2
h1h2  k1k 2  (h1k 2  h2 k1 )   2  l1l2
cos  2 4 c
FG 3 a 2
IJ FG 3 a2
h12  k12  h1k1   2  l12  h22  k 22  h2 k 2   2  l22
IJ
H 4 c KH 4 c K
Arrhenius equation : k = k o . e -Q / (R.T)
ASTM-grain size number (n) is calculated from: N = no. of grains per sq.in.at 100x = 2n-1
Avogadros constant = 6.022 . 1023 mol-1
Avrami relation for phase transformations : f = fraction converted = 1 - exp - c.t n c h
where c and n are constants at a given temperature
Distance (shortest) between two dislocations = (dislocation density)-0.5
Boltzmann’s constant (k) = 1.381 10-23 J K-1

bg
Bragg’s law : 2 . d ( hkl ) .sin   n .  ; för cubic lattices, d b hkl g  ao / h 2  k 2  l 2

CP = specific heat at constant pressure = dH/dT J mol-1 K-1

CV = specific heat at constant volume = dU/dT J mol-1 K-1
Cold Work (%) = 100 . (Ao- A)/Ao där Ao is the initial area

F cI
= k v G 1- J
0.5

H cK
0
Crack growth velocity : v c l where vl is the speed of sound in the

longitudinal direction , c0 is half the critical (Griffith) crack length, c is half the crack
length at a given time and k is a dimensionless constant

Cylinder : Cross-sectional area = (/4) . (diameter)2 ;

Circumferential area =   (diameter)  (height)

Diffusion constants : ( m2s-1 )

D : Interdiffusivity ; DA, DB : Intrinsic diffusivities
In a binary system A-B, D = XB DA + XA DB

DB  DB*  1 
FG
d ln( B ) IJ
where B = activity coefficient for B in AB,
H
d ln( X B ) K
D* is self-diffusivity of ‘B’ and XB = mole fraction for B
 z
X
1 dx
Boltzmann - Matano analysis : D    x  dX
2t dX X 0
where t : time, x : distance from the Matano surface, X : atom fraction

z b g
x
2 d 2
erf ( x)  . e x
2
erf ( x )  . e  x dx
2
; ; erf(0) = 0 ; erf(  ) = 1;
 0
dx 
erf(-x) = -erf(x) ; erfc(x) = 1 - erf(x)

erf ( x ) 
2
.
b1g . x  2 x .FG1 x  x  x ...IJ
 n 2 n 1 2 4 6

 n!b2n  1g
n0  H 3 10 42 K
Fick’s I law Flux per unit area = - D . (dC/dx)
Fick’s II law C/t = D . (2C/x2)
General solution for a Semi-infinite system : C = A + B . erf [ x / ( 2(Dt) ) ]
A och B are constants. Initial and boundary conditions are used for determining A och B.
Using CS (surface), C0(Initial), CX (at a given ‘x’), (CS - CX) / (CS - C0 ) = erf [x /( 2 (Dt) )]
Solutions for Finite systems:
C  CS 8 
1  (2n  1) 2   2 D  t 
Slab :  2
Ci  CS 

n  0 (2n  1)
2
 exp   2 
 4 L 
C  CS 
  n2  D  t 
4
Cylinder :
Ci  CS
n 1  n
2
 exp  
R2 


where  n  2.405,5.520,8.654,11.792....; n  1, 2,3, 4....
( n are roots of the equation J 0 ( x)  0, where J 0 ( x)
is the Bessel function of zero order )
C  CS 6 
1  n 2 2 Dt 
Sphere :  2
Ci  CS 
 2
 exp  
R2 

n 1 n 
Energy in a dislocation (per unit length) = 0.5 G.b2 J m-1
where G: shear modulus, b: Burger’s vector
Fracture : Theoretical Fracture Stress (Theoretical Cohesive Strength) = ( E  s / ao ) 0.5
where  s is the surface energy ( J m-2 ), a o is the lattice parameter (m).
Griffith ' sconditions :   min.stress for crack growthin a brittle material
0,5 0,5
 2Es   Es 
     where the crack length is 2c
 c   2c 

F 2E I
För thick plates (c << thickness),   G
0 ,5

H c1   h c JK
s
2
 F 2 E d  
Griffith - Orowan equation for metals :   G
s p iIJ 0 ,5
F E  IJ
G
p
0 ,5

H c K H 2c K
where  p is plastic work which is required for crack growth

Gas Constant = R = 8.314 J mol-1 K-1

Geometry: For a sphere, Area = 4r2; volume=(4/3)r3 where r is the radius.
For a cylinder, Cross-sectional area = (d2)/4 ; volume = [(d2)/4]L
Triangular area = 0.5 [base x height]
Gibbs phase rule: no. of phases (P) + degrees of freedom (F) = components (C) + 2
G o  H o  T . S o   R . T .ln K where K is the equilibrium constant

G o  H o  T . S o   R . T .ln pO2 d i för oxidation reactions,

for ex. 2 Cu ( s)  O2 ( g )  2 CuO ( s) where s : solid, g : gas
Hall-Petch equation : yield point = Re = Ro + K / d0.5 where Ro och K are material constants
Norton’s Law: Secondary Creep Rate = constant  n
Poisson’s ratio () = - transverse / longitudinal = (3K – 2G)/(6K+2G)  1/3 for most materials
E = 2G(1+) …………E :Young’s Modulus, K : Bulk Modulus, G:Shear Modulus
Schmid’s Law: resolved = tensile·cos·cos

Sievert’s law :
1
b g
H2 gas  H % ; K 
%H
b g b g
2 pH2
1/ 2
d i
Extended Simpson’s Rule:
x2 n
h
x f ( x)  dx  3   f 0  4( f1  f3  .... f 2 n1 )  2( f 2  f 4  ... f 2 n2 )  f 2 n 
0

Stress (Pa) Engineering stress = s = P / Ao ; True stress =  = P / A = s (1+e)

where Ao is the initial area and P is the load. 1 MPa = 1 N/mm2
Strain Engineering strain = e = (L-Lo)/Lo where Lo is the initial length
True strain =  = ln (L/Lo) = ln (Ao/A) = ln(1+e)
Ludwig relationship:   k   n (true stress – true strain relationship in the plastic region)
Temperature (degrees K) = degrees Celsius + 273.15
Weiss zone law (hkl) belongs to zone [uvw] if ( hu + kv + lw ) = 0
If (h1k1l1) och (h2k2l2) belong to a zone, (h3k3l3) belongs to the same zone
if h3 = nh1 + mh2, k3 = nk1 + mk2, l3 = n. l1 + m l2 where n och m are integers

If (h1k1l1) och (h2k2l2) belong to zone [uvw],

u = k1 l2 - k2 l1 ; v = l1 h2 - l2 h1 ; w = h1 k2 - h2 k1
(001) Stereogram for Cubic Crystals
Polar Stereographic Net