Claro, Christian Dave C.

Quiz 2 1

12
11 / 9 / 2020 MSSN01E

1. Constant-Gain Multiplier
The inverting constant-gain multiplier, which provides a precise gain or amplification,
is one of the most common op-amp circuits.

I made a basic inverting amplifier the signal is applied to the inverting input which is
the pin 2 and so the output will have the inverted signal. The R2 will be our feedback
resistor it will take some of the output signal and feeds it back to the input so as a
result it reduces the voltage gain. I placed a signal source and oscilloscope for me to
see the results. I also placed a 15v source onto the 741 op. I adjusted the resistor to
get a -2v/v gain.

Non-Inverting
An op-amp circuit configuration which produces an amplified output signal is a
non-inverting amplifier. This non-inverting op-amp output signal is in phase with the
input signal applied. In other words, a non-inverting amplifier acts as a circuit for a
voltage follower. A non-inverting amplifier also uses a negative feedback connection,
but only a part of the output signal voltage is fed back as an input to the op-amp
inverting input terminal instead of feeding the entire output signal to the input. The
non-inverting amplifier’s high input impedance and low output impedance make the
circuit ideal for impedance buffering applications.
Claro, Christian Dave C. Quiz 2 2

12
11 / 9 / 2020 MSSN01E

It can be seen from the circuit that the output voltage is potentially split across
resistors R1 and R2, before being applied to the inverting input.

If the non-inverting input is connected to the ground, that is to say, VIN= 5V, the voltage
must also be at ground level at the inverting input terminal; if not, due to the notion of virtual
ground, any voltage difference between the input terminals would be amplified to move the
inverting input terminal back to ground level. The junction of the resistors R1 and R2 must
also be at ground level, since the inverting input terminal is at ground level. This implies that
zero will be the voltage drop across R2. As a consequence, zero must be the current flowing
through R1 and R2. Therefore, there are zero voltage drops across R1, and so the output
voltage is equal to the 5V input voltage. The output voltage will shift to keep the inverting
input terminal equal to that of the input voltage applied when a positive-going input signal is
applied to the non-inverting input terminal. There will therefore be a voltage of feedback
developed across resistor R2.

2. Voltage Summing

Another type of operational amplifier circuit configuration used to integrate the

voltages present on two or more inputs into a single output voltage is the Summing
Amplifier.

If the non-inverting operational amplifier's closed-loop gain is equal to the number of

summing inputs, then the output voltage of the op-amps will be exactly equal to the sum of
all the input voltages. That is, for a two input non-inverting summing amplifier, the gain of
the op-amps is equal to 2, the gain of the op-amps is 3, and so on, for a three input
summing amplifier. This is because each input resistor's flowing currents are a function of
the voltage at all its inputs. If all the input resistances are equal (R1 = R2), the circulating
currents cancel out as they cannot flow into the op-amp’s high impedance non-inverting
input and the sum of its inputs becomes the output voltage.
Claro, Christian Dave C. Quiz 2 3

12
11 / 9 / 2020 MSSN01E

3. Voltage buffer / follower

The Voltage Follower, also known as a buffer dosage, does not amplify the input
signal or invert it but provides insulation between two circuits instead. Although the output
impedance is low, the input impedance is very high, eliminating any loading effects inside
the circuit. As the output is directly related back to one of the inputs, the buffer’s total gain is
+1 and Vout = Vin.

You will get an input signal with two different outputs in the voltage buffer circuit, and
the benefit of this relation is that when the load is attached to another load, it cannot affect
the other output. The loads are either buffered from each other or disconnected. With this
increased output voltage, the circuit is built to loop back from the output through the wire
connecting the output to the inverting supply.
Claro, Christian Dave C. Quiz 2 4

12
11 / 9 / 2020 MSSN01E

4. Controlled Sources

It is important to consider these based sources, since they are how we model and
examine more complex components, such as transistors. It is possible to model certain
transistor conditions as though a small regulating current or voltage signal would regulate a
much greater current or voltage at another terminal at one terminal.

Voltage Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS)

A VCVS is a source of voltage where a voltage elsewhere in a circuit controls

the voltage.

The VCVS1 element is set with a gain of 10, so it creates an equation:

VXY=10VABV(X)−V(Y)=10⋅(V(A)−V(B))
V(X)−V(Y)−10⋅(V(A)−V(B))=0

V(X)−V(Y)−10V(A)+10V(B)=0

All of our linear controlled sources will have zero right-hand-side term. Since no current
flows into the controlling measurement terminals of VCVS1, then V1, R1, and R2 form a
simple resistive voltage divider, with VA=12 and VB=6 , so VAB=6 . Because of the VCVS
relationship, the source will look like a voltage of 10VAB , which is just 60 in this case. From
there, we can solve the right hand side directly: VY=5 and VXY=60 , so VX=65 and a
current of i3=0.65 A flows through resistor R3. In other circuits there will be an
interconnection that makes the system harder to solve, but when there is no feedback,
systems with controlled sources can be solved from input to output.
12
Claro, Christian Dave C. Quiz 2 5

12
11 / 9 / 2020 MSSN01E

Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCCS)

A VCCS is a source of current where a voltage elsewhere in a circuit controls the

current.

We’ve replaced our VCVS above with a VCCS with gain 0.5, meaning that for every 1 V of
voltage difference at the input terminals, the current source will have a current of 0.5 A in
the direction of the arrow as drawn. This is the branch current i2 as labeled.

i2=0.5VAB

i2=0.5⋅ (V (A) −V (B))

i2−0.5V (A) +0.5V (B) =0

Again, this circuit has no feedback and is simple enough to solve by inspection. VAB=6 as
before, so i2=3. To map to our resistor current as labeled i3 we simply have to observe
that i3=−i2, so i3=−3 A. If we’re interested in node voltages as well, we’d simply use Ohms’
Law on R3 and see that VX=−300, while it remains true that VY=5 due to voltage source V2.
In practice, a VCCS is often used in modeling MOSFETs or other voltage-effect-based
transistors.
Claro, Christian Dave C. Quiz 2 6

12
11 / 9 / 2020 MSSN01E

Current Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS)

A CCVS is a source of voltage where a current elsewhere in a circuit controls the

voltage. Here, we have specified a gain of 100 and a control current of R1.nA, meaning the
current of the resistor R1 in terminal nA

With no feedback, the total current on the left-hand side is i1=121000+1000=0.006,

so the source will be VXY=0.6. This makes the total voltage VX=5.6, so i3=0.056.
For a review of how to specify branch currents and terminal currents
Claro, Christian Dave C. Quiz 2 7

12
11 / 9 / 2020 MSSN01E

Current Controlled Current Source (CCCS)

A CCVS is a current source in which the current is controlled elsewhere in a

circuit by some other current: we have defined a gain of 0.5 here and use the same R1.nA
control terminal current again.

With still no feedback, the total controlling current is unchanged i1=0.006, so the source will
be i2=0.003. We can map to i3=−i2=−0.003. From there, the voltage VX=−0.3.
In practice, a CCCS is often used in modeling Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) or other
current-effect-based transistors.
Claro, Christian Dave C. Quiz 2 8

12
11 / 9 / 2020 MSSN01E

5. Instrumentation Circuits
A kind of differential amplifier with additional input buffer stages is the
instrumentation amplifier. The addition of input buffer stages makes it easy to match
the amplifier with the preceding stage (impedance matching). In industrial testing and
measurement applications, instrumentation is commonly used. There are also some
useful features of the instrumentation amplifier, such as low offset voltage, high
CMRR (rejection ratio of common mode), high input resistance, high gain, etc.

Operating from + /-12V DC, the amplifier has a gain of 10. If you need a variable
gain, replace Rg with a 5 K POT. You can use any op-amp instead of using uA741,
but the voltage of the power supply must be modified according to the op-amp. It is a
good choice to have a single LM324 op amp Ic. Inside the LM324, three of the four
op-amps can be used for IC1, IC2, IC3 and the remaining one can be left alone. This
lowers the size of the PCB a great deal and makes the circuit compact. The voltage
supply for the LM324 can be up to + /-16V DC.
Claro, Christian Dave C. Quiz 2 9

12
11 / 9 / 2020 MSSN01E

6. Active Filter
Filter amplification can also be used to either shape or alter the filter circuit's
frequency response by producing a more selective output response, making the
filter’s output bandwidth smaller or wider. Then, amplification is the main difference
between a "passive filter" and an "active filter." Within its design, an active filter
generally uses an operational amplifier (op-amp) and we saw in the Operational
Amplifier tutorial that an Op-amp has a high input impedance, a low output
impedance and a voltage gain determined within its feedback loop by the resistor
network.

Active Low Pass Filter

The circuit frequency response would be the same as for the passive RC filter,
except that the output amplitude is boosted by the amplifier's pass band gain, AF.
The voltage gain magnitude for the filter is given as a function of the feedback
resistor (R2) divided by its corresponding input resistor (R1) for a non-inverting
amplifier circuit.
Claro, Christian Dave C. Quiz 2 10

12
11 / 9 / 2020 MSSN01E

Active high pass filter

The frequencies that are greater than the cut-off frequency are allowed by a high
pass filter and the frequencies lower than the cut-off frequency are attenuated. This filter is
often referred to as the 'Low-Cut' or 'Base-Cut' filter in some situations. Based on the
configuration parameters of the filter, the amount of attenuation or the pass band range can
differ. An active filter's pass band gain is more than unity gain. The operation of the active
high pass filter is the same as the passive high pass filter, but the key difference is that an
operational amplifier is used by the active high pass filter to amplify the output signals and
gain controls.

The operation is the same as that of the passive high pass filter, except the amplifier
at the output amplifies the input signal. The amount of amplification is depending on the
amplifier’s gain. The pass band gain magnitude is equal to 1 + (R3 / R2). Where the
feedback resistor in ohms is R3 and the input resistor is R2.

Band Pass Filter

Band Pass Filters may be used to separate or filter out those frequencies that fall
within a given frequency band or spectrum. Using only a single resistor in series with a non-
polarized capacitor, the cut-off frequency or ⁇ c point in a basic RC passive filter can be
correctly regulated, and depending on the way through them, we have shown that either a
Low Pass or a High Pass filter is obtained.
Claro, Christian Dave C. Quiz 2 11

11
11 / 9 / 2020 MSSN01E

A Band Pass Filter passes signals within a given "band" or "spread" of frequencies without
distorting the input signal or adding additional noise, unlike the low-pass filter that only
passes signals from a low-frequency range or the high-pass filter that passes signals from a
higher frequency range. This frequency band can be any width and is generally referred to
as the Bandwidth filter. Bandwidth is generally defined as the frequency spectrum between
two given cut-off points of frequency ('c) that are 3dB below the maximum center or
resonant peak while attenuating or weakening the others beyond these two points.

Applications:

1. Constant-Gain Multiplier
2. Voltage Summing
3. Voltage Buffer
4. Controlled Sources
5. Instrumentation Circuits
6. Active Filters