Video of situation for

1min
 32, 365, 999
Malaysia’s Population in 2020

https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/malaysia-population/

Source:
worldometers.info
 75, 000
Estimated number of HOMELESS CHILDREN in Malaysia

http://www.gvnet.com/streetchildren/Malaysia.htm

Source: gvnet.com
 18,600
Estimated number of REFUGEE CHILDREN in Malaysia
 Society Segregation
“... in of an advanced Kuala Lumpur, sits an undignified Chow Kit Road. A sore thumb sticking out
with prostitutes, drugs, and homeless people.” (Source:)

The Have The Have Nots

During the day, the white collar workers, tourists, The unfortunate people: the homeless, children,
middle to high income people walk the streets immigrants, sex workers, drug addicts, etc fill
of Chow Kit the streets of Chow Kit, mostly at night.

The CONTRAST between the have and the have nots can be clearly seen in Chow Kit.
Sex The Homeless Drug Illegal
Workers Unfortunate Addicts Immigrants +
Children Refugees

Chow Kit is They live in dingy Unfortunate At night, Chow Kit They are often
famous and has homes along the people stricken becomes a exploited by
been known as streets of Chow Kit, by poverty found domain of drug organized crimes
one of the major often times their beside the addicts and drug into vice activities.
red light districts mothers are drug streets of Chow traffickers. They They usually end up
in KL, often addicts or sex Kit can be seen are found in homeless and take
driven workers. These eating scraps narrow streets and odd jobs. Many are
prostitution, children sometimes and begging for shady places. blamed for various
poverty and rugs have to steal food to food. crimes.
survive.
Video Clips
 THE FORGOTTEN CHILDREN:
Street Children of Chow Kit

Home is where their mothers
work as prostitutes
From marriages between Runaways from abusive
locals and foreigners and homes. Many of them
no valid documents, they reported a background
are unable to enroll in of family dysfunction.
schools become “street
kids”
"I know people say what I do is immoral and not good for
children, but if I don't do this who's going to feed my
child?" asks Anita, one of Kuala Lumpur's sex workers.

Source: ALJAZEERA
DBKL Homeless people count in 15 Kuala Lumpur hot spot zones in 2017 Source: DBKL, 2017
 SOCIO-CULTURE ISSUES
Organized Crimes:

Prostitution Gangsterism Human Trafficking

● Easy income ● Situational factor: ● Lack of enforcement to bring in people

Family, living environment, to be exploited for forced labour and
● Poverty psychological factor, social commercial exploitation.
Influence
● Victims are exploited by coercion, force or
fraud for forced labour, sexual exploitation and
contractual servitude.
 SOCIO-CULTURE ISSUES

Homeless Thievery Drug Addicts and Alcoholics

● Lack of access to housing.
● Economic factors such as
insufficient income.
● Interpersonal factors: domestic
violence.
● Constant obsession ● No access for treatment, they
with drugs can lead to continue to descend deeper into
crime and aggression a cycle of poverty, drug and
alcohol use.
● Desperation of needs

● Personal attributes: criminal record

or mental illness, drinking, drug
abuse
 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Vehicle Congestions Poor Garbage Poor Drainage

● Too many cars for the Management and System
roadway due to Vandalism
inadequate mass transit ● Poor infrastructure
options or other reasons ● No sense of belonging
● Poor maintenance
● People will be difficult to ● Poor maintenance
cross the roads due to
absence of crosslane

Humble beginnings
Late 19th century
One of the main economic
minerals, tin was discovered. This
development caused big amount
of Chinese workers move to Malaya
to work as tin miners. Chinese have
settled down some of the places in
Kuala Lumpur like Chow Kit and
Batu village and become a
community with a strong Chinese
influence.
Contrast in Now & Then-
The above pictures shows the Jawanese
restaurants in Chow Kit which is the
result of migration of foreign workers.
1990s
Due to the migration of chinese
population out from the city center,
foreign workers from different
countries such as Indonesia , Burma
and Bangladesh migrated to the city
center. Among the foreign workers,
Indonesian has become one of the
biggest immigrant group in Chow Kit.
2000s
A few Africans arrived as construction
workers to build the venues for the 1998
Commonwealth Games in Kuala
Lumpur. Later, many more young
Africans streamed into the country in
pursuit of good-quality and low-priced
higher education.Migration of African
has become new community in Chow
Kit.
 Geographical Location

MALAYSIA TO KUALA LUMPUR TO CHOW KIT SITE 1

Kuala Lumpur Located within the The foundation in which Our site is located very
exists as a National Kuala Lumpur City the city was built, Jalan closely with the Chow kit
& Inter- national Centre, Chow Kit is TAR area is presently a Monorail station and is in
Node. Formally a home to major district where the intersection of the
mining state. It is immigrants, local and corporate four major roads, Jalan
now the very heart prostitutes and businesses mix. The Sultan Azlan Shah , Jalan
of Malaysia’s rapid street children. The transition on different Tuanku Abdul Rahman
development. wet market in the streets parallel to Jalan and Jalan Raja Muda
heart of the district TAR creates a diverse Abdul Aziz.
is the intersection of experience from every
the different direction.
communities
 Figure Ground- Gentrification
West East North west West East

The area has many shoplots but the WEST side has more buildings of larger footprints. This is because of the Haji Taib
district on the West side of the diagram. This district regulates building frontage of Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman.

The west side of Chow Kit consist of smaller building footprints compare to the east side of Chow Kit. From here,
west side of Chow Kit is fine-grained urbanism that provides more walkable pedestrian walkways.

Human eye level (1.8 m) Monorail Track ( 15 m) Buildings above 4 floors( 20 m)

This diagram shows the study of building variation in terms of height. It shows the relation between the building height and its
function as well as a clear understanding towards the pattern of development across time. It is seen that there is an increase of
building height which is influenced by the development of construction methods across time.
3d model site overview
 Total Build Up Area

Total area =
6700 sqm

2
1. Iron Gate

1 Total area= 6700 sqm

2. Temporary Hoarding

Main Access
Existing Buildings and Uses

Chow Kit has a variety of uses and

functions thus attracting variety of
people to visit at various times for
various reasons. This contrast of
activities, forms, people provide rich
perceptual mix.
 Views Into Site

Views to the Site is currently scarce as it is covered with hoardings. However, there
is a strong opportunity for visual connection from the monorail station, overhead
bridges as well as multiple junctions as the site is located at the corner of an
intersection. Which gives a chance to make it welcoming and inviting.
 Views From Site

Views from the site includes the elevated monorail station from the South side. The
view of the Petronas tower can be seen from the East side which is blocked by the
monorail station but has the potential to be seen from higher floor levels. From
these factors the appropriate height of the proposed urban room can be 3-5 storeys.
 Site Security

Green screening and landscape is to be

Fencing is to be maintained for safety of encouraged, should be maintained for safety
pedestrians on the walkway and at site. reasons.
 Climatic Study

Wind Path and Speed Analysis

Stronger from south-east

Major road increases wind

circulation- Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah
and Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz
 Climatic Study
Sun Path Analysis

The west part of the site has less vegetations compared to the others which can have
enough shading.
Therefore ,
- Evening activities can be done at north/south/east for more shading
- Facade treatment- Minimize impact of afternoon sun on the west
Contrast in Typology

The youth does not hang around

the high-rise buildings, instead they
stick around shophouses and low
rise buildings. From this we can see
the contrast between the North
and South, where the youth
usually hang at the South part of
Chow Kit where they can pick
pocket, find food and get shelter
easily.
 Contrast in Functionality
Landmarks

1. KPJ Sentosa KL 2. Hospital Kuala 3. Grand 4. Chow Kit

Seasons Hotel Monorail Station
Specialist Hospital Lumpur (HKL)

5. Bazaar Baru Chow 7. Titiwangsa Fire and

6. Plaza GM
Kit Rescue Station

A
C
B

8 & D. Pasar Chow A. Sekolah Bimbingan

Kit Jalinan Kasih

The edges at macro

level makes the
permeability of the
D
people at the micro
scale more effective

B. Pusat Activiti C. KFC Jalan

Kanak-kanak Chow Kit Raja Laut
*The numbers indicate the main landmarks of Chow Kit, while the
Source: Kuala Lumpur Street Children Learning Centre contextual letters indicate the landmarks known to the unfortunate youths of
studies and presentation boards, Author. Chow Kit.
 Contrast in Functionality (macro)
Districts Paths Nodes

Primary Routes
Institutional and Low rise Vehicular Nodes
high rise buildings and Bus Stop
buildings shophouses Secondary Routes

Site Pedestrian
Nodes

CONTRAST in building type CONTRAST in usage of route Taxi Stand

The old buildings residential buildings
+ shophouses and Institutional + high
rise buildings create a contrast
territory occupied by the Have and
the Have Nots.
The five foot walkway makes a permeable Different nodes serve different
path which significantly increases the needs to different groups of
opportunities for users to walk to undertake people. From their daily
daily tasks rather than drive causing circulation and choice of places,
interaction between the Haves and the Have each street’s behavioral pattern.
Nots.
 Contrast in Culture of Chow Kit

Different nodes identified by the street children about their surrounding environments and where they usually hang around..
Source: Kuala Lumpur Street Children Learning Centre contextual studies and presentation boards, Author.
Contrast in Culture of Chow Kit

The streets of Chow Kit are quiet at

night due to the current situation of
COVID-19. Apart from that, according
to Mr Nazmi and Ms Lila of Yayasan
Chow kit, the children are taken
back from the streets by their
parents or have gotten back by
themselves to their homes.
 Contrast in Culture of Chow Kit -Markets as social node

The monorail station is a high Chow Kit Market divides into two sections: the wet and dry Jalan Raja Alang is famous for its street food and
density node as it is being used market. The wet market, known locally as Bazaar Baru stalls that continues to Jalan Raja Bot.
every time of the day due to its Chow Kit, bursts with local families and restaurant owners
shade and function. from early in the morning to buy their fresh produce.

THE RED ZONE: Towards the
other side, away from the market
and vendors lies a labyrinth of
small side streets of Jalan Tuanku
Abdul Rahman (Batu Road).
Locals warn about the dangers of
walking around after dark due to
the number of drug addicts,
prostitution and gangsters.
Lorong Haji Taib is a place to
gather goods where most
supplier shops and retail
provides goods in bulk. It is the
main fruit suppliers of Chow Kit
Market and nearby markets.
Chow Kit Night Market is all
about highly affordable,
pre-loved clothing items
and accessories like shoes,
denim products, leather
goods, jackets and T-shirts.
The open market at Tiong Nam
stretches along the wide road
and the surrounding residential
buildings provide shade for the
market. The chinese locals
preferably walk to this market
to buy breakfast for the family
as most of the store owners are
chinese.

Conclusion: It can be seen that Chow Kit is a very lively place during the day and night for its lively markets, food and illegal
service especially near hotels and Jalan TAR. Contrast of activities by the youth can also been seen between day and night
Serial Vision ( pedestrian ) micro 1

The route down the staircase

of the MRT overhead bridge
gives it a sense of arrival.

Series of zebra crossing

forms a regular markers
were identified under the
MRT Chow Kit.

The line of trees along the sides

of Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah form
a series of natural markers.
Vehicular Circulation
Based on the public transportation infrastructures find that
most of the bus stops and taxi stops located at the South Part
of Chow Kit. From this we can see the contrast between the
North and South, it affects the youth activity as they usually
hang at the South part of Chow Kit.

Opportunity

High Accessibility
There are several public transport
available within 100m from the site
which is high accessibility for the
youths.

Threat
Crime on Public Transport
Crime may be done by youths on
public transport The targets of
crime can be the system itself (as in
vandalism or fare evasion), or
passengers (as in pickpocketing or
overcharging).
 Contrast in Vehicular Density (day n night)
Weekday
Contrast of vehicular density (between day and night)

The vehicular density during day and night are totally a

contrast especially at the south side of the site. From this we
can see the contrast between the North and South, where the
youth usually hang at the South part of Chow Kit where they
can pick pocket and get shelter easily.

Contrast of vehicular density (between weekday and weekend)

There is significantly lower vehicular density during weekend

8:00 a.m. compare to weekday. In this point shows that most of the
6:00 p.m.
shophouses are closed during weekend which causes less
Weekend youths hanging around the area,

Weakness

Traffic Congestion
As the site located close to the
intersection, traffic during peak
time is one of the biggest
problem on this site. Big amount
of vehicles causes traffic
congestion causes negative
experience for road user
8:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. including youths.

Low High
Pedestrian Walkability (micro)
Strength

The wide pedestrian

walkways promotes
positive experiences for
pedestrians.

Weakness

Lack of zebra crossing

The closest zebra crossing
located at least 50 m from the
site which may causes safety
issues for the youths to cross the
main road like Jalan Sultan Azlan
Shah.

Homeless Activities
Homeless people may lay
down on the walkway or on
the bench causes
inconvenience and unsafe for
pedestrians.
 Contrast in Site Nodes (micro)

Morning Evening

The density of people are higher as shops There are lesser people around the site
and businesses are open and people are on except the bus stop as people are taking
and about along Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah. the the bus back and also the restaurant
opposite the site.
 Facade Study

Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah Elevation

Contrast is Facade Colour Contrast is Window Panes Contrast in Column Style

Inconsistent facade colours Window panes of all the Variety style column
across shoplots. The building differs based on deplicts inconsistent
shoplots are painted using functionality and era it was impression to users.
self preference, thus built on giving a contrast of
creating various facade old and new
colour across the street.
 Facade Study

Food and Beverage Commercial and Services Food and Beverage Commercial and
Vacant lot
Services

There is a contrast in terms of the skyline of the building where the This sudden change in the skyline cause a sudden
shophouses are shorter than postmodern buildings. This creates a break uplift and show the different scale of the building
in between the row of shophouses where certain buildings are about 2 or from one another shows rhythm.
3 storeys height.

The shophouses along

Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah
have the elements of the
5 foot walkway in the
urban context.

But then additional

walkway is added that are
not covered by the
buildings but by the
vegetation around it.

Shophouses Walkway Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah Walkway Shoplots

 Contrast in Urban Wall
AREAS TO EXPOSE / USE 1 VIEWS TOWARDS KL ITY
The views towards the life and
Areas around the site which has strong and activities of the people around the
distinct character to the town of Chow Kit bustling city of KL is important to
which can be used to improve and influence create a connection from the city to
the building design. the site.

2 SHOPLOTS AROUND THE CORNER

The shop lots and buildings around
the site preserves the charming
neoclassical architecture buildings
that contains the heritage and history
of the town of Chow Kit.

LIFE OF THE CITY

3
Pockets of spaces of the streets and
around the site where the people of
the town of Chow Kit perform their
daily activities.

4 GREENERY
Greenery around the site creates
pleasant visuals and shading to
create a more attractive walk to
the site.
Strength
- Site can be accessible from different
direction (corner lot) thus having
more than 1 entry.
- Abundant parking space beside site
can provide more parking spots.
- Allows connection between 2 streets
and junction which promotes better
circulation quality.
- Trees around site can provide natural
shading
SWOT
Opportunities
- Opportunity to be a major
node/landmark in the Chow Kit area.
- Since the 1990s, it is a known spot for job
opportunities for immigrants then and
are still now
- As a major district in Kuala Lumpur, the
surrounding environment is clean and
well kept by the DBKL
Weakness
- Traffic is the major problem due to the
intersection in front of site.
- Negative perception of Chow Kit itself as
being a dangerous place.
- Views that are obstructed by the
presence of the Chow Kit monorail that
overlooks the site
Threat
- Even with improved surroundings,
safety issues are still relevant on site as
there are high chances of pickpocketing
and theft especially at night
- There are rumours that are spreading
from the locals paint a negative picture
of the area
Yayasan Chow Kit
An organisation helping kids around chow kit
 Contrast in Urban Wall
AREAS TO HIDE
1 VANDALISED HOARDING
Areas around the site which are unpleasant
and does not contribute to the experience of The temporary hoardings
the site. surround the site which have
been vandalised and worn
down are unpleasant to the site
visuals.

2 WORN AND TATTERED

BUILDINGS
Workshops and storeroms are
filled with litter such as wood
planks and rubbish.

3 CONSTRUCTION SITE AND

PARKING LOTS

The construction site and the

parking lots look chaos and will
affect the visual experience of users.
INTERVIEW RECORDING
 What we learned from the
interview?

Most children and youth are collected by their parents at the centre but some have to
walk back alone without a guardian.

Many programs were planned for the children and youth but the limited space and high
turnover of volunteers hinders the plan.

The integration of all three centers under one roof will greatly improve the organization’s
functionality.

Some learning programs prepared by YCK are able to help the children and youth to
generate small income to support themselves.

The programs play an important role in attracting children and youth to join the center.
 Precedent Study 1

The Gary Comer Youth Center

Architects: John Ronan Architects
Location: Greater Grand Crossing, South Chicago, United States
Climate Zone: Humid Continental Climate

Area: 75000 ft²

Year: 2006

Located within Greater Grand Crossing neighborhood at south Chicago, the area is in the
southeast corner of Chicago which includes the University of Chicago and Jackson Park
in the north, but also a series of less affluent neighborhoods in the south.
It is located in an area which criss cross by transportation such as commuter rail and
elevated train.
The area shows signs of urban decay which primarily is surrounded with residential area
and some small business which is flourishing.
Precedent Study 1

The Gary Comer Youth Center is an after-school learning space

for youth in a neighborhood with little access to safe outdoor
environments.

A center that provides :

● A constructive environment for area youths to spend their

after-school hours.
● Support for the programs of the South Shore Drill Team and
Performing Arts Ensemble (300 members, aged 8 to 18 years old)
● Space for various educational and recreational programs.

Goals of the Center:

● Provide positive alternatives

● Create a safe and welcoming space
● Support for high school students
● Education for families living in poverty
● A range of programming, events and social support for the
community
● To create discipline for their students future.
● Combat drug use
● Prevent violence in the community
● Increases self confidence of students
 Precedent Study 1
Programmes Offered:

Basketball Court Tutoring and Study Space Dance Room

Arts and Crafts Room

Lounge Exhibition Space Culinary Classes

Adaptable Gymnasium and Performance Space Rooftop Vegetable Garden

 Precedent Study 1
Building Design
The diagrams illustrate the circulation in the
garden, irrigation system and the water draining
system. One of the beat part of the is the giant
skylights that shone down into the building,
helping to establish a physical and mental
connection down below at the cafeteria to the
outside world.
Building Sustainability
1. Use of skylights along the center of the rooftop garden, brings
daylight into the central gym and cafeteria spaces.
2. Pathways within the courtyard garden are made of lightweight
composite materials of recycled lumber and plastic.
3. Elevated courtyard allows food production and educational
function of urban agriculture/outdoor farming.
4. Rooftop garden collects and recycles rainwater, serves to reduce
the urban heat island effect.
5. Ventilation of the building is integrated with the elevated
courtyard for passive climate control on the rooftop for winter.
6. Lots of glass partitions to spread natural light throughout the
space that promotes a sense of community among different
programs and visual security and safety for the children.
 Precedent Study 1
Why is this building successful?
The Building Design:
Strategic interior glazing
Overlapping volumes

Skylights and large windows for natural lighting

Spatial complexity

Each floor has main focus

The spaces:
Consistent circulation

Room adaptability (gym converts to theater)

Function on each floor highlighted

The interior design:

Carpeting in study hall

Wood floor in performance room

Precedent Study 2
Sports and Leisure Center in
Saint-Cloud
Architects: KOZ Architectes

Location: Saint-Cloud, France

Area: 1600 m²
Year: 2009

This building is not lacking in self-confidence as it contrasts

strongly with the urban development zone in which it’s located.
A center that provides:
● Freedom
● Playfulness
● Creativity

Spaces are large, wide and open.

Center Goals:
● To provide youth play area
● To provide youth sports are
 Precedent Study 2
Programmes Offered:

Indoor Climbing Space Playing Hall

Outdoor Play Area Community/ Meeting Room Teaching Kitchen

Other Programmes:

Project and Computer Rooms

Arts And Crafts Room
Offices
Gym and Fitness Room Indoor Play Room
 Precedent Study 2
Building Design

A Pure Colour Scheme A Concrete Ribbon Spaces to be Filled Coloured Facades

The building uses colour very
openly and assertively, with a
wide palette ranging from red
to green, by way of yellow,
pink and orange. A colour
coding that helps locate from
the outside the areas created
on the inside. A means of
spatial orientation for young
children.
The building is a vertical
pilling of activity spaces
wrapped in a ribbon of
concrete providing unity to
the whole.
All corridors, access ramps and
passageways, are wide and
spacious, up to 3 times the
regulation size for flexibility and
fluid layout.
The main facade is made of
tinted glass with a colour
gradient from red to green.
The other 3 facades are
more homogeneous, albeit
coloured too.
 Precedent Study 2
Building Sustainability
1. The openings in the roofs and the glass facades bring maximum natural lighting everywhere to
limit electrical consumption.

2. Prefabricated concrete was chosen for generating less waste and spill.

3. The tinted glass facades provide good protection against setting the sun and long-lasting color.

4. All hot water is solar heated.

5. Pigment infused concrete to reduce usage of paint.

Why is this building successful?

The building design: The spaces: The interior design:

Usage of colour coding Wide and large Educational and
Wide openings for exterior views Flexible recreational
Wide circulation space Vibrant colours Appropriate scale for youth
Glass facade for natural lighting Engaging
Tinted glass facade Encouraging

The building has a simple space orientation system but it responds psychology to the youth by the
usage of pure/vibrant colour scheme.
 Precedent Study
Lesson Learned

1. A weakness of a community can be designed as the main focus.

2. Sustainability in a building can be incorporated as an activity for the

youth rather than just aesthetic purpose.

3. Program spaces can be designed flexible for education and

recreation.

4. Natural lighting and views creates a healthy, safe and pleasing

environment.

The Gary Comer Youth Center 5. Programmes in a center has to solve an issue of the community.

How does it benefit the community? Programmes that can be offered:

1. Provides skills and mentoring to 1. Play Area

the youth
2. Fitness Area
2. Gain self confidence
3. Teaching Kitchen
3. Gives a brighter future
4. Gym

5. Art and Craft Space

Sports and Leisure Center in Saint-Cloud 6. Tutoring and Study Space

Proposals ( Programming)
 Proposals (Design Strategy)

Spatial Concepts

Most of the street youth have difficulty in adjusting to the community at large, yet alone a learning
environment. In order to resolve this particular issue, a new learning method is required for the youth to
be at ease in their learning process. The level of formative learning are almost non-existent for most of
them, a more relaxing and interactive learning setting was administered into the design process derived
from observing their daily behaviours as well.

Behavior- kinesthetic Recommendation- Expectation - informal

Behavior- Enjoying Recommendation- Expectation- adaptive learning vertical and horizontal learning within interactive
movements, open spaces in playing environments spatial interactivity walls and active
between blocks
circulations

Behavior- Recommendation- Expectation - exploratory

Behavior- stress and Recommendation- Expectation - higher
Communication and visual cues and spaces and decision
rigidity classroom reinvention degree of concentration
network physical links making encouragements

Learning through interactive movements

Interpretation of fusion of events, movements and informal education based on behavioural traits of the street children.
 Proposals (Design Strategy)
Security Data Center
Spatial Programming
Donation Legal
storage documents

Healthcare Hostel

Classes Religious Class

Vocasional
Skills

Activity Area/ Exhibition

Public Space

Recycle Energy and Material

Conservation

Youth ( 10-18)

We aim to

-Protect the rights of all at risk children or youth

-Provide them with safe havens and expose them to positive and holistic opportunities possible.
-Help NGO’s helping kids to better mold them with facilities and structures.

-Develop moral values that help built behaviour and character, a sense of responsibility and good discipline in the children and youth and produce
a positive change in the future.

-Educate parents through their children and them aware of their responsibility.
 Conclusion
● The public are to be made aware of the issue of the street children of
Chow Kit, and only then the current predicament of the street children’s
lives can be changed.

● The proposal to have a Street Youth Learning Centre in city centre will f1
f3`symbolize the progression of the government towards having youths
unblemished from major social problems.

● The intention is addressed at the educational assimilation of living skills,

basic acquired knowledge, eastern ideals and practices while imparting
social community ethics that is envisioned to negate this malady at its
very roots - through the cognitive experiential re-education of the street
children.

● This will also represent a new approach to vocational schools or similar

educational institutes in cohesive programming of spaces.

Malaysia has the authority to conduct such a program for the better. It is
with rich pluralistic races, beliefs and cultures that can be seen as an
integration of a project truly defining a collective effort of young Malaysians
for Malaysians.
Reference:
Street Children - Malaysia. (2020). Retrieved 3 September 2020, from
http://www.gvnet.com/streetchildren/Malaysia.htm#:~:text=In%20Cambodia%20%2C%2020%20percent%20of,50%2C000%20homeless%20childre
n%20in%20Vietnam%20.

(2020). Retrieved 1 September 2020, from https://thinkcity.com.my/wp/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Homelessness-Report-Final-07-May-2018.pdf

Bianchini, R. (2019, July 23). Youth center’s vegetable roof garden provides food for children in Chicago. Inexhibit.

https://www.inexhibit.com/case-studies/youth-centers-vegetable-roof-garden-provides-food-for-children-in-chicago/

C. (2016, November 17). Gary Comer Youth Center-Rooftop Haven for Urban Agriculture, South Chicago, IL. Urban Ecology | CMU SoA.

https://urbanecologycmu.wordpress.com/2016/09/27/rooftop-haven-for-urban-agriculture/

King, V. (2019, October 24). The Gary Comer Youth Center / John Ronan Architects. ArchDaily.

https://www.archdaily.com/189411/the-gary-comer-youth-center-john-ronan-architects?ad_medium=gallery

Saieh, N. (2019, October 24). Sports and Leisure Center in Saint-Cloud / KOZ Architectes. ArchDaily.

https://www.archdaily.com/36552/sports-and-leisure-center-in-saint-cloud-koz-architectes?ad_medium=gallery

Shahin, H. (2020, February 17). Sports and Leisure Center in Saint-Cloud | KOZ Architectes. Arch2O.Com.

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