Effect of Silo Storage Time on the

Characteristics of Virgin and RAP

Asphalt Mixtures

Christopher Jacques, E.I.T.

TRB 95th Annual Meeting

Washington, D.C.
January 12, 2016
Acknowledgements
 Research Partners
– Dr. Jo Daniel, University of New Hampshire
– Dr. Thomas Bennert, Rutgers University
– Dr. Walaa Mogawer and Christopher Ericson,
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
– Gerry Reinke, Mathy Construction
– Dr. Y. Richard Kim and Amirhossein Norouzi,
North Carolina State University
 Callanan Industries
 TPF 5(230): Northeast High RAP Study

Silo Storage – TRB, Jan. 2016 2

Silo Storage Study
 HMA stored in silos before delivery to site
 Storage time not controlled
 High temperatures to maintain workability
 Short-term aging?

Silo Storage – TRB, Jan. 2016 3

Objectives
1. Determine if silo storage time has significant
effect on virgin, RAP properties
2. Determine if changes are due to aging from silo
and/or blending

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Materials
 Virgin & 25% RAP Mixtures
– Virgin: 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 hour
storage times
– RAP: 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 hour
storage times
 PG 64-22
 12.5 mm NMAS
 75 gyrations
 Discharge temperatures:
~175º C (350º F)

Silo Storage – TRB, Jan. 2016 5

Binder Testing Methods
 Dynamic Shear Rheometer
 Bending Beam Rheometer
 Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO) aging for various
times (45, 85, 135, 170, 300 mins.)

DSR BBR RTFO

Source: www.pavementinteractive.org Source: www.pavementinteractive.org Source: www.pavementinteractive.org

Silo Storage – TRB, Jan. 2016 6

Mixture Testing Methods
 Dynamic Modulus
 S-VECD Fatigue
 LVECD (Layered ViscoElastic Critical Distresses)
 TSRST (Thermal Stress Restrained Specimen Test)

S-VECD TSRST
Silo Storage – TRB, Jan. 2016 7
Binder Results: PG Grading

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Binder Results: ΔTcr

Source: Brown, Kandhal, et al., 2009

 Tcr (Stiffness) = Critical low temp. where S(60) = 300

 Tcr (m-value) = Critical low temp. where m(60) = 0.3
 ΔTcr = Tcr (Stiffness) – Tcr (m-value)
Silo Storage – TRB, Jan. 2016 9
Binder Results: ΔTcr

Silo Storage – TRB, Jan. 2016 10

Binder Results: Rheological Indices
 CAM master curve parameters ω, R
 Crossover frequency, ω
 Rheological index, R-value

Source: Anderson et al., 1994

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Binder Results: Rheological Indices

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Binder Results: Rheological Indices

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Binder Results: Glover-Rowe Parameter

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Binder Results: Glover-Rowe Parameter

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Mixture Results: Dynamic Modulus

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Mixture Results: Black Space

Silo Storage – TRB, Jan. 2016 17

 Mixture Results: Fatigue GR-Nf
Better fatigue
resistance

 Virgin mix only

 GR: Fatigue failure criterion; characterizes damage accumulation
 Nf: Number of cycles to failure

Silo Storage – TRB, Jan. 2016 18

Mixture Results: LVECD Evaluations
 Layered Viscoelastic Critical Distresses
 Uses E* & S-VECD fatigue results
 Shows relative damage
 Pavement structure:
– Asphalt layer: 100 mm (thin), 300 mm (thick)
– Aggregate base: 200 mm, 350 MPa
– Subgrade: 100 MPa

Silo Storage – TRB, Jan. 2016 19

Mixture Results: LVECD Evaluations

 Virgin mix only

 Number of failure points  relative damage

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Mixture Results: TSRST

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Summary & Conclusions
 Primary objective- better understanding of silo
storage effects
 Testing showed aging with storage time
 RAP may have experienced larger changes
 Lab conditioning methods vs. plant production

Silo Storage – TRB, Jan. 2016 22

Future Outlook
 Testing on various PG grades, RAP contents
 Practical considerations
 Other production parameters

Silo Storage – TRB, Jan. 2016 23

Thank you for your attention!
Questions/Comments?

Source: www.huffingtonpost.com

Chris Jacques
cds43@wildcats.unh.edu
24
Dynamic Modulus Ratios

Silo Storage – TRB, Jan. 2016 25

 Dynamic Modulus T-Tests

0 hrs vs. 2.5 hrs 0 hrs vs. 5 hrs 0 hrs vs. 7.5 hrs
25 Hz 0.850 0.213 0.044
10 Hz 0.474 0.265 0.063
5 Hz 0.272 0.336 0.091
4.4° C
1 Hz 0.190 0.390 0.103
0.5 Hz 0.166 0.413 0.098
0.1 Hz 0.405 0.422 0.092
25 Hz 0.145 0.046 0.001
10 Hz 0.159 0.049 0.001
5 Hz 0.155 0.052 0.000
21.1° C
1 Hz 0.168 0.069 0.001
0.5 Hz 0.148 0.064 0.001
0.1 Hz 0.168 0.083 0.000
25 Hz 0.106 0.056 0.003
10 Hz 0.098 0.044 0.002
5 Hz 0.116 0.041 0.002
37.8° C
1 Hz 0.147 0.050 0.001
0.5 Hz 0.152 0.044 0.001
0.1 Hz 0.225 0.091 0.002

Silo Storage – TRB, Jan. 2016 26

Binder Shear Modulus Master Curves

Silo Storage – TRB, Jan. 2016 27

Production/Volumetric Properties

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