North South University

HIS103.38
Assignment on
Political Autonomy Assertion
Group: 02
Submitted By:
Shariful Hasan Fuad 1921881030
Md. Galib Ahsan 1912346642
Sreejan Bose 1831060642
Nuruz Zaman 1911745649
Kazi Abidur Rahman 1921808030
Rashad Sharan 1921210630
Farha Sikder Elvy 1620948030

Submitted To: Aynul Islam (AYM)

Submission Date: 25-09-2020
Political autonomy assertion
1948-58:
Lead representative General and President of the Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah said that Urdu
would be the main authority language of Pakistan during a speech in Dhaka (Dacca), East
Pakistan on March 24, 1948. Lead representative General Muhammad Ali Jinnah kicked the
bucket on 11th September, 1948, and Chief Minister Khwaja Nazimuddin took over as Governor-
General of Pakistan on 14th September, 1948. Nurul Amin of the Muslim league was selected as
Chief Minister on East Bengal on September 15, 1948.
The Awami Muslim League was set up in Dhaka, East Pakistan by Maulana Bhashani, Shamsul
Huq, and Sheik Mujibur Rahman on June 23, 1949. Sir Feroz Khan Noon was delegated as
Governor of East Bengal on March 31, 1950. On January 26, 1952, a council of the Pakistan
Constituent Assembly suggested that Urdu be the main authority language of Pakistan. On
January 30, 1952, Bengali understudies and others built up the Bhasha Andolon (Bengali
language) development for the acknowledgment of Bengali as a public language in Pakistan. PM
Khwaja Nazimuddin, who was of Bengali starting point, stood up for Urdu as the public
language on February 21, 1952. Government police and understudy demonstrators conflicted in
Dhaka on February 21-23, 1952, bringing about the passing’s of ten people. Chaudhry
Khaliquzzaman was named as Governor of East Bengal on March 31, 1953. The United Front
was set up on December 4, 1953. Administrative decisions were held in East Bengal on March
12, 1954

The Formation of United Front and 1954 election:

The Front was shaped on 14th November, 1953 by the activity of

1. Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhasani of Awami Muslim League,

2. A.K.FazlulHaque of KrishakSramik Party,
3. Mawlana Athar Ali of Nizam-e-Islam, and
4. Hazi Danesh of Ganatantri Dal.

They united with the purpose of achieving the justice and rights for East Bengal. The United
Front was a coalition of political parties in East Bengal that oppose and won Pakistan's first
provincial general election to the East Bengal general assembly. The coalition consisted of the
Awami Muslim League, the Krishak Sramik Party, the Ganatantri Dal (Democratic Party) and
Nizam-e-Islam. The coalition was junction rectifier by three major Bengali proponent leaders- A.
K. FazlulHaque, Mawlana Athar Ali and Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhasani.

United front emerged for their strong alliance and solid leading and policy. The United Front was
based on a 21-point agenda.
The 21 Point Agenda
The United Alliance Front proposed a package program which has 21 themes that mainly
represented advancements for East part’s people in which proposed points were:
1. To recognize Bengali as one of the State/Official Language of Pakistan. The superiors
declared ‘Urdu’ as the ‘only’ state language considering their own favor which was
clearly a discrimination for the majority. So, to establish equity beside Urdu, Bengali
should be placed.
2. Abolishment of Zamindari without compensation and surplus lands will be distributed
among cultivators.
3. The cash crop jute production and trade will be nationalized and bring under fully
controlled and secure the policy of fair pricing by East part’s Government. The jute-
bungling during the Muslim League regime will be investigate fairly and guilties shall be
punished.
4. Govt. will provide subsidies for Co-operative farming and cottage industries. Juktafront
proposed for making advancement for East Pakistan’s agriculture and suffering cottage
industry.
5. Make Salt production self-contained, advancement in infrastructure for production and
investigate the scandal from Muslim league era.
6. The artisan and technician class refugees will be rehabilitate.
7. Improvement in irrigation system to counter flood and famine.
8. Make the state self-contained in agriculture and ensure right and salary as per ILO
Convention.
9. Primary Education will be free and compulsory and ensure fair allowance for teachers.
10. Introduce mother tongue as the medium of education, restructure education system and
supply govt. aid for all institutions.
11. Make Dhaka and Rajshahi University autonomous institutions. Extinct reactionary laws
and make higher education cheaper.
12. Government servant rationalize the pay scale of high and low paid. The ministers shall
not receive more than 1000 taka as monthly salary to curtail the cost of administration.
13. Government should take necessary steps eradicate corruption, nepotism and bribery, and
with this end in view, to take stocks of the properties of all government officers and
marchant from 1940 onward and seize all properties the acquisition of which is not
satisfactorily accounted for.
14. All prisoners release detained without trial and try in open court persons involved in anti-
state activities. Government repeal all Safety and Preventive Detention Acts and
safeguard
the rights of the press and of holding meetings.
15. The judiciary separate from the executive.
16. The residence of the chief minister of the United Front locate at a lower costly house, and
to change Burdwan House into a student hostel now and into an organization for
research on Bangla language and literature later.
17. Memory of the martyrs of the Language Movement erect a monument on spot where they
were dead and pay compensation to the families of the martyrs.
18. 21 February must be declared public holiday. It is known as ‘Shaheed Day’.
 19. The Lahore Resolution offered full autonomy of East Bengal leaving protection, foreign
affairs and currency under the central government. Arrangements shall be made to set the
headquarters of the army in West Pakistan in matter of defence
20. United Front Ministry shall extend the tenure of the Legislature on no account. Ministry
shall resign six months before the general elections to facilitate free and fair elections
under an Election Commission.
21. All casual vacancies shall be filled up within three months through by-elections. If the
nominees are defeated in three successive by-elections, ministry shall resign from office.

The election was organized on 8th march, 1954. Out of 309 seat, jukto front won 223 seat. The
election resulted during a crushing defeat for the Muslim League. Veteran understudy the
pioneer of East Pakistan Khaleque Nawaz Khan knock down the sitting Prime Minister of East
Pakistan Mr.Nurul Amin in Nandail Constituency of Mymensingh local and made history in
political field. Nurul Amin's staggering obliteration to a 27 years past young Turk of Jukto Front
sufficiently shed the Muslim League from political scene of the then East Pakistan.

Musli
m Sales
leagu
0%
e9
Others 77
3%
25%

United front
223
72%

The provincial election of the East on 8th to 11th March, 1954 was a big shock for the Pakistani
ruling elite. United Front parties securing a landslide victory and gaining 223 seats within the
309(including nine reserved seats for women) -member assembly. The Awami League extended
as the precedence share party, with 143 seats. The Muslim League, the gathering in power
straightforwardly or in a roundabout way since the time 1937, figured out how to get just 7 seats.
Of the all out of 228 chosen Front individuals, 143 had a place with Awami Muslim League, 48
to Krishak Sramik Party, 22 to Nezam-e-Islam, 13 to Ganatantri Dal and 2 to Khilafat-e-Rabbani
Party of the non-Muslim seats, Congress got 25, Scheduled Caste Federation 27, and the United
Front of the Minorities got 13. The significance of the election were Bengali nationalism won
this election, rises of a secularist political ideology, raises the demand for full autonomy in East
Bengal, rises of middle class people, and end the Muslim league government- people are show
red card Muslim league.

Because of the victory of the United Front A.K. Fazlul Haque of the Krisak Sramik Party became
Chief Minister of East Pakistan. The election propelled widespread Bengali leaders into the
Pakistani federal government, with leaders like Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Abul Mansur
Ahmed changing into key federal ministers. Inside common government, youthful pioneers like
Sheik Mujibur Rahman, Yusuf Ali Chowdhury and Khaleque Nawaz Khan rose to
conspicuousness. Only a few month after forming the government, new conspiracy begain.
 The United Front demanded larger provincial autonomy for East Pakistan. It passed a
landmark order for the institution of the Bangla Academy in Dhaka. However, inside
months of forward power, the fresh electoral government was dismissed by Governor-
General Ghulam Muhammad, upon of accusations against A K Fazlul Haque of trying
secession.
 On 30th May the election was countermanded. The dismissal of the United Front was a
key turning purpose in exacerbating East Pakistan's grievances within the Pakistani
union.
This situation made Bengali realize, they can’t let Pakistani walk over them. This lead Maulana
Bhashani to brazenly imply separation and independence in 1957, in his Salam, Pakistan
(Farewell, Pakistan) speech. However, inside a year approximately when the election, the United
Front disintegrated attributable to clashes of personalities, intra-alliance disagreements and
dissension, and divergent party program.

Pakistan constitution
In 1956, the constitution assembly was formed under the independence act. It’s duty was to
establish the constitution and national assembly. But they used it against Bengalis freedom.
 Pakistan declared themselves as Islami Republic.
 The president was given the power to deployed soldiers in case of emergency situation.
 One unit scheme left zero East Pakistan’s autonomy.

Martial law Implemented 1958

Pakistani overthrow alludes to the occasions between October 7, when the President of Pakistan
Iskander Mirza annulled the Constitution of Pakistan and proclaimed military law, and October
27, when Mirza himself was dismissed by Gen. Ayub Khan, the Commander-in-Chief of the
Pakistani Army. There were various Prime Ministers between 1956 to 1958 and it arrived at a
point when General Ayub Khan thought the military should take control to reestablish
dependability. East Pakistan's legislators needed more state in the running of the focal
government which expanded strain. Iskander Mirza had lost the help of a significant number of
the main legislators and was frightened at an arrangement by Suhrawardy to join the political
administration of Bengal and Punjab against him. In this manner he went to Ayub Khan and the
military for help.

Supposition of Power Ayub's ascent to control was a result of the long periods of financial and
political unsteadiness that had followed the passing of the two extraordinary pioneers of Pakistan
in its developmental stage, M. A. Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan.
Ayub tells in his journals how, as president, he watched with developing repugnance as
debasement spread through each degree of the country and one insufficient government followed
another. He and his kindred officials had encouraged the burden of solid guideline, and on Oct.
7, 1958, he was asked by the president, Iskander Mirza, to assume control over the
administration in light of the fact that the nonmilitary personnel authorities were losing control.
Military law was proclaimed, and not long after taking over as boss manager, Ayub constrained
Mirza to leave the nation. He created a Sharif commission-

1. Abolishment of student politics.

2. Increased rate of school and college fees.
3. Increased pressuse of courses in degree so it took long time for students to graduate.
4. Less opportunity for higher study.

Despite the fact that Ayub controlled the papers, broken up ideological groups, and detained
those lawmakers he felt were disturbing the nation, he didn't make Pakistan into a police state.
The common help and the legal executive had an enormous proportion of freedom. Military law
had been forced, Ayub demanded, just for "clearing up the political, social, financial wreck"
made by the degenerate government officials. Particularly in the early long stretches of his
standard he was broadly well known, and his arrangements got quick development farming and
different areas of the economy. The measure which he viewed as his most prominent
accomplishment was the formation of another constitution. The initial step had been the
formation of fundamental majority rules systems in 1960, giving the individuals the option to
choose 80,000 town level delegates, who chose Ayub president. At that point in 1962 he
proclaimed another constitution, under which free races were held in 1965. Ayub ran into
exceptionally solid restriction from Fatima Jinnah, who, as the sister of M.A. Jinnah, was one of
the most venerated figures in the country. Ayub won with 63 percent of the votes, yet the help
Fatima Jinnah had gotten shown the developing aggression toward his system.

Decrease of Leadership simultaneously, charges of debasement were made against his legislature
and his family with expanding recurrence. It was affirmed, clearly with significant defense, that
his children had made immense fortunes through illicit utilization of their impact. Discontent was
especially solid in East Pakistan (presently Bangladesh), where the individuals felt that they had
been ignored by the authorities in West Pakistan. They decided they wouldn’t let Pakistan walk
over them, torture them.
References:
Aswini K. Ray (2001).From Autonomy to Self-Determination: The Politics of East Pakistan and
Kashmir. Economic and Political Weekly Vol. 36, No. 49 ,pp. 4538-4543, Retrieved from
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4411442

Baxter, Craig. 1997. Bangladesh: From a Nation to a State. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Gupta, Jyoti Sen. 1974. History of Freedom Movement in Bangladesh, 1943-1973. Calcutta:
NayaProkash. Retrieved from https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/asiapacific-
region/pakistanbangladesh-1947-1971/