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 Common Errors in Legal translation
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˻˹˹́ϦϴϳήμϤϟ΍ϦϴϳϮϐϠϟ΍ϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟ΍ΔϴόϤΟΔχϮϔΤϣϕϮϘΤϟ΍ϊϴϤΟ
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 ΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟ΍ΔϤΟήΘϟ΍ϲϓΔό΋Ύθϟ΍˯ΎτΧϷ΍
ϦϴϳήμϤϟ΍ϦϴϳϮϐϠϟ΍ϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟ΍ΔϴόϤΟ


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 ΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟ΍ΔϤΟήΘϟ΍ϲϓΔό΋Ύθϟ΍˯ΎτΧϷ΍
ϦϴϳήμϤϟ΍ϦϴϳϮϐϠϟ΍ϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟ΍ΔϴόϤΟ



# #1#ÁÏËYÿ¾#"M D#Õ¯Ñx#ÁEëQpD#Ndž#±#øßÎF
#Î#ÁÏbbËYÿ¾#"Mbb D#Õ¯Ñbbx#ÁEëQbbpD#Èbbª#øEbÑÙEËÆ#hEbb«QLßD#ÕbbÑÆÏÆE·¾D#Õbb·ÑTÏ¿¾#ÌbbQmP#ØEbbÇTF#ÄbbX D#Öbb¿ª#—«QbbÐ
# ##1#ÅÏ¿«Ã¿¾#"M D#Õ¯Ñx#ÁEëQpEL#ÅEQ¾D#ÅDoQ¾ßD
# #=#ÁEUÂ
ƨƠȇƽǂdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơ  ƧƾȈŪơƨǣƢȈǐdzơ
 DZȂȀƴǸǴdzřƦŭơƨǤȈǏǵơƾƼƬLJơ  ǵȂǴǠǸǴdzřƦŭơƨǤȈǏDZƢǸǠƬLJơ

the ruling was made by the judge  the judge ruled
the complaint was filed by the plaintiff the plaintiff filed a complaint
It was held that the court held
# #

# ##=#ÁÏËYÿ¾#"M D#Õ¯Ñx#ÁEëQpD#EÇÊ#nϒ#/#ÀªE³¾D#Õ²m«Â#Åiª#Õ¾E\#¢#EÂF 
# ##=#ÁEUÂ
# ##The documents were mysteriously destroyed
# #1#ÕÑÆÏÆE·¾D#Õ·ÑTϾD#µDm‚F#ÈÂ#—«P#OÏXÎ#Õ§\àÂ#¬Â#/#µÎm«Â#®#zet#SDiÇQq D#´¿P#Ȫ#NMqQ D
# ##1#1#1#ÕÑÙE}·¾D#¸ÙETϾD#¢#ÌÑ¿ª#Òªi D#Î#Òªi D#/#¬ÑM¾D#hÏ·ª#¢#Óu D#Î#¬ÙEM¾Eº
# #
# ##OÏ¿ô D#iŠD#Ȫ#ÔiÙDn#ÁE«²F#Õ²E|J#ÎF#ÄpD#ÎF#ÌÑF#Õ¿#ÌMt#ÉÏ»Q¾#ÁE«²áD#N¿¶#Ndž#0#øEÑÆET
# ##ÁEUÂ
 ƨƠȇƽǂdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơ   ƧƾȈŪơƨǣƢȈǐdzơ
reached a conclusion" "concluded"
"granted a continuance" "continued"
involved in a collision" "collided"
"take action" "act"

# #
# #


 ΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟ΍ΔϤΟήΘϟ΍ϲϓΔό΋Ύθϟ΍˯ΎτΧϷ΍
ϦϴϳήμϤϟ΍ϦϴϳϮϐϠϟ΍ϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟ΍ΔϴόϤΟ

# #1#SE]¿ôy EL#EËǪ#Õ|E«QpßD#ÈÂ#ÁiL#EËPDkL#SEÑÃq D#ÅDieQpD#—«QÐ#±##øEU¾ET
#Õb·ÑTϾD#Åib”#¼b¾j#ÉF#ÌbÇÂ#EbǦ##/#1#1#1#1#×Ϫib¾D#m§Æ#ÅÏÐ#ÎF#Òªi D#¨³¾#ÁEëQpD#¢#ÄX D#NËqÐ#i¶
##ÕÑÙE}b·¾D#¸ÙETϾD#¢#ÕxE…#Î#ÉE»Â#ÎF#zet#Ȫ#Ô« D#SE]¿ôy D#ÅDieQpD#ÔmUº#ÉF#Ä¿«Ð#ß#Î#ÕÑÆÏÆE·¾D
# ##1#ÕÑÆÏÆE·¾D#Õ®EÑy¾D#¢#ÔEªDm D#ÁÏxáD#¬Â#¸³QP#ß#Î#ÖÇ« D#ÍÏuP#!¾D#ÕÚÐhm¾D#Õ®EÑy¾D#NѾEpF#ÈÂ#Q«Ð
# #=#ÁEUÂ
 ƨƠȇƽǂdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơ   ƧƾȈŪơƨǣƢȈǐdzơ

The plaintiff
Susan Jones
The defendant Michael Fitzhugh
The day in question June 3rd
The scene of the accident In the parking lot
Her place of employment Pizza Hut

# ###
# #1#m¯¾EL#Ò³P#ß#!¾D#Õ¿ÐÏô¾D#տÉD#ÅDieQpD#¢#OEËpåD#Î#Å໾D#Ïu\#Ndž#±#øE«LDl

ƨƠȇƽǁƨȈƟƢǔǫƨǣƢȈǏƨȈdzƢƬdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơDZƢưǷ #
"The court in Chester v. Morris, a case involving a similar traffic accident, held that a person
riding a bicycle must adhere to the same standards as a person driving a car, although it limited its
holding to the facts of that case, which included the fact that the bicyclist was intoxicated.
# #

ƾƟơDŽdzơȂnjūơǺǷƨȈdzƢƻƨǣƢȈǐdzơǹȂǰƫǹƗśǠƬȇ 
"Chester v. Morris involved a similar traffic accident. The court held that a bicyclist must adhere to
the same standards as a person driving a car. The opinion is limited to situations in which the
bicyclist is intoxicated.

# #1#ÕÑÆÏÆE·¾D#Õ®EÑy¾D#¢#lÏy·¾D#ÌXÎF#ÉEÑM¾#¸LEq¾D#zǾD#Ö¿ª#¸Ñ¿«P
#+#Morris#,#ÌÑ¿ª#Òªi D#i|+#Chester#,#ÏÊ#Î#ÒªiÂ#—L#ÕÑ}¶#½EÇÊ#ÉF#¸LEq¾D#zǾD#È#Â#Ä˳Æ#0
# ##1#1#ÕXDli¾D#NºDl#SªD#!¾D#m»q¾D#Õ¾E\#Ö¿ª#EËû\#my·L#EËѲ#ÕûD#R}¶
# #
 ΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟ΍ΔϤΟήΘϟ΍ϲϓΔό΋Ύθϟ΍˯ΎτΧϷ΍
ϦϴϳήμϤϟ΍ϦϴϳϮϐϠϟ΍ϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟ΍ΔϴόϤΟ
# #

Chester v. ##ÕÑ}b¶#¢#ÕbûD#ÉF#cmubL#ÒbLháD#OÏ¿bpáD#Õ·ÑTϾD#NPEº#EËѲ#ÖÇMP#˜ÎáD#Õ®EÑy¾D#0

#ib·²##/#ÕbXDli¾D##NbºDl#mbºj#ÉÎh#zeub¾D#Ö¿ª#—«QÐ#ÌÆF#Slm¶#i¶#lÎm D#ÕThE\#ÕÑ}¶#¢Î#Morris
# ##+#bicyclist,#ÁÏ·Ð#ÉF#EÐm\#ÉEº#Î#a person riding a bicycle,#ÕXDli¾D#NºmÐ#Ók¾D#zeu¿¾#SlEtF
# #1#¸ÙE·ŠD#ÌÑQP#ß#ÖQ\#­EôQq D#li·L#Õ¿ÐÏô¾D#SDlEM«¾D#ÈÂ#y·Q¾D#ÏÊ#¼¾j#hE³Â
# #
# #=#Õ®EÑy¾D#¢#OEǂåD#Î#OEËpåD#Ndž#=#øEqÂEd
# #sÏÂE¶#Àê#hiyL#DÏÆEº#Ͼ#Eú##SE²hDm D#ÈÂ#hiª#ÉÏÿ«QqÐ#— D#ÈÂ#«L
# #=#ÁEUÂ
 ƨƠȇƽǂdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơ   ƧƾȈŪơƨǣƢȈǐdzơ
Every town, city, or village" "Every municipality"
"Cease and desist" "stop"
"Give, devise and bequeath" "give"
"Null and void" "void"

# #
# #տÉD#¢#"« D#ÕÐÏ·P#ÈÂ#Õ¾ÎE]ÿ¾##ÁDÏ\áD#Î#µÎm§¿¾#¥m³ D#ÁEëQpßD#Ndž#=#øEphEp
#±#Õb·Ñ·ŠD#rb»ª#Ö#b¿ª#DkbÊ#Î#/#Õb·ÑTϾD#ÉGbt#ÈbÂ#ÓÏb·Ð#ÁEbŠD#Î#µmb§¿¾#̾EëQbpD#ÉF#ÄX D#ȧÐ#i¶
#Õb¶lÎ#˜J#ÉÏÆEb·¾D#ÔmbÙDh#ÈbÂ#EbËXm”#Î#ÕÑÆÏÆE·¾D#Õ·ÑTϾD#_M·#èÐ#ÁDÏ\áD#Î#µÎm§¾D#ÁEëQpD#¢#¥Dm²åE²
# ##1#$$#EËѲ#ÌÂà\F#EËѲ#NQº#zeu¾#ÕÐhEª
# #=#ÁEUÂ
 ƨƠȇƽǂdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơ   ƧƾȈŪơƨǣƢȈǐdzơ
The fact that he was drunk is extremely The fact that he was drunk is important
important
 ΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟ΍ΔϤΟήΘϟ΍ϲϓΔό΋Ύθϟ΍˯ΎτΧϷ΍
ϦϴϳήμϤϟ΍ϦϴϳϮϐϠϟ΍ϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟ΍ΔϴόϤΟ

The holding is very narrow. The holding is narrow.

It is really important that he was not wearing It is important that he was not wearing a
a helmet. helmet.

He was undoubtedly drunk. He was drunk.

It is manifestly obvious that drunken It is obvious that drunken bicyclists are

bicyclists are dangerous dangerous

# #
# #=#RLET#Î#_Ðmx#´¶ÏÂ#_|ÏP#ß#!¾D#ÕÑPãD#SEÿ»¾D#ÁEëQpD#Ndž#=#øE«LEp
alleged
maybe
quite possibly
at best/at least
might be
seems to
appears to
perhaps
so-called
implicates
probably
tends to

# #=#+#hiu D#,#´ªE} D#ҳǾD#ÁEëQpD#Ndž#=#EÇÂET
DZƢưǷ
 ƨƠȇƽǂdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơ   ƧƾȈŪơƨǣƢȈǐdzơ
not uncommon" " common"
"failed to show inability" "showed ability"
"not insignificant" "significant"
"not uncomplicated" "complicated"
"no small part" "large part"

"not inappropriate "appropriate

" not incapable" "capable"
 ΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟ΍ΔϤΟήΘϟ΍ϲϓΔό΋Ύθϟ΍˯ΎτΧϷ΍
ϦϴϳήμϤϟ΍ϦϴϳϮϐϠϟ΍ϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟ΍ΔϴόϤΟ
# #

# #1#տÉD#¹EÑp#¢#E#ÖÇ«Â#ß#SEÿº#Î#SDlEMª#ÁEëQpD#Ndž#=#E«pEP
#/##EËÐÏ·Ð#ÎF##ÕÑÆÏÆE·¾D#Õ·ÑTϾD#À»t#ÀÒ#¼¾j#ÉF#ÌÇÂ#EǦ#ÀÉD#Î#SDlEM«¾D#ÈÂ#«L#ÄX D#¬}Ð#i¶
#ÓF#È#bÂ#ÕbÐÎEd#Î#Õ¿Ëbp#Õb·ÐmôL#E³¿bp#EÇ]b|ÎF#Ebú#Õb·ÑTϾD#°ÑybÐ#ÉF#ÄbX D#Öb¿ª#—«Qb D#ÈÂ#ÌÆF#®
# #1#iÑ·«P
# ##=#¼¾j#Ö¿ª#ÁEUÂ
ƨƠȇƽǂdzơƨǣƢȈǐdzơ

"I would argue that Chester v. Morris is not applicable."

"It should be noted that Chester v. Morris was decided before the statute was amended."
"Evidence that the defendant was drunk does not operate to remove the issue of contributory
negligence"
"Despite the fact that the defendant was drunk, he operated his bicycle carefully."
"In fact, he should be commended."
"During the course of his ride, he never fell off his bicycle"
"It has been determined that he was wearing his helmet."
"It is obvious that a drunken bicyclist is a danger on crowded streets."
"It is clear that he had the right of way. He was clearly justified in crossing the street"
"Chester v. Morris is distinguishable (or worse, clearly distinguishable). It does not apply
because it involved an intoxicated bicyclist"


ƧƾȈŪơƨǣƢȈǐdzơ

"Chester v. Morris is not applicable."

"Chester v. Morris was decided before the statute was amended."
"Evidence that the defendant was drunk does not remove the issue of contributory
negligence"
"Despite the defendant's drunkenness, he operated his bicycle carefully."
"He should be commended."
"During his ride, he never fell off his bicycle"
"He was wearing his helmet."
"A drunken bicyclist is a danger on crowded streets."
"He had the right of way. He was justified in crossing the street"
"Chester v. Morris does not apply because it involved an intoxicated bicyclist"

# #
 # #
# #


ΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟ΍ΔϤΟήΘϟ΍ϲϓΔό΋Ύθϟ΍˯ΎτΧϷ΍
ϦϴϳήμϤϟ΍ϦϴϳϮϐϠϟ΍ϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟ΍ΔϴόϤΟ
# #

# #Ò«ÐmuQ¾D#OÏ¿páD#ÈÂ#ÁiL#ÕôÑqM¾D#ÕÐoÑ¿åD#Õ¯¿¾D#ÅDieQpD#=#DmtEª
#Õbb¯¿¾D#EbbËÑ¿ª#¸bb¿ôÐ#Ebbú#ÎF#Ò«ÐmubbQ¾D#OÏ¿bbpáD#ÁDiMQbbpD#Öbb¿ª#—ÆÏÆEbb·¾D#ÈbbÂ#Ubb»¾D#DbbªD#Äbb®l
#¢##ÔiÙEqb¾D#S#EbÊE†ßD#ÉF#ßJ#/#+#Plain English)#ÕôÑqbM¾D#ÕbÐoÑ¿åD#Õb¯¿¾EL#0#ÕbÑÆÏÆE·¾D#ÕbÐoÑ¿åD
#ÄQbbP#ÕbbÑÆÏÆE·¾D#¸ÙEbbTϾD#Õ®EÑbbx#R]MbbxF#Î#/#Ômbb»³¾D#ÍkbbÊ#—Çbb·QL#RbbÂE¶#ÕbbUÐiŠD#ÕbbÑÆÏÆE·¾D#Õ®EÑybb¾D
# #1#ÕôÑqM¾D#Õ¯¿¾D#ÅDieQpEL
# #=#ÕôÑqM¾D#ÕÐoÑ¿åD#Õ¯¿¾D#¢#E#ÀLE· D#Î#SDlEM«¾D#Î#SE]¿ôy D#ÈÂ#«L#Ò¿Ð#EÃѲ#Î
# #
Legalistic Style Plain English

at present - now
at the place -- where
at the present time-- now
at the time that - when
at that point in time - then
at this point in time - now OR currently
by means of - by
by reason of - because
for the duration of - during OR while
for the purpose of - to
for the reason that - because
from the point of view - from
in a case in which - when OR where
in accordance with - by OR under
in close proximity - near
in connection with - with OR about OR concerning
 ΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟ΍ΔϤΟήΘϟ΍ϲϓΔό΋Ύθϟ΍˯ΎτΧϷ΍
ϦϴϳήμϤϟ΍ϦϴϳϮϐϠϟ΍ϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟ΍ΔϴόϤΟ

in favor of - for
in light of the fact that - because OR given that
in order to - to

in point of fact - in fact (OR OMIT altogether)

in reference to - about
in regard to - about
in relation to - about OR concerning
in terms of - in
in the course of - during
in the event that - if
in the nature of - like
inasmuch as - because OR since
on a number of occasions - often OR sometimes
on the basis of - by OR from
on the part of - by
to the effect that - that
until such time as - until
with a view to - to
with reference to - about OR concerning
with regard to - about

#Î#hÏbbb·«¾D#¢#¥Îmubbb¾D#Î#hÏbbbÇM¾D#Õ®EÑbbbx#¢#ÕôÑqbbbM¾D#Õbbb¯¿¾D#ÍkbbbÊ#ÅieQqbbbP#=#ÕbbbÂEÊ#Õbbb¦Ï]¿Â 
#ÉF#mbbÂáD#ÕbbÐE®#/#¥Îmubb¾D#Î#hÏbbÇM¾D#Õ®EÑbbx#¢#ÕbbÑÆÏÆE·¾D#Õbb¯¿¾D#ÅDieQbbpD#ÈbbÂ#bb|#ß#Î#/#SEbbѶE³PßD

# #1#ÖÇ« D#ÁÏ\#Ï￾#øE«ÇÂ#ÈÊDm¾D#R¶Ï¾D#¢#µÏ¾G D#ÏÊ#_MxF#ÕôÑqM¾D#Õ¯¿¾D#ÅDieQpD


 ΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟ΍ΔϤΟήΘϟ΍ϲϓΔό΋Ύθϟ΍˯ΎτΧϷ΍
ϦϴϳήμϤϟ΍ϦϴϳϮϐϠϟ΍ϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟ΍ΔϴόϤΟ

# #

# #1#ÄÊ®#ÉÎh#¤·²#—ѶϷŠD#Ö¿ª#ÔmxE¶#ÕѾEQ¾D##SE]¿ôy D#=#muª#ÓhE\
#ß#ÌbbÆF#±#"bb«Ð#DkbbÊ#Î#/#ÄbbÊ®#ÉÎh#¤bb·²#—ÂEbD#ÕôbbpDÏL#EËÂDieQbbpD#mbbxE·¾D#SE]¿ôybb D#Òbb¿Ð#EbÃѲ

#ÅDieQbpD#À}b³Ð#Î#/#¥Îmub¾D#Î#hÏbÇM¿¾#ÌQ®EÑbx#¢#ÄbËL#ÕÆE«QbpßD#ÕÑÆÏÆE·¾D#Õ·ÑTϾD##°ÙEx#Ö¿ª#—«QÐ

# #1#mºk¾EL#EÇ¿³pF#Eú#ÕôÑqM¾D#Õ¯¿¾D

#¢#ÕbûD#EËÂieQqbP#Î#ÕÑ˳ub¾D#SE«²Dm D#Î#­E²i¾D#SmºDkÂ#¢#ÉÏÂED#EËÂieQqÐ#SE]¿ôy D#ÍkÊ

#Î#Nbô«¾D#Î#Ïï¾EbL#EËÑMybÐ##i¶#ÕÑÆÏÆE·#¾D#Õ·ÑTϾD#¢#SE]¿ôy D#ÍkÊ#ÀUÂ#hÏXϲ#1#1#EËÂE»\F#Õ®EÑx

# ##1#Ì¿XF#ÈÂ#Slm\#!¾D#m¯¾D#¬Â#EE\#ÄÑ·QqÐ#ß#Î#1#1#lDÏ«¾D

*Χ@Ês]·?Î]ʸ¼£Ñ@]ÀOAÎÊ¿È¿@°·?ΰÊOÈ·?IK@³@ÄHÀTLÉÂA‘¤LÉ·?N@X¸ísš?μÒ@¯ÆeÃÇ 
 8‘ʯȰ„?ϸ£°«Ígr@¯ËÄ«
 
words used only by lawyers Plain English

accord (verb) - give

acquire - get
additional - more
additionally - also
adjacent (to) - next (to) OR near
adjudicate - determine/try
afforded - given
 ΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟ΍ΔϤΟήΘϟ΍ϲϓΔό΋Ύθϟ΍˯ΎτΧϷ΍
ϦϴϳήμϤϟ΍ϦϴϳϮϐϠϟ΍ϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟ΍ΔϴόϤΟ

aforementioned - none -- omit

ambit - reach OR scope
any and all - all
approximately - about
ascertain - find out
assist - help
as to - about
as well as - and
case at bar - this case
attempt (verb) - try
cease - stop
circumstances in which - when OR where
cognizant of - aware OR knows
commence - start
conceal - hide
consensus of opinion - consensus
consequence - result
contiguous to - next to
counsel – lawyer
deem - find/believe
demonstrate - show
desire - want
donate - give
echelon - level
elucidate - explain/clarify
endeavor (verb) - try
ensue - take place/follow
evidence (verb) - show/demonstrate
evince - show
exclusively - only
exhibit (verb) - show/demonstrate
exit (verb) - leave
 ΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟ΍ΔϤΟήΘϟ΍ϲϓΔό΋Ύθϟ΍˯ΎτΧϷ΍
ϦϴϳήμϤϟ΍ϦϴϳϮϐϠϟ΍ϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟ΍ΔϴόϤΟ

expedite - hurry
facilitate - help
firstly, secondly - first, second, ...
foregoing - these
forthwith - immediately
frequently - often
fundamental - basic
has a negative impact - hurts OR harms
indicate - show/say/mean
individual (noun) - person
inquire - ask
locate - find
manner - way
methodology - method
modify - change
narrate - say
negatively affect - hurt/harm
notify - tell
notwithstanding - despite
numerous - many
objective (noun) - goal
observe - see OR watch
obtain - get
owing to - because
period of time - time OR period
permit - let OR allow
personnel - people
pertains to - refers/belongs to
point in time - time OR point
portion - part
possess - have
post hoc - hindsight
 ΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟ΍ΔϤΟήΘϟ΍ϲϓΔό΋Ύθϟ΍˯ΎτΧϷ΍
ϦϴϳήμϤϟ΍ϦϴϳϮϐϠϟ΍ϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟ΍ΔϴόϤΟ

prior to - before
procure - get
provide - give
provided that - if OR but
provision of law - law
purchase - buy
purport - claim/intend
rate of speed - speed
referred to as - called
remainder - rest
render assistance - help
request (verb) - ask
require - need
respond - answer
retain - keep
said (adjective) - the/this ("this contract" not "said contract")
stipulates - says
subsequent - later
subsequent to - after
subsequently - after OR later
substantiate - prove
sufficient - enough
sufficient number of - enough
termination - end
the case at bar - this case
the fact that - that
the instant case - this case
the manner in which - how
upon - on
utilize - use
verbatim - word for word
 ΔϴϧϮϧΎϘϟ΍ΔϤΟήΘϟ΍ϲϓΔό΋Ύθϟ΍˯ΎτΧϷ΍
ϦϴϳήμϤϟ΍ϦϴϳϮϐϠϟ΍ϭϦϴϤΟήΘϤϟ΍ΔϴόϤΟ

was aware - knew

whereas - since/although

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 # #¬XDm D#Î#lhEy D

**TOM GOLDSTEIN & JETHRO K. LIEBERMAN: THE LAWYER’S GUIDE TO WRITING

WELL . UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS . SECOND EDITION

**LISA WEBLEY: LEGAL WRITING . UK 2005

**PETER BUTT : MODERN LEGAL DRAFTING . UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY.

** A JURIST ALFRED PHILLIPS LAWYERS’ LANGUAGE

**J. ALEXANDER TANFORD, INDIANA UNIV. HOW TO WRITE GOOD LEGAL STUFF

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