Simple English Grammar for Students

at Faculty of Engineering Semarang State University

Arranged by:
LELU DINA APRISTIA
2012

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 Chapter 1

Numbers

1.1 Types of Numbers

1.1.1 Cardinal Number
It involves a lot of numbers.

ZERO, ONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR, FIVE, SIX, SEVEN, EIGHT, NINE, TEN, ELEVEN, TWELVE, THIRTEEN, FOURTEEN,
FIFTEEN, SIXTEEN, SEVENTEEN, EIGHTEEN, NINETEEN, TWENTY, TWENTY-ONE, TWENTY-TWO, TWENTY-THREE,
TWENTY-FOUR, TWENTY-FIVE, TWENTY-SIX, TWENTY-SEVEN, TWENTY-EIGHT, TWENTY-NINE, THIRTY, FORTY,
FIFTY, SIXTY, SEVENTY, EIGHTY, NINETY, HUNDRED, THOUSAND, MILLION, BILLION, TRILLION, ETC.

1.1.2 Ordinal Number

It consists of a lot of numbers.

Pertama FIRST 1st

Kedua SECOND 2nd
Ketiga THIRD 3rd
Keempat FOURTH 4th
Kelimat FIFTH 5th
Keenam SIXTH 6th
Ketujuh SEVENTH 7th
Kedelapan EIGHTH 8th
Kesembilan NINTH 9th
kesepuluh TENTH 10th
Kesebelas ELEVENTH 11th
Keduabelas TWELFTH 12th
Ketigabelas THIRTEENTH 13th
Keempatbelas FOURTEENTH 14th
Kelimabelas FIFTEENTH 15th
Keenambelas SIXTEENTH 16th
Ketujuhbelas SEVENTEENTH 17th
Kedelapanbelas EIGHTEENTH 18th
Kesembilanbelas NINETEENTH 19th
Keduapuluh TWENTIETH 20th
Keduapuluhsatu TWENTY-FIRST 21st
Keduapuluhdua TWENTY-SECOND 22nd
Keduapuluhtiga TWENTY-THIRD 23rd
keduapuluhempat TWENTY-FOURTH 24th
ketigapuluhsatu THIRTY-FIRST 31st
ketigapuluhdua THIRTY-SECOND 32nd
ketigapuluhtiga THIRTY-THIRD 33rd
Keempatpuluhsatu, dst FORTY-FIRST 41st

1.2 Function of Numbers

1.2.1 Cardinal Number
Its functions are:
- To tell year
Example: I was born in 1986
1986 dibaca: Nineteen (dua digit pertama: 19) Eighty-Six (dua digit terakhir: 86).
Secara lengkap: I was born in nineteen eighty-six (1986)
- To tell age
Example: I am 25 years old. Or I am twenty-five years old.
- To tell number of house, or others in connection with address.
Example : I live at Jl. Mujahir No. 14 or I live at Jl. Mujahir number fourteen.
- To tell cellhone/phone numbers
Example:
A : What’s your cellphone number?
B : It’s 081223224567 or It’s Zero Eight One Double Two Three Double Two Four Five Six Seven

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 - To tell price
Example:
A : What’s the price of this T-Shirt?
B : It’s Rp125.000 or It’s one hundred and twenty-five thousand rupiahs.
- To tell types of goods, for example: type of cellphone such as N70
Example:
A : What’s the type of your Nokia cellphone?
B : It’s N70 or It’s N Seventy
- To tell amount of goods
Example:
A : How many cars do you have?
B : I have 5 cars or I have five cars.
- To tell increase, decrease, multiplication, and division mathematically
Example of increase:
1+23 = 24
One plus twenty-three is twenty four.
Example of decrease:
45-35=10
Forty-five minus thirty-five is ten.
Example of multiplication:
3x4=12
Three times four is twelve.
Example of division:
20:4=5
Twenty divided into four is five.
- To tell time
Example:
A : What time is it?
B : It’s 13.56 or It’s thirteen fifty-six.

1.2.2 Ordinal Number

Its functions are:
- To tell date of birth
Example:
A : When were you born?
B : I was born on March 17th, 1977.
Or I was born on March the seventeenth, nineteen seventy-seven.
- To tell date
A : What is the date of today?
B : Today is September 2nd, 2012.
Or Today is September the second, two thousand and twelve.
- To tell the order of something or someone
Examples:
1. A : Are you the first child in your family?
B : No, I am not. I am the fourth child in my family.
2. A : Which one is the second novel you have?
B : Here it is.

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 Chapter 2

Introduction and Greeting

2.1 Introduction
Memperkenalkan diri atau memperkenalkan seseorang pada orang lainnya merupakan aktivitas yang situasional
dan kondisional. Artinya, aspek-aspek dalam perkenalan itu bergantung pada situasi dan kondisi. Aspek-aspek
perkenalan meliputi: nama lengkap, nama panggilan, tempat tanggal lahir, umur, alamat, asal, status, latar belakang
pendidikan, informasi mengenai keluarga, pekerjaan (termasuk pengalaman kerja), agama, prinsip hidup,
karakteristik, dan lain-lain.
Ketika dipertemukan dengan seseorang dalam sebuah perjalanan di dalam kereta api, tentu saja Anda akan
mempertimbangkan aspek-aspek apa yang perlu Anda kemukakan, karena Anda memiliki privasi yang mana Anda
tidak berkenan membaginya dengan orang lain. Sebaliknya, ketika dihadapkan pada forum formal misalnya
wawancara kerja atau wawancara untuk memperoleh beasiswa, maka Anda disarankan mengikuti ‘aturan main’ dari si
pewawancara berkenaan dengan perkenalan ini.
Berikut ini merupakan dialog tentang perkenalan dalam versi terperinci.
Mr. Rama : Good morning, how are you doing?
Irene : I am fine, Sir. Thanks. And you?
Mr. Rama : Very well, thanks. Anyway, I want to know more about you. What’s your full name?
Irene : My full name is Irene Rachel.
Mr. Rama : How should I call you? Irene or Rachel?
Irene : Just call me Irene.
Mr. Rama : When and where were you born, Irene?
Irene : I was born on the ninth (9th) of May 1987 in Surabaya.
Mr. Rama : How old are you?
Irene : I am 24 years old.
Mr. Rama : Where do you live here in Jakarta?
Irene : I live at Jl. Raya Kemang No. 77 Jakarta, Sir.
Mr. Rama : Do you live in your family house, rental house, or boarding house?
Irene : That’s my aunt’s house.
Mr. Rama : Oh, I think you have your own house. Are you single?
Irene : Yes, I am, Sir.
Mr. Rama : What about your parents, brothers or sisters?
Irene : I am the only one child in my family. So, I have no brother or sister. My parents are still in Surabaya.
They are making their own jobs up there.
Mr. Rama : Could you please explain about your education?
Irene : I spent my time for kindergarten, elementary school and junior high school in Surabaya. Then, my
parents wanted me to continue my senior high school in Jakarta. But actually not only that, I continued my college
time at a private university in Jakarta. It was Trisakti University. I took accounting at Faculty of Economy.
Mr. Rama : I see. I can see from your certificate here before my eyes. Next, have you ever worked in any other
company before?
Irene : No, I haven’t, Sir. I’ve just graduated from my college. Therefore, it’s my first job interview.
Mr. Rama : Tell me about yourself in five words.
Irene : smart, diligent, professional, ambitious and energetic.
Mr. Rama : What will you do for this company with your achievement and characteristics while you have no
working experience?
Irene : I will contribute my energy to energize this company to be creative and strong in competitive world.
Mr. Rama : Just energize?
Irene : Energize and work hard energetically for this company, Sir.
Mr. Rama : (smiling) now I believe that you’re smart. Anyway, what’s your religion, Irene?
Irene : I am a Moslem, Sir.
Mr. Rama : Do you think God is important now?
Irene : Sure. Though I am smart as you said, I still can’t answer many wonderful things or events in the world
with my logic or ratio. That’s why I belive in God. I am just a human.
Mr. Rama : Well then, I like your point of view, Irene. Just wait for the result of this interview tomorrow morning.
Nice to meet you, Irene.
Irene : I look forward to hearing from you, Sir. Nice to meet you, too.

2.2 Greeting
There are some greeting phrases in English. Such as:
- Good morning (pukul 00.00 hingga pukul 12.00 siang)
- Good afternoon (pukul 12.00 siang hingga pukul 17.00/17.30)

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- Good day (tengah hari)
- Good evening (pukul 17.00/17.30 hingga pukul 00.00)
- Good night (sebelum berpisah dengan seseorang di siang atau sore hari atau ketika berpamitan tidur)
- Good bye (sebelum berpisah)
- Bye (sebelum berpisah)
- See you later (sebelum berpisah)
- See you next time (sebelum berpisah)
- See ya (sebelum berpisah)
- See you tomorrow (sebelum berpisah dan bertemu lagi besok)

Anda juga bisa memerhatikan materi ini lebih lanjut pada tabel di bawah ini.

Apa kabar? Kabar berelemen Positif Kabar berelemen Negatif

How do you do? How do you do?
How are you? I am fine. Thanks. So-so
I am very well. Not too bad.
Very well. Thanks. And you? Not so good.
I am great. Life sucks.
I am good. I am sick.
Etc. Etc.
How are you doing? I’m doing fine. (sama saja seperti jawaban di atas)
I’m doing well.
I’m doing good.
(sama saja seperti jawaban di atas)

Ada apa? Answers (just examples)

What’s up? I am making up my final report for in the end of this
month I have to give it to my lecturer.
What are you up to? I am looking for a job. It is really hard to find it now.

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 Chapter 3
Part of Speech and Gerund

3.1 Part of Speech

3.1.1 Noun
Secara harfiah, noun ialah kata benda. Kata benda berfungsi sebagai subjek dan objek atau pelengkap
(complementer). Silakan pelajari contoh berikut.
1. Monalisa loves him. (Monalisa dalam kalimat ini berperan sebagai Subjek)
2. Marco loves Monalisa. (Monalisa dalam kalimat ini berfungsi sebagai Objek)
3. The fiance of Marco is Monalisa. (Monalisa dalam kalimat ini berperan sebagai Pelengkap)
Berkenaan dengan noun, Anda diharapkan pula memahami singular and plural noun (regular plural noun dan
irregular plural noun) dan countable and uncountable noun.
a. Singular and plural noun
Singular noun merupakan kata benda yang jumlahnya tunggal. Biasanya ciri khas yang menandai bahwa kata
benda itu berjumlah tunggal ialah eksistensi dari article a, each, every, one, this, that, etc. Sebaliknya, plural noun ialah
kata benda yang jumlahnya lebih dari satu (>1) yang dikenal pula dengan sebutan jamak atau plural. Ciri khas yang
menempel pada kata benda ini ialah unsur numerik yang menunjukkan jumlah jamak misalnya two, three, etc. dan
article yang secara otomatis menandai pluralitas misalnya a few, some, many, a lot of, plenty of, these, those, etc.
Plural noun terbagi lagi menjadi regular plural noun dan irregular plural noun. Regular plural noun merupakan
jenis plural noun yang mana suffix atau akhiran pada kata benda itu bersifat regular, yakni akhiran –s, -es, -ies, dan –
ves.
Silakan perhatikan tabel berikut ini.

Akhiran Ketentuan Contoh

-s Sebagian besar kata benda yang Singular: a helmet
berakhiran dengan huruf mana pun Plural: some helmets

Singular: a clock
Plural: many clocks

Singular: a car
Plural: two cars
-es Kata benda berakhiran –ch, -sh, -ss, Singular: a watch
-x Plural: these watches

Singular: a brush
Plural: some brushes

Singular: a glass
Plural: twelve glasses

Singular: a box
Plural: some boxes
-ies Kata benda berakhiran -y Singular: a fly
Plural: three flies
-ves Kata benda berakhiran –f, - fe Singular: a leaf
Plural: a lot of leaves

Singular: a knife
Plural: many knives

Sementara itu, yang termasuk dalam ranah irregular plural noun ialah kata-kata benda pada tabel berikut.

Singular Form Plural Form Example

child children those children
man men four men
woman women five women
tooth teeth a lot of teeth
foot feet two feet
mouse mice some mice

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 b. Countable and Uncountable Noun
Countable noun merupakan kata benda yang bisa atau masuk akal dihitung jumlahnya. Secara logis, singular and
plural noun merupakan bagian dari ranah countable noun. Sementara itu, uncountable noun merupakan kata benda
yang tidak bisa dihitung jumlahnya. Silakan cermati tabel berikut.

Whole Fluids Solids Gases Particles Abstractions Languages Fields of Recreation General
Groups Study Activities
Made Up of
Similar
Items
baggage water ice steam rice beauty arabic chemistry baseball driving
clothing coffee bread air chalk confidence chinese engineering soccer studying
equipment tea butter oxygen corn courage english history tennis swimming
food milk cheese nitrogen dirt education spanish literature chess traveling
fruit oil meat smoke dust enjoyment deutch, mathematics bridge walking,
furniture soap gold smog flour fun etc. phychology, poker, (and other
garbage gasoline iron pollution, grass happiness etc. etc. gerunds)
hardware blood, silver etc. hair health
jewelry etc. glass pepper help
junk paper salt honesty
luggage cotton sand hospitality
machinery wood sugar importance
mail wool, wheat, intelligence
makeup etc. etc. justice
money/ knowledge
cash/ laughter
change luck
postage music
scenery patience
traffic peace
excitement pride
progress
recreation
significance
sleep
truth
violence
wealth
advice
information
news
evidence
proof
time
space
energy
homework
work
grammar
slang
vocabulary

Jenis-jenis dari natural phenomena juga masuk dalam ranah uncountable noun. Jenis-jenis tersebut antara lain:
weather, dew, fog, hail, heat, humidity, lighting, rain, sleet, snow, thunder, wind, darkness, light, sunshine, electricity,
fire, gravity

3.1.2 Verb

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 a. Special verbs
Dikatakan special verbs karena memang tiga kata kerja berikut memiliki variasi paling banyak apabila
dikomparasikan dengan kata kerja lainnya. Variasi ini terkait erat dengan tenses yang digunakan dalam suatu diskursus.
Ironisnya, variasi ini kerap kali luput dari perhatian mereka yang baru belajar bahasa Inggris.
Special verbs tersebut ialah verb BE, DO, dan HAVE.

SPECIAL VERB VARIATION TENSE SUBJECT

BE IS PRESENT TENSES SHE, HE, IT
AM I
ARE THEY, WE, I, YOU
WAS PAST TENSES I, SHE, HE, IT
WERE THEY, WE, YOU
BEEN PRESENT PERFECT, PAST ALL SUBJECTS
PERFECT, PASSIVE
BEING PRESENT CONTINUOUS, ALL SUBJECTS
PAST CONTINUOUS,
PASSIVE
HAVE HAS PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT SHE, HE, IT
HAVE CONTINUOUS, PRESENT THEY, WE, I, YOU
PERFECT
HAD PRESENT PERFECT, PAST ALL SUBJECTS
PERFECT, PAST PERFECT,
PASSIVE
HAVING PRESENT CONTINUOUS, ALL SUBJECTS
PAST CONTINUOUS,
PASSIVE
DO DOES PRESENT SIMPLE SHE, HE, IT
DO PRESENT SIMPLE THEY, WE, I, YOU
DID PAST SIMPLE ALL SUBJECTS
DONE PRESENT PERFECT, PAST ALL SUBJECTS
PERFECT, PASSIVE
DOING PRESENT CONTINUOUS, ALL SUBJECTS
PAST CONTINUOUS,
PASSIVE

b. General verbs
Dikatakan general verbs karena kata-kata kerja yang termasuk dalam ranah ini tidak begitu ruwet dalam
penggunaannya, karena tidak menjadi bagian utama dari pola dasar suatu tense. Di bawah ini, Anda dapat mempelajari
sejumlah contoh general verbs yang kerap muncul dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.

V1 (SIMPLE FORM) V2 (SIMPLE PAST) V3 (PAST PARTICIPLE) Meaning

read read read membaca
write wrote written menulis
listen listened listened mendengarkan
hear heard heard mendengarkan
present presented presented mempresentasikan
show showed showed/shown menunjukkan
draw drew drawn menggambar
design designed designed mendesign
browse browsed browsed mencari
operate operated operated mengoperasikan
do did done mengerjakan
discuss discussed discussed berdiskusi
make made made membuat
finish finished finished menyelesaikan
obey obeyed obeyed mematuhi
ignore ignored ignored mengabaikan
skip skipped skipped bolos/melewati
cheat cheated cheated menyontek/selingkuh
study studied studied belajar
learn learned learned/learnt belajar

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get got got/gotten memperoleh
have had had memiliki/mempunyai
open opened opened membuka
close closed closed menutup
agree agreed agreed menyetujui
disagree disagreed disagreed tidak menyetujui
analyse analysed analysed menganalisis
tell told told memberitahukan
talk talked talked berbincang
speak spoke spoken berbicara
say said said mengatakan
describe described described menggambarkan
explain explained explained menjelaskan
inform informed informed menginformasikan
watch watched watched menonton/menyaksikan
notice noticed noticed memperhatikan
insist insisted insisted memaksa
push pushed pushed memaksa/mendorong
force forced forced memaksa
forget forgot forgotten melupakan
remember remembered remembered mengingat
memorize memorized memorized menghafalkan
think thought thought memikirkan
understand understood understood mengerti
feel felt felt merasakan
taste tasted tasted mencicipi
eat ate eaten makan
drink drank drunk minum
whisper whispered whispered membisikkan
sing sang sung menyanyi
call called called memanggil/menghubungi
send sent sent mengirim
imagine imagined imagined membayangkan
concentrate concentrated concentrated berkonsentrasi
focus focused focused fokus
look for looked for looked for mencari
wait waited waited menunggu
bring brought brought membawa
buy bought bought membeli
sell sold sold menjual
pass passed passed melewati/lulus
cross crossed crossed menyeberang
walk walked walked berjalan
run ran run berlari
jump jumped jumped meloncat
climb climbed climbed memanjat
sour poured poured menuang
add added added menambahkan
stir stirred stirred mengaduk
fry fried fried menggoreng
boil boiled boiled merebus
slice sliced sliced mengiris
chop chopped chopped merajang
cut cut cut memotong
meet met met bertemu
know knew known mengetahui
hold held held mengadakan/memegang
long longed longed merindukan
miss missed missed melewatkan/kangen
come came come datang

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arrive arrived arrived tiba
visit visited visited mengunjungi
keep kept kept menjaga
wear wore worn mengenakan
tear tore torn merobek
sleep slept slept tidur
worry worried worried mengkawatirkan
choose chose chosen memilih
pick picked picked menjemput/memetik
lean leaned leaned bersandar
wake woke waken bangun/membangunkan
sit sat sat duduk
stand stood stood berdiri
move moved moved bergerak/pindah
let let let membiarkan
express expressed expressed mengungkapkan
create created created menciptakan
realize realize realize menyadari
recognize recognized recognized mengenal/mengakui
quarantee quaranteed quaranteed menjamin
apply applied applied mengaplikasikan
practice practiced practiced mempraktikkan
continue continued continued melanjutkan
try tried tried mencoba
repeat repeated repeated mengulangi
reject rejected rejected menolak
accept accepted accepted menerima
invite invited invited mengundang
ask asked asked bertanya/meminta
answer answered answered menjawab
mention mentioned mentioned menyebutkan
find found found menemukan
set set set menata
solve solved solved memecahkan masalah
open opened opened membuka
close closed closed menutup
kick kicked kicked menendang/menghajar
throw threw thrown membuang
pull pulled pulled menarik

c. Auxiliary verbs
Auxiliary verbs merupakan kata kerja bantu. Mengapa dikatakan bantu? Karena pada umumnya fungsinya ialah
untuk mengubah tatanan pola kalimat positif menjadi kalimat negatif dan kalimat interrogatif (kalimat tanya).
Silogisme yang muncul ialah bahwa auxiliary verbs hanya muncul dalam kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya. Hal ini
berlaku untuk auxiliary verbs DOES, DOESN’T, DO, DON’T, DID, dan DIDN’T. Lain halnya dengan auxiliary HAS, HASN’T,
HAVE, HAVEN’T, HAD, HADN’T, sebab auxiliary verbs ini muncul dalam kalimat positif, negatif atau interrogatif untuk
menunjukkan sudah, belum, atau bertanya sudahkah. Anda tentu ingin mengetahui apa saja contoh dari auxiliary
verbs.

DOES : Auxiliary verb (Kata Kerja Bantu) yang muncul dalam kalimat negatif dan kalimat interrogatif yang
menggunakan tense present simple with general verb untuk subjek SHE, HE, IT
Contoh: Does she really know computer?
DOESN’T : Kependekan dari DOES NOT
Contoh: She doesn’t really know computer.
DO : Auxiliary verb (Kata Kerja Bantu) yang muncul dalam kalimat negatif dan kalimat interrogatif yang
menggunakan tense present simple with general verb untuk subjek THEY, WE, I, YOU
Contoh: Do we stay at this hotel for some nights?
DON’T : Kependekan dari DO NOT
Contoh: We don’t stay at this hotel for some nights.
DID : Auxiliary verb (Kata Kerja Bantu) yang muncul dalam kalimat negatif dan kalimat interrogatif yang

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 menggunakan tense past simple with general verb untuk semua subjek
Contoh: Did you forget to bring your tablet yesterday?
DIDN’T : kependekan dari DID NOT
Contoh: You didn’t forget to bring your tablet yesterday.
HAS : Auxiliary verb (Kata Kerja Bantu) yang muncul dalam kalimat positif dan kalimat interrogatif yang
menggunakan tense present perfect with be and with general verb untuk subjek SHE, HE, IT
Contoh: He has done the job since half an hour ago (+) atau Has he done the job since half an hour ago?
HASN’T : Auxiliray verb yang muncul dalam kalimat negatif dan merupakan kependekan dari HAS NOT
Contoh: He hasn’t done the job since half an hour ago.
HAVE : Auxiliary verb (Kata Kerja Bantu) yang muncul dalam kalimat positif dan kalimat interrogatif yang
menggunakan tense present perfect with be and with general verb untuk subjek THEY, WE, I, YOU
Contoh: They have lived here for 7 years (+) atau Have they lived here for 7 years?
HAVEN’T : Auxiliary verb yang muncul dalam kalimat negatif dan merupakan kependekan dari HAVE NOT
Contoh: They haven’t lived here for 7 years.
HAD : Auxiliary verb (Kata Kerja Bantu) yang muncul dalam kalimat positif dan kalimat interrogatif yang
menggunakan tense past perfect with be and with general verb
Contoh: I had finished my job when she asked me to hang out this morning (+) or Had I finished my job when
she asked me to hang out this morning?
HADN’T : Auxiliary verb yang muncul dalam kalimat negatif dan merupakan kependekan dari HAD NOT
Contoh: I hadn’t finished my job when she asked me to hang out this morning.

3.1.3 Adjective
Adjective merupakan kata sifat, yakni kata yang menunjukkan kualitas sesuatu atau seseorang. Kualitas itu sendiri
dapat berunsur positif maupun negatif. Perlu diingat, positifitas maupun negativitas dalam hal ini bersifat relatif.
Berikut ini merupakan beberapa contoh dari kata sifat.

Adjective Positif and the meaning Adjective Negatif and the meaning
smart (cerdas) dull (tolol)
clever (pintar) stupid (bodoh)
beautiful (cantik) ugly (jelek)
handsome (ganteng)
diligent (rajin) lazy (malas)
full (kenyang) hungry (lapar)
rich (kaya) poor (miskin)
bright (terang) dark (gelap)
happy (bahagia) sad (sedih)
strong (kuat) weak (lemah)
clean (bersih) dirty (kotor)
good (bagus) bad (buruk)
healthy (sehat) sick (sakit)
generous (dermawan) stingy (pelit)
careful (hati-hati/teliti) careless (tidak peduli/sembarangan)
arrogant (sombong) friendly (ramah)

3.1.4 Adverb
a. Adverb of Time
Adverb of time merupakan kata yang menerangkan tentang waktu terjadinya suatu peristiwa.

Days Months Past Present Future

Monday January Yesterday today Tomorrow
Tuesday February This morning Tonight Next day
Wednesday March This afternoon At the moment A day after tomorrow
Thursday April Last week At present Next three days
Friday May Last Friday night Now Next Thursday
Saturday June An hour ago Nowadays The following week
Sunday July A year ago Recently Next week
August Last century Along day Next year
September

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 October
November
December

Musim juga merupakan bagian dari keterangan waktu, yakni DRY SEASON dan WET (RAINY) SEASON di Indonesia serta
WINTER, SPRING, SUMMER, dan AUTUMN di negara barat.

b. Adverb of Place
Adverb of place merupakan kata yang memberikan informasi mengenai tempat terjadinya suatu peristiwa.
Keterangan tempat dapat dengan mudah dideteksi, yakni dengan mencari preposisi (kata depan) misalnya di, pada,
dari dan seterusnya. Negara, kota, kabupaten, kecamatan, desa, tempat akademis, tempat kuliner, tempat hedonistik,
tempat konsumsif dan jenis tempat lainnya merupakan bagian inheren dari keterangan tempat apabila mereka disertai
dengan preposisi (kata depan), sebab apabila tidak didahului kata depan, maka mereka merupakan bagian dari Noun.
Silakan bandingkan:
1. Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia.
2. She lives in Jakarta.
Kata Jakarta pada kalimat 1 merupakan Noun. Sementara kata Jakarta pada kalimat 2 menjadi satu kesatuan dengan
preposisi in dan berperan sebagai keterangan tempat.

c. Adverb of Manner
Adverb of manner merupakan kata yang menunjukkan informasi tentang cara sesuatu berlangsung atau cara
seseorang melakukan sesuatu. Biasanya ciri khas dari kata yang merupakan keterangan cara berakhiran dengan huruf –
ly. Misalnya: carefully, diligently, well, quickly, etc.

d. Adverb of Frequency
Adverb of frequency merupakan kata yang menerangkan seberapa sering sesuatu berlangsung atau seberapa
sering seseorang melakukan sesuatu. Keterangan Frekuensi biasanya muncul dalam kalimat-kalimat yang
menggunakan tense present simple with general verb. Keterangan tersebut antara lain always, usually, often, seldom,
sometimes, rarely, never, every day, every Sunday, every week, every month, every year, once a day, twice a day, three
times a day, four times a day, etc.

3.1.5 Article
a. a, an and the
Artikel a digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa sesuatu atau seseorang itu berjumlah tunggal saja. Artikel ini
digunakan untuk noun yang berawalan dengan huruf konsonan. Sementara itu, artikel an dengan fungsi yang sama
dengan a disandingkan dengan noun yang berawalan dengan huruf vokal. Adapun, artikel the digunakan untuk noun
berawalan huruf apa saja. Artikel ini disandingkan dengan noun yang telah disinggung atau disebutkan sebelumnya.
Jadi, artikel the berfungsi untuk menyatakan bahwa sesuatu atau seseorang itu sudah jelas, sudah teridentifikasi, sudah
diperkenalkan, dan spesifik. Artikel ini juga selalu hadir di sebelah noun yang khas, spesifik dan hanya berjumlah satu.
Misalnya matahari (the sun), bulan (the moon), bumi (the earth) dan lain-lain.

b. that, this, those, these

That merupakan artikel yang diletakkan bersebelahan dengan noun yang jumlahnya hanya satu dan jaraknya
agak jauh dari speaker. Those merupakan artikel yang fungsinya hampir sama dengan that, hanya saja those
ditempatkan di sebelah noun yang jumlahnya lebih dari satu. Adapun, this merupakan artikel yang diletakkan di
sebelah noun yang jumlahnya hanya satu, tetapi jaraknya dekat dengan speaker. Demikian juga halnya dengan these.
These merupakan artikel yang fungsinya sama dengan this, hanya saja this ditempatkan di sebelah noun yang
jumlahnya lebih dari satu.

c. a few, a little, many, much, some, any, a lot of

a few dan a little sama-sama memiliki makna sedikit. Namun, a few ditempatkan sebelum kata benda yang countable,
sedangkan a little ditempatkan sebelum kata benda yang uncountable. Hal yang penting untuk diingat, meskipun
berarti sedikit, kata benda yang bersebelahan dengan a few tetap memperoleh akhiran –s, -es, -ies, atau –ves (lihat
pembahasan tentan plural noun baik regular plural noun maupun irregular plural noun). Many dan much sama-sama
bermakna banyak. Akan tetapi, many digunakan untuk countable noun dan much digunakan untuk uncountable noun.
Some bermakna beberapa. Artikel ini dapat disandingkan dengan kata kerja countable atau uncountable. Apabila
diletakkan sebelum kata kerja countable, maka kata kerja tersebut berakhiran –s, -es, -ies, atau –ves (lihat pembahasan
tentan plural noun baik regular plural noun maupun irregular plural noun). Sementara itu, apabila ditempatkan
sebelum kata kerja uncountable, maka kata kerja tersebut tidak perlu penambahan artikel apa pun. Misalnya: some
homework. Begitu pula halnya dengan a lot of yang berarti banyak. Artikel ini dapat disandingkan dengan countable
atau uncountable noun.

12
3.1.6 Preposition
Preposition yang acapkali muncul dalam kehidupan sehari-hari ialah TO, FOR, FROM, IN, ON, INTO, AT, BELOW,
UNDER, BENEATH, UP, DOWN, BY, WITH, WITHOUT, SINCE.

TO berarti ke, kepada, atau untuk. Misalnya:

They give the invitation to all their friends.
For juga memiliki arti yang sama. Namun, FOR dapat bermakna selama jika muncul dalam konteks kalimat yang
menggunakan present perfect tense sebagaimana SINCE yang juga muncul dalam kalimat present perfect tense
dan bermakna sejak. Misalnya:
- I’ve learned English for 15 years.
- I’ve learned English since I was in Junior High School.
FOR dapat pula berperan sebagai konjungsi apabila maknanya karena. Misalnya:
I love you for you are really sweet (aku mencintaimu karena kamu sangat manis).
FROM berarti dari. Misalnya:
I get the invitation from both of them.
In berarti di, di dalam atau pada. Biasanya muncul sebelum tahun, nama bulan, nama kota, nama tempat secara
general misalnya: in a class, atau sebelum V-ing, misalnya: I try hard in grasping the meaning. Contoh lain:
- I am in Bandung.
- We are in the class.
- Paulo was born in 1978.
ON berarti pada atau di atas. Biasanya muncul sebelum kata benda yang letaknya memang di atas benda yang
lain, sebelum nama hari, sebelum tanggal, dan lain-lain. Misalnya:
My netbook is on the table.
INTO berarti ke dalam. Pahami sendiri makna spesifiknya dari kalimat-kalimat berikut.
- I am pouring the water into the glass.
- You break this glass into pieces.
AT berarti di atau pada. Biasanya muncul sebelum tempat yang menjadi bagian dari kehidupan sehari-hari,
misalnya at home, at campus, at school, at night, sebelum jam misalnya at 10.00 p.m., atau sebelum tempat yang
spesifik misalnya at Semarang State University.
BELOW, UNDER, BENEATH bermakna di bawah. Silakan perhatikan contoh di bawah ini.
- Look at the example below, please.
- I’ve got you under my skin.
- I think there’s something spooky beneath my bathtub.
UP berarti di atas. Kemunculannya berfungsi sebagai penegas bahwa sesuatu itu berada di atas atau bangun.
Misalnya:
- I want to go upstairs.
- She wake up.
- You lift me up.
- He makes up his mind.
Bahkan ada pula yang menunjukkan sifat mengawang-ngawang misalnya:
- I feel like I’m up in the air.
- He doesn’t care about what’s happening up there.
DOWN berarti di bawah. Kemunculannya ialah sebagai penegas bahwa sesuatu itu memang berada di area
bawah. Misalnya:
- Deep down in Fiona’s heart, she’s still anxious.
- They are down since the proposal is rejected by the boss.
BY berarti oleh atau dengan.
Misalnya:
- Deddy is accepted to be a new employee by the manager.
- By giving the best, we deserve to get the best.
WITH berarti dengan. Contoh:
- I can live and get everything in this world with you.
- You will master this material with listening to the lecturer.
WITHOUT berarti tanpa. Contoh:
- I can live and get everything in this world without you.
- Without listening to the lecturer, you can’t master the material.

3.1.7 Conjunction
Conjunction berarti kata penghubung yang merangkai satu kalimat dengan kalimat lain. Berikut ini merupakan
beberapa contoh dari kata penghubung.

13
 Conjunction Meaning Example
And dan Me and you like surfing the
internet.
But tetapi I browse some good
translations on Google
Translate, but I can’t find them
out.
Yet tetapi He tries, yet he fails to win the
game.
However Akan tetapi/Bagaimana pun juga They plan to stay. However,
they are already asked to go
back home.
Or Atau You leave him, or I’m goint to
leave you.
while Sementara itu We figure out this problem,
while she doesn’t care at all.
Meanwhile Sementara itu We figure out this problem.
Meanwhile, she doesn’t care at
all.
Hence Oleh karena itu You love English. Hence, you
learn much about it from many
sources.
Therefore You love English. Therefore, you
learn much about it from many
sources.
So Jadi You love English. So, you learn
much about it from many
sources.
Because karena Dave is angry because they
don’t obey the rules.
For Dave is angry for they don’t
obey the rules.
Since Dave is angry since they don’t
obey the rules.
Before Sebelum Before I go to campus, I put the
books into my bag.
After setelah After I put the books into my
bag, I go to campus.
Later on kemudian I’ll pray. Later on, I go to sleep.
Besides Selain itu Mom is gentle. Besides, she is
tough.
Next Selanjutnya I’ll switch on the computer.
Next, I’ll install some new
programs.

3.1.8 Pronoun
Pronoun merupakan kata ganti untuk menghindari repetisi yang kurang penting. Secara umum, pronoun terbagi
menjadi empat tipe, yakni subject pronoun, object pronoun, possessive adjective dan possessive pronoun. Subject
pronoun digunakan untuk menggantikan kata-kata yang berperan sebagai subjek dalam kalimat. Object pronoun
diaplikasikan untuk menggantikan kata-kata yang berperan sebagai objek dalam kalimat. Possessive adjective
merupakan kata ganti yang menunjukkan kepunyaan dan ditulis persis di sebelah kata benda yang dimiliki. Misalnya:
my eyes, my room, my body, etc. Sementara itu, possessive pronoun merupakan kata ganti yang menunjukkan
kepunyaan, tetapi ditulis terpisah dari benda yang dimiliki. Biasanya possessive pronoun ini berpisah dari noun-nya
karena verb. Misalnya:
- Those files are mine. These are yours.
- The files on your table are not yours. You took mine.

Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun Possessive Adjective Possesive Pronoun

SHE HER HER HERS
HE HIM HIS HIS
IT IT ITS -

14
 THEY THEM THEIR THEIRS
WE US OUR OURS
I ME MY MINE
YOU YOU YOUR YOURS

3.2 Gerund
Gerund merupakan noun dengan formula V1+-ing (Ving), berperan sebagai subjek, objek atau pelengkap dalam
kalimat. Contoh:
- Sleeping is very important for health. (Sleeping dalam kalimat ini merupakan gerund dan berperan sebagai
subjek)
- John loves sleeping. (sleeping dalam kalimat ini merupakan gerund dan berfungsi sebagai objek.)
- His hobby is sleeping. (Sleeping dalam kalimat ini merupakan gerund dan berperan sebagai pelengkap.)

15
 Chapter 4

Tenses

4.1 The Structure of Sentences in Past and Present

Present Tense Past Tense

Present Simple with be Past Simple with be
(+) S + is/am/are + N/Adj/Adv (+) S + was/were + N/Adj/Adv.
(-) S + is/am/are + NOT + N/Adj/Adv (-) S + was/were + NOT + N/Adj/Adv
(?) Is/am/are + S + N/Adj/Adv? (?) Was/were + S +N/Adj/Adv?
Present Simple with general verbs Past Simple with general verbs
(+) S + V1 + N/Adj/Adv (+) S + V2 + N/Adj/Adv.
(-) S + doesn’t/don’t + V1 + N/Adj/Adv (-) S + didn’t + V1 + N/Adj/Adv.
(?) Does/Do + S + V1 + N/Adj/Adv? (?) Did + S + V1 + N/Adj/Adv?
Present Continuous Past Continuous
(+) S + is/am/are + Ving + N/Adj/Adv. (+) S + was/were + Ving + N/Adj/Adv.
(-) S + is/am/are + NOT + Ving + N/Adj/Adv. (-) S + was/were + NOT + Ving + N/Adj/Adv.
(?) Is/am/are + S + Ving + N/Adj/Adv? (?) Was/were + S +Ving + N/Adj/Adv?
Present Perfect with be Past Perfect with be
(+) S + has/have + been + N/Adj/Adv. (+) S + had + been + N/Adj/Adv.
(-) S + has/have + NOT + been + N/Adj/Adv. (-) S + had + NOT + been + N/Adj/Adv.
(?) Has/Have + S + been + N/Adj/Adv? (?) Had + S + been + N/Adj/Adv?
Present Perfect with general verbs Past Perfect with general verbs
(+) S + has/have + V3 + N/Adj/Adv. (+) S + had + V3 + N/Adj/Adv.
(-) S + has/have + NOT + V3 + N/Adj/Adv.
(?) Has/Have + S + V3 + N/Adj/Adv? (-) S + had + NOT + V3 + N/Adj/Adv.
(?) Had + S + V3 + N/Adj/Adv?

4.2 The Function of Each Tense

4.2.1 Present Simple with Be
Berikut ini merupakan fungsi-fungsi dari tense yang (paling familiar) ini.
- untuk menyebutkan nama
- untuk menyebutkan asal
- untuk menyebutkan kebangsaan
- untuk menyebutkan pekerjaan
- untuk menyebutkan status
- untuk menyebutkan agama
- untuk menyebutkan mood
- untuk menyebutkan kondisi sesuatu
- untuk menyebutkan posisi atau tempat
- untuk menjelaskan sifat seseorang
- untuk menyebutkan benda atau sesuatu

4.2.2 Present Simple with General Verbs

Fungsi dari tense ini ialah:
- Untuk menyatakan kebiasaan, rutinitas, atau suatu kegiatan atau aktivitas yang bersifat repetitif (diulang-ulang).
Biasanya akan muncul keterangan frekwensi (adverbs of frequency) seperti:
Always (selalu), usually (biasanya), often (sering), seldom (jarang), rarely (hampir tidak pernah), sometimes (kadang-
kadang), never (tidak pernah), every day (setiap hari), every time (setiap saat), once a week (seminggu sekali), twice a
week (dua kali seminggu), three times a day (tiga kali dalam sehari), etc.
- Untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum atau sesuatu yang general.

4.2.3 Present Continuous

16
 Fungsinya ialah:
- Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas atau kejadian yang BERLANGSUNG KETIKA SPEAKER BERBICARA.
Contoh:
Look at that! The baby is trying to stand up.
- Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang SEDANG DALAM PROSES PENGGARAPAN ATAU PENYELESAIAN.
Contoh:
I am reading the latest Harry Potter book. If I have finished, I will lend you.
- Untuk menerangkan RENCANA DI MASA YANG AKAN DATANG atau yang akan segera dilakukan.
Contoh:
I am building a new house for my family.

4.2.4 Present Perfect with Be

Fungsinya hampir sama seperti fungsi-fungsi present simple with be. Hanya saja, penggunaan tense ini menunjukkan
makna TELAH/SUDAH.
Contoh:
I have been full. (Aku sudah kenyang).

4.2.5 Present Perfect with General Verbs

Berikut ini merupakan fungsi-fungsinya.
- Untuk menyatakan suatu aktivitas TELAH SELESAI atau BELUM SELESAI dilakukan.
Misalnya:
You have proven that your research is right scientifically.
- Untuk menunjukkan suatu aktivitas yang dimulai di masa lalu, tetapi hingga kini masih berlangsung (biasanya
menggunakan kata SINCE atau FOR). Sesuatu terbentuk di masa lalu, tetapi hingga kini efeknya masih terasa.
Misalnya:
They have waited for you there for two hours.
- Untuk menyatakan bahwa seseorang PERNAH atau TIDAK PERNAH melakukan sesuatu.
Contoh:
I have ever joined the movement.
I have never gone to China.
- Untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu kejadian baru saja terjadi (biasanya ada kata JUST)
Contoh:
She has just arrived at home.
- Untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu kejadian telah terjadi/telah selesai di luar dugaan atau di luar prediksi (biasanya ada
kata ALREADY)
Contoh:
He has already posted the letter before you ask.

4.2.6 Past Simple with Be

Fungsinya hampir sama seperti fungsi-fungsi present simple with be. Hanya saja, penggunaan tense ini menunjukkan
arti IALAH/ADALAH/MERUPAKAN di masa lalu.
Contoh:
I was so thirsty an hour ago. (Aku sangat haus sejam yang lalu)
He was sad minutes ago. (Dia sedih beberapa menit yang lalu)

4.2.7 Past Simple with General Verbs

Fungsinya ialah untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan, aktivitas atau peristiwa yang terjadi di masa lalu dan tidak
diketahui apakah aktivitas tersebut tuntas atau belum. Selain itu, aktivitas itu tidak ada lagi hubungannya dengan
masa kini.
Contoh:
They kept a puppy three years ago.
We kicked them out because they were so rude.

4.2.8 Past Continuous

Fungsinya ialah sebagai berikut.
- Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan atau kejadian yang sedang berlangsung pada suatu waktu di suatu tempat
tertentu di masa lalu (keterangan waktu dan tempat terperinci)
Contoh:
Nicky was connecting the cable to the plug-in at 07.15 a.m. this morning.
- Untuk menjelaskan bahwa ada dua kejadian yang terjadi dalam kurun waktu yang HAMPIR BERSAMAAN. Kejadian
yang lebih dahulu terjadi menggunakan past continuous, adapun aktivitas yang menyusul kemudian menggunakan
past simple with general verbs.
Misalnya:

17
 I was doing my thesis when Charlize texted me yesterday.
While Charlize was focusing herself to the research, Juan tried to make her relax.
- Untuk menerangkan bahwa terdapat dua kejadian yang terjadi BERSAMAAN di masa lalu. Kedua kejadian dipaparkan
dengan menggunakan past continuous dan kata penghubung WHILE.
Contoh:
Dave was looking for his wallet, while Dereck was making his bed.

4.2.9 Past Perfect with Be

Fungsinya hampir sama seperti fungsi-fungsi present simple with be. Hanya saja, penggunaan tense ini menunjukkan
makna TELAH/SUDAH di masa lalu.
Contoh:
They had been bored before you performed four days ago.
(Mereka telah bosan sebelum kamu tampil empat hari yang lalu)
4.2.10 Past Perfect with General Verbs
Fungsinya ialah untuk menyatakan bahwa terdapat dua kejadian di masa lalu yang mana salah satu kejadian telah
selesai atau tuntas sebelum kejadian lain menyusul.
Contoh:
I listened to the music from 01.00 p.m. until 03.00 p.m.
Vicky picked me up at 03.15 p.m.
Jadi kalimat untuk menyatukan dua kalimat di atas menggunakan past perfect with general verbs menjadi:
I had listened to the music before Vicky picked me up.

18
 Chapter
Passive Sentences

5.1 What is Passive Sentence?

Sebelum memusatkan perhatian pada pola-pola kalimat pasif, Anda sebaiknya mengetahui dan kemudian
mengingat bahwa kalimat pasif terbentuk karena ada kalimat aktif yang mengandung Noun yang berperan sebagai
Objek dan tentu saja kalimat yang mengandung Verb selain Be (atau sering saya istilahkan dengan General Verbs).
Sebagaimana yang Anda ketahui dalam banyak contoh kalimat, Noun berfungsi sebagai Subjek dan juga Objek. Silakan
perhatikan contoh-contoh kalimat di bawah ini.

Contoh:

1. You may change the layout of this magazine. (Kalimat aktif)

You merupakan subject pronoun. Sebagai info untuk mengingatkan Anda, Subject pronouns (she, he, it, they, we, I,
you) dan object pronouns (her, him, it, them, us, me, you) merupakan turunan dari Noun.

The layout of this magazine merupakan noun phrase dan berperan sebagai Objek dalam kalimat di atas. Karena
mengandung Noun yang berfungsi sebagai Objek, maka kalimat di atas dapat diubah menjadi kalimat pasif menjadi:

The layout of this magazine may be changed by you. (Kalimat pasif)

2. Frente has installed the new program in her notebook. (Kalimat aktif)
Frente merupakan subject; berupa Noun karena nama tersebut menunjukkan eksistensi seorang manusia. Frente
dapat disubstitusi dengan subject pronoun She.
Sementara itu, the new program merupakan frase kata benda (noun phrase) yang berperan sebagai objek.
Dengan demikian, kalimat di atas dapat diubah menjadi kalimat pasif berikut ini.
The new program has been installed by Frente in her notebook. (kalimat pasif)
5.2 The Structure of Passive Sentence

Kalimat Aktif Kalimat Pasif

Present Simple with General Verbs Present Simple with General Verbs
S (berupa Subject pronoun) + V1 + N/Adj/Adv N + Be Present (is/am/are) + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object
Contoh: Pronoun)
She spills a cup of tea on the floor. Contoh:
A cup of tea is spilled by her on the floor.
Past Simple with general verbs Past Simple with general verbs
S (berupa Subject Pronoun) + V2 + N/Adj/Adv N + Be Past (was/were) + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object
Contoh: Pronoun)
He put his shoes on the sofa yesterday. Contoh:
His shoes were put by him on the sofa yesterday.
Present Continuous Present Continuous
S (berupa Subject Pronoun) + is/am/are + Ving + N/Adj/Adv. N + Be Present (is/am/are) + being + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi
Contoh: Object Pronoun)
Wulan is picking her brother in a kindergarten. Contoh:
Wulan’s brother is being picked up by Wulan/her in a kindergarten.
Past Continuous Past Continuous
S (berupa Subject Pronoun) + was/were + Ving + N/Adj/Adv N + Be Past (was/were) + being + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi
Contoh: Object Pronoun)

19
Hanny was peeling the oranges at 7 a.m. this morning. Contoh:
The oranges were being peeled by Hanny at 7 a.m. this morning.
Present Perfect with General Verb Present Perfect with General Verb
S (berupa Subject Pronoun) + has/have + V3 + N/Adj/Adv N + has/have + been + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object
Contoh: Pronoun)
Gerard has noticed her signs of love for a month. Contoh:
Her signs of love have been noticed by Gerard/him for a month.
Past Perfect with General Verb Past Perfect with General Verb
S (berupa Subject Pronoun) + had + V3 + N/Adj/Adv N + had + been + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun)
Contoh: Contoh:
Prima had summarized the journals before his mom knocked the The journals had been summarized by Prima/him before his mom
door. knocked the door.

Chapter 6
Modals

6.1 What is it?

Modals merupakan istilah lain dari auxiliary verb (yang mana selama ini Anda familiar dengan bentuk-bentuknya
seperti do, don’t, does, doesn’t, did, didn’t, has, hasn’t, have, haven’t, had, hadn’t, dll.). Fungsi dari modals juga sebelas
dua belas (baca: kurang lebih sama) dengan auxiliary verb, yakni membantu main verb dalam hal penekanan waktu
terjadinya suatu aktivitas, penekanan makna dan sebagainya. Silakan perhatikan kalimat di bawah ini.
My cousins may visit me on Saturday night.
(Sepupu-sepupuku boleh mengunjungiku pada malam minggu)
My cousins = Subject
May = Modal
Visit = Verb (main verb)
Me = Noun (object pronoun)
On Saturday night = Adverb of time

Dengan demikian, keberadaan modal dapat dikatakan sekadar penunjang atau berada dalam tataran sekunder
dibandingkan dengan main verb. Namun, eksistensinya toh cukup fungsional untuk menimbulkan efek tertentu,
khususnya dalam hal makna.

6.2 The Structure of Active Sentences

Present (Saat Ini) Past (Saat yang telah lewat)

Can (dapat) Could (dapat)
S + can + V1 + N/Adv/Adj S + could + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
Be present (is/am/are) able to (mampu) Be past (was/were) able to (mampu)
S + is/am/are + able to + V1 S + was/were + able to + V1
Must (harus) Had to (harus)
S + must + V1 + N/Adv/Adj S + had to + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
Has to/have to (harus) Had to (harus)
S + has to/have to + V1 + N/Adv/Adj S + had to + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
Should (sebaiknya) Should (sebaiknya)
S + should + V1 + N/Adv/Adj S + should + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
May (boleh/mungkin) Might (boleh/mungkin)
S + may + V1 + N/Adv/Adj S + might + V1 + N/Adv/Adj
Will (akan) Would (akan)
S + will + V1 + N/Adv/Adj S + would + V1 + N/Adv/Adj

6.3 The Structure of Passive Sentences

Present (Saat Ini) Past (Saat yang telah lewat)

Can (dapat) Could (dapat)
N + can + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun) N + could + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object
Pronoun)
Be present (is/am/are) able to (mampu) Be past (was/were) able to (mampu)
N + is/am/are + able to + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object N + was/were + able to + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi
Pronoun) Object Pronoun)

20
Must (harus) Had to (harus)
N + must + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun) N + had to + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object
Pronoun)
Has to/have to (harus) Had to (harus)
N + has to/have to + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object N + had to + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object
Pronoun) Pronoun)
Should (sebaiknya) Should (sebaiknya)
N + should + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun) N + should + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object
Pronoun)

May (boleh/mungkin) Might (boleh/mungkin)

N + may + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun) N + might + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object
Pronoun)
Will (akan) Would (akan)
N + will + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object Pronoun) N + would + be + V3 + by + S (yang berubah menjadi Object
Pronoun)

Chapter 7
Expression

7.1 Expressions of Guessing, Right Guessing, Wrong Guessing, and I haven’t A Clue

Expressions of Guessing:

- ...I’d say...

- Could it be...

- Perhaps it’s ...

- I think it is ...

- It looks like ...

- It’s difficult to say but I’d guess ...

Expressions of Right Guessing:

- That’s right.
- Right.
- Yes, you’re right.
- Exactly
Expressions of Wrong Guessing:
- No, I’m afraid not.
- Not quite.
- You’re close.
- I don’t think so.
Expressions of I haven’t a clue
- I’m afraid I don’t know ...
- I’m sorry I don’t know.
- I haven’t any clue.
- I’m not sure.
- I’ve forgotten the English word for ...
- I can’t remember the English of ...

7.2 Expressing Warning

Do this:
- Please queue other side.
- Keep right.
Don’t do this:
- No smoking.
- No littering.

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- No parking.
- No exit.
- Don’t lean out the window.
- Please do not disturb.
- Please do not feed the animals.
- Keep off the grass.
- Silence. Examination is in progress.
- Don’t leave bags unattended.

Watch Out:

- Watch your head.

- Fragile (Be careful, this will break easily).
- Watch your step.
- Beware of pickpockets.
- Beware of fierce dog.
- Wtch out. The train is coming.
- Look out behind you.
Advice:
- Take good care of yourself.
- Be careful.
- Take care, please.

7.3 Expressions of Asking and Offering Advice

Asking for Advice:
- Do you think I ought to call the police?
- What do you think I should buy him for his birthday?
- Do you have any ideas about how I can sell my car?
- Should I try to talk with him about this matter again?
- If you were me, what would you tell her?
- If you were in my situation, would you forgive him?
- Do youhave any advice for me?
- Can you give me some advice?
- Do yoyu have any recommendations about a good hotel in Paris?
- Can you recommend a suitable wine for dinner?
Offering advice?
- I think you’d better start looking for a new job.
- If I were you, I’d stop writing her.
- It would probably be a good idea to send this mail by express mail.
- Why don’t you try calling her tonight?
- How about taking the bus instead of driving?
- Try ignoring her for a while.
- I’d say that you’d beter qut the team now.
- I advise you to talk with your lawyer.
- My advice is to be careful doing business with them.
- I suggest that we go out for dinner tonight.
- Let me suggest that we buy a new copier.
- I recommend that you cancel your appointment.
- My recommendation is that we begin the sales program in May.

7.4 Expressions of Asking Permission, Giving Permission, and Denying Permission

Asking permission:
- Can I close the window, please?
- Please let me have the car tonight.
- May I close the door, please?
- Do you mind if I smoke?
- Would you mind if I went with her?
- May I have your permission to marry your daughter?
Giving permission:
- Sure, go ahead.
- It’s okay with me.
- No, I don’t mind.
- Why not?

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- You have my permission.
- I won’t stop you.
- Certainly.
Denying permission:
- No, you may not.
- You can’t.
- Yes, I do mind.
- I don’t think so.
- I will not permit you to.
- I absolutely forbid you.

7.5 Expressions of Relief

- Uh, that’s a relief.
- Thank goodness for that.
- Thank heavens!
- Oh, good!
- Oh, marvelous!
- Oh, what a relief!
- That’s alright, then.
- Phew!
- Thank God for that.
- I’m very relieved to hear that.
- I’m extremely glad to hear that.
- What a relief!
- Good for you.
- I’m glad it’s done.
- I’m glad everything is running well.
- Ifeel so relieved.
- This ointment relieves my pain.
- It’s very relaxing.

7.6 Expressions of Pain

- Ouch! It hurts me so much.
- Ouch! Stop pinching me.
- Oh! What shall I do if he’s already married?
- Ooh! My head aches! And my back hurts!
- Ah! What is it?
- Ouch! That hurts.
- Aw! The pain hurts me verymuch.
- It’s very painful. I can’t stand it.
- I can’t stand it. The pain is getting worse and worse.

7.7 Expressing Pleasure/Pleased

- I’m very pleased with this room.
- Oh, how marvelous!
- Oh, it’s wonderful!
- It’s good news.
- I’m very delighted.
- It gives me great pleasure.
- I can’t say how pleased I am.
- Great!
- Smashing!
- Terrific!
- Fantastic!
- Super!
- I’m glad you like it.
- This is great, isn’t it?
- I can’t say how delighted I am.

7.8 Expressing scared

- I’m scared.
- You scare me.
- It’s frightening.

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- It’s horrible.
- The sight terrified me so much.
- I can’t forget that terrible experience.
- The fear is creeping into my heart.

7.9 Expressing opinions

Asking other people’s opinions:
- What do you think of ...
- Is that right (true) that ...
- Do you think it’s going ...
- Whydo they behave like that?
- Do you have any idea?
- How do you like ...?
- Please give me your frank opinion.
- What’s your opinion?
-

Expressing opinions:

- In my opinion ...
- I personally believe ...
- I personally think ...
- I personally feel ...
- Not everyone will agree with me, but ...
- To my mind ...
- From my point of view ...
- As I see it ...
- I think ...
- I believe ...
- I feel ...
- I am certain/sure/positive/convinced.
- I agree.
- I disagree.
- It seems that ...
- Well, personally ...
- If I had my way, I would ...
- What I’m more concerned with is ...
- In my case ...
- Absolutely.

7.10 Expressing agreement and disagreement

Saying that you agree:
- Yes, I agree with you.
- I’m sure you’re right.
- That’s right (quite true).
- I think so too.
- I absolutely agree.
- That’s exactly what I think.
- Yes, I suppose so.
- I don’t have any objections.
Saying that you don’t agree:
- We wil never agree.
- Not at all/Not really.
- I disagree.
- I think that’s nonsense.
Saying that you don’t agree politely:
- I see your point, but ...
- Yes, may be, but ...
- I don’t entirely agree with ...
- You may be right, but ...
- Do you think so?
- I see what you mean, but ...
- To some extent, yes but ...

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- I don’t think so.
- I don’t agree with you.
- I’m not sure I agree with you.
- I don’t like the idea.
Making conclusion:
- In conclusion, we state that ...
- Therefore, we state that ...
- To conclude, we state that ...
- On the whole, we state that ...
- From the statement we can conclude ...
- From the facts above we can conclude ...
- On this basis, we agree that ...

7.11 Expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction

Asking abut satisfaction/dissatisfaction:
- How do you like your room?
- Is everything OK?
- Is everything satisfactory?
- Are you satisfied?
- Did you find our service satisfactory?
- Did you want to complain about something?
- Was something not to your satisfaction?
- Are you dissatisfied with something?
Expressing Satisfaction:
- I really like my new haircut
- I’m completely satisfied with everything you’ve done for me.
- It was satisfactory.
- Everything is fine, thank you.
- Everything was just perfect.
- I’m happy enough with it.
- It was okay. Not too bad.
- Good enough.
Expressing Dissatisfaction
- I am a little dissatisfied with the service here.
- I am a bit disappointed with the program.
- The food was lousy.
- I am tired of working here. I don’t like the color.
- I have a complaint.
- I am very dissatisfied with the condition.
- I want to make a complaint.
Responding to Dissatisfaction
- I see
- I’m sorry to hear that.
- I’ll look into it.
- I’ll see what I can do about it.
- I’ll try and take care of it.

7.12 Expressing sorrow

- She was overwhelmed by her sorrow.
- My heart is so burdened.
- I can’t tell my pain and sorrow in words.
- It brought me a lot of misery.
- I’m so sad to hear it.
- I regret having to do this.
- I’m feeling bad at this time.

7.13 Expressing attention:

- Oh, really?
- It’s amazing.
- Is he? (did he? Was she? Etc.)
- Oh poor creature!
- What a poor girl she is!
- Why not?

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- What about her step-mother?
- How lucky he is.
- Well, go on.
- What happened then?

7.14 Expressing embarrassment and anger

Expressing embarrassment:
- It really makes me ashamed.
- I was so ashamed.
- I was very embarrassed.
- How embarrassing.
- Tell me it never happened.
- Tell me it didn’t happen.
- I was so embarrassed.

Asking if someone is angry

- What’s the matter?
- What happened?
- What do you look so insulted about?
- Why are you acting so insulted?
- Did I insult you?
- Are you angry about something?
- Are you angry with me?
- What are you so angry about?
Expressing anger:
- Well, I’ve never been so insulted in my life.
- Who are you to say such a thing to me?
- Aren’t you the pot calling the kettle black?
- What do you mean I did a terrible job?
- Are you trying to tell me I’m not good enough for you?
- Oh, hell!
- You turkey!
- You’re getting me angry.
- I’m starting to get angry ... 1 ... 2 ... 3
- Are you trying to make me angry?
- You burn me up.
Calming someone down:
- Relax.
- Take it slow.
- Take it easy.
- Calm down.
- Control yourself.
- Don’t be such a worrywart.
- Don’t trouble yourself.
- Don’t let it bother you.
- Maybe you’re a little too sensitive about.
- Don’t be so touchy.
- Don’t be angry with me.
- Temper, temper.
- Let’s try to hold our temper.
- Don’t get hot under the collar.
- Getting angry won’t help.

7.15 Expressions for telling a story:

- To begin with ...
- First of all, ...
- One day, ...
- The next day, ...
- So, ...
- But ...
- And you know what?

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- After that ...
- At the end ...
- Finally ...

7.16 Finishing your story

- To make a long story short ...
- So, in the end ...
- So, in short ...
- At the end ...
- Finally ...

7.17 Expressing Attitudes

Expressing justification:
- That’s why ...
- Besides ...
- Because ...
- What I mean is ...
- You see ...
- To be honest ...
- The reason why ...
- What I’m saying is ...
- So ...

7.18 Expressing thinking expressions

- Now, let me think ...

- It’s difficult to say exactly, but ...
- That’s an interesting question.
- I’ll have to think about that.
- The best way I can answer this is ..
- Let me see ...

7.19 Expressing Speculation

- Maybe ...
- I guess ...
- I suppose ...
- Perhaps ...
- It’s quite possible that ...
Expressing agreement:
- I agree.
- I know what you mean.
- I think so, too.
- That’s for sure.
- Right.
- Certainly.
- OK. with me.
- Fine tih me.
- I agree to do so.
Expressing Disagreement:
- I’m against this idea.
- I don’t agree.
- I don’t think so.
- I’m not so sure.
- I find I can’t agree with you.
- I can’t agree to that.
- I refuse.
- No way.
- No deal.

7.20 Expressing Annoyance

Expressing Annoyance:
- I need a break.

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- I’m losing my mind.
- I’m a bundle of nerves.
- I can’t take it anymore.
- Gosh ... What is this?
- I’m so scared.
- I was terrified.
- You frightened me.
- I’m frightened.
- Oh, no!
- Oh dear!
- What a nuisance.
- How irritating.
- I’m very annoyed.
- It really makes me angry.
- It annoys me.
- It irritates me.
- I really hate ...
- What an idiot.
- I’m fed up with ...
Reducing someone’s annoyance:
- Relax.
- Take it slow.
- Take it easy.
- Calm down.
- Control yourself.
- Don’t be such a worrywart.
- Don’t be scared.
- Don’t trouble yourself.
- Don’t be frightened.

7.21 Expressing something in chronological order

To illustrate time sequence at the beginniing of your story you can use:
- In the beginning
- At first
- At the start
- First of all
In the middle of your story you can use:
- Next
- After that
- Then
- Second, third and so on
- Following
- Subsequently
- Afterwards
- Meanwhile
At the end of your story you can use:
- Eventually
- At last
- In conclusion
- Finally
- To sum up
- As has been noted
To illustrate time relationships (how one event relates to another in terms of time):
- At the same time
- During
- When
- While
- As
- As soon as
- Before
- Until
- After
- Afterwards

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7.22 Expressing Complaint
- I want to complain about these shoes
- Well, this is the most unsatisfactory. I booked the room myself a week ago.
- I’m afraid ... It’s just not good enough.
- What can you do about these rooms?
- Something must be done.
- I’m sorry to say this but this room is very dirty.
- I’m afraid I’ve got a complain about ...
- Would you mind not talking too loudly?
- I wish yu didn’t bother us.
- I’m not at all satisfied with your service.
- I must object to your hotel.

7.23 Expressing general wishes

Giving someone general wishes
- Good luck.
- Best of luck.
- I wish you luck.
- Good fortune be with you.
- I hope that everything goes OK for you.
- I’m sure that everthing will work out just fine.
- May you be happy and successful in your new life.
- Well, we hope that everything will be alright.
- I hope you have a good/pleasant/enjoyable ...
- Please give your parents my best wishes.
Responding to General Wishes
- Thank you.
- Thank you very much.
- Very many thanks.
- Thank. You too.
- Thank you and the same to you.
- Thank you and a happy New Year to you too.

7.24 Expressing Purpose, Reasons, or Plans

Asking about purpose/Reasons/Plans:
- Why are holding it?
- What are you trying to do?
- What do you hide the money for?
- What’s your purpose in explaining him that pipeline?
- Do you do that on purpose?
- What do you intend to do to us?
- Is it your intention to blackmail me?
- What are you thinking of doing with those pictures?
- What are you planning to do tomorrow?
Stating Purpose/Reason/Plans:
- I help her because she can help me sometime in the future.
- I give it to the police in order to keep it safe.
- My purpose in explaining him that ‘pipeline’ is to make him understand it clearly.
- Of course I don’t do it on purpose.
- I don’t mean to hit him so bad.
- My intention is to destroy the papers before thay are found.
- My plan is to invite him to dinner, get him drunk and ...
Hiding Purpose/Reasons/Plans
- I’ve got no particular purpose in mind.
- No reason in particular.
- I’ll never tell.
- That’s for me to know and you to find out.
- You’ll see.
- It’s a secret.

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7.25 Expression of Warning
Informatives Notices:
- Out of order
- No vacancies
- Sold out.
- Beware of pickpockets.
- Don’t leave the bag unattended.
- Please queue
- Keep off grass
- Please do not disturb.
Do this:
- Please queue other side.
- Keep right.
Don’t do this:
- No smoking.
- No littering.
- No parking.
- No exit.
- Don’t lean out of the window.
- Please do not disturb.
- Please do not feed the animals.
- Keep off the grass.
- Silent. Examination is in progress.
- Don’t leave bags unattended.
Watch out:
- Mind your head.
- Fragile (be careful, this will break easily)
- Mind the step.
- Beware of pickpockets.
- Beware of fierce dog.
- Watch out. The train is coming.
- Look out behind you.
Advice:
- Take good care of yourself.
- Be careful.
- Take care, please.

7.26 Expressing Suggestion, Advice, and Recommendation

Asking for Suggestion/Advice/Recommendation
- Do you think I ought to call the police?
- What do you think I should buy him for his birthday?
- Do you have any dieas about how I can sell my car?
- Should I try to talk with him about his matter again?
- If you were me, what would you tell her?
- If you were in my situation, would you forgive him?
- What do you advise that I pack for the trip?
- Do you have any advice for me?
- Can you give me some advice about something?
- How do you suggest that I fix this broken window?
- Are you suggesting that I give up jogging?
- What do you recommend I take for a bad headache?
- Do you have any recommendations about a good hotel in Paris?
- Can you recommend a suitable wine for dinners?
Offering Suggestion/Advice/Recommendation
- I think you’d better start looking for a new job.
- If I were you, I’d stop writing her.
- It would probably a good idea to send this mail by Express mail.
- Why don’t you try calling her tonight?
- How about taking the bus instead of driving?
- Try ignoring her for a while.
- I’d say that you’d better quit the team now.
- I advise you to talk with your lawyer.

30
- My advice is to be careful in doing business with them.
- I suggest that we go out for dinners tonight.
- Let me suggest that we buy a new-copier.
- I recommend that you cancel your appointment.
- My recommendation is that we begin the sales program in May.

7.27 Expressing Attitudes

Saying you are pleased/excited/like:
- Great!
- Terrific!
- Fantastic!
- Super!
- Phew!
- How wonderful
- Hey, that’s terrific.
- It’s the best thing ...
- Interesting
- Exciting
- Yippee.
Saying you are displeased/angry/disappointed/bored/dislike:
- Very annoyed
- How irritating
- Really isn’t good.
- Extremely unhappy.
- It makes me mad.
- It isn’t nice.
- How infuriating.
- I’m afraid ...
- How boring
- Totally uninteresting

7.28 Interjection
- Aw! Expresses protest, disbelief, disgust or pity.
Example: Aw, you poor little dog.
- Bah! An exclamation of contempt or annoyance.
Example: Bah! That’s nonsense!
- Bingo! Indicates approval of second speaker’s sudden understanding or correct response.
Example: Bingo! That’s just what I wanted!
- DUH! Expresses annoyance at the dullness or stupidity of a previous comment.
Example: Elephants are bigger than mice. DUH!
- Er ...? Hmm ... used to express or represent a pause, hesitation, uncertainty, etc.
Example: His name is er ... Jack, I think.
- Oh, my!/Ah!/Oh!/Ooh! Shows pain, surprise, pity, complaint, dislike, joy, etc. Depending on how it is uttered.
Example: Ah! (Oh!) That’s so beautiful!
- Oh! is also used to attract the attention of the person spoken to.
Example: Oh, John, will you post this letter for me, please?
- Haha! An exclamation or representation of laughter, as in expressing amusement or disrespect; also Hawhaw!
Example: Haha! That’s so funny!
- Huh? Expresses surprise, bewilderment, disbelief, contempt, or interrogation.
Example: So he thinks he’s cool, huh? Huh? Prince William is marrying Britney Spears?
- Oh-Oh! used to show surprise or anticipation of something unpleasant.
Example: OH-oh! Here comes Miss Fussy.
- YO! Used to get someone’s attention, express excitement, greet someone, etc.
Example: Yo! Harry! I’m here
- WOW! Shows surprise, wonder, pleasure, etc.
Example: Wow! Look at that! That’s so beautiful.
- Yuck! UCK! Eww!/Yikes! An expression of disgust or dislike.
Example: Yuck! (Ugh!) Not broccoli again! Eww! Yikes! How gross
- YUM-YUM!/YUMMY!/MMM! Expresses enjoyment or satisfaction, especially in the taste of food.
Example: Yummy! Chocolate pudding for dessert!

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